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    Human Eye and Colourful World

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    JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES in ferms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL WORLD [PHYSICS FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] «Introduction to Human Eye © Human Eye parts and Functions ‘+ Power of Accommodation «Defects of Vision Introduction to Human Eye Our eyes enable us to see the beautiful world around us. The most important part of our eyes is a convex lens inside it that is made of living cells. The human eye is like a camera having a lens on one side and a sensitive screen called the retina on ‘the other. Human Eye Parts and Functions ‘The essential parts of a human eye are shown in figure Sclerotc: It is the outermost converging of the ve ball [tis made of white tough fibrous tissues iis function is to house and protect vital internal parts of eye. Corneat itis the front bulging part ofthe ee. Itis made of transparent tissues. Is function isto act as a window to world, i.c., to allow the light to tnt inthe eye ball Ghoroid: is 2 grey membrane attached to the Sclerotie from the inner sie. Its function is t0 darken the eye from inside and, hence, prevent any internal reflection. Optie Nerve: Itis a bundle of approximately 56,000 nerves originating from brain and entering eyeball from behind. Ii functions to carry optical message (visual messages) tothe brain. Retina; The optic nerve on entering the ball, spreads like a canopy, such that each nerve and attaches itself to the choroid, The nerve endings « Refraction of ight through a glass prism « Dispersion of White Light form a hemi-spherical screen called retina. These nerve endings on the retina are sensitive to visible light. On the retina are two important areas which ‘we will discuss separately. The function of retina is to receive the optical image of the object and then convert it to optical pulses. These pulses are then sent to the brain through optic nerve. Yellow Spor: Its a small area facing the eye lens. Ie has high concentration of nerve endings and is slightly raised as well as slightly yellow in colour. Its function is to very clear image by sending a large number of optical pulses to brain. Blind Spot: It is @ region on the retina, where the ‘optic nerve enters the eve ball. It has no nerve endings and hence, is insensitive to the light. I does not seem to have any function. Any image formed on this spot is not visible. Crystalline Lens: Its a double convex lens made of transparent tissues. It is held in position by a ring of muscles, commonly called ciliary muscles. Tis function is to focus the images of different ‘objects clearly on the retina Ciliary Muscles. It is a ring of muscles which holds the crystalline lens in position. When these muscles relax, they increase the focal length of the crystalline lens and vice versa. Its fimetion is to alter the focal length of erysalline lens so that the images of the objects, situated at different distances, are clearly focussed on the retin. Ins: Iisa circular diaphragm suspended in front ofthe crystalline les, Ithas a tiny hole inthe middle and is commonly called pupil. It has tiny muscles arranged radially around the pupil. These muscles ‘can increase or decrease the diameter of the pupil The iris is heavily pigmented. The colour of eyes depends upon colour of pigment. The function of iris is to control the amount of light entering in eye. This is done by increasing or decreasing the diameter of pupil Virreous Humour: It isa dense jelly like fluid, slightly grey in colour, filling the part of eye between crystalline lens and retina, Its function is () to prevent the eye ball from collapsing due to change in atmospheric pressure (it) in focussing the rays clearly on the retina Office.; 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, i, Ph: 0851-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049 NEWTONCLASSES.NET R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Aqueous Humour: Its 2 watery, saline fui, filling the part ofthe eye bebween the comea and the crystalline Jens. Its function is (i) 10 prevent front part of the eye ball from collapsing with the change in atmospheric pressure (ii) to Keep the cornea moist. [Formative Worksheet ff - 1. Which of the following parts of the eye has enormous number of photo-sensitive cells? Ay hrs B) Pupil ©) Retina D) Cornea The focal length of the eye lens is adjusted by the |A) Vitreous humour B) Aqueous humour) Ciliary muscles D) Optic nerves Inthe human eye, the function of the optic nerves is to A) Adjust the focus of the eye lens B) Transmit electrical signals to the brain ©) Control the number of rod and cone cells) Convert ight signals into electrical signals The primary function ofthe crystalline lens in the human eye is to A) Reduce the intensity of light 'B) Focus the incident light rays ) Adjust the size of the pupil D) Fier out the dust particles ‘The given diagram is that of the human eye." In the given diagram, the parts labelled as I and Il are respectively the A) Bye lens and the cornea B) Pupil and the eye lens C) Comea and the pupil D) Pupil and the iris Part of eve Funetion Iris ‘Controls the amount of light entering into the eye Cilliary muscle Senses the real image Pupil Controls the power of eye lens iy | Retina | Controls the size of pupil The alternatives in the given table can be correctly matched as, A)i > aii > Gili b,iv od B)i > aii > bili aeivod id ii + citi avd D)i + dit > citi > bv a Four statements about the Blind spot of the human eye: Itis devoid of photosensitive cells. TI No image is formed at the blind spot. IIL It connects the optic nerves to the retina, IV Its malfunctioning makes a person blind 106 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NET HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL WORLD | Which of the given statements is incorrect? Al B) Il cyt DIV When we look at a distant object, the ciliary ‘muscles__, making the eye lens_i_. This iii the focal length of the eye lens so that the image of that object gets focused on the retina The information in which alternative completes the given statements? a) i ii iit get released | thicker | decreases i i contract | thicker increases get released i iti contract | thinner | decreases Which of the Tollowing pairs oF eye parts is responsible for controlling the amount of light entering into the eye? A) Iris and pupil B) Comea and eye lens ©)Gilliary muscles and iris D) Ciliary muscles and pupil Tina has a defect in her eyes. She is not able to contract her iris properly. As @ result ofthe defect in her eyes, Tina will not be able to see A)In dim ligt B) Near objects (©) inbright light D) Distant objects I Conceptive Worksheet | —— ‘Which of the following eye parts is notin contact with the eye lens? A) Vitreous humour B) Ciliary fibres ©) Cornea D) Iris Which part ofthe human eye contracts and relaxes in order to adjust the focal length of the lens? A) Iris B) Pupil ©) Blind spot D) Ciliary muscles The ciliary muscles of the human eye contract and telax in order to AA) adjust the size of the eyeball HYSICS FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - XI B) adjust the focal length of the lens C) control the amount of light entering the eye D) prevent foreign elements from entering the eye In the human eye, light is converted into electrical signals by the A) Retina B) Cornea ) Blind spot D) Optical nerves ‘The image formed by the eye lens on the retina is A) Real, inverted, and large B) Virtual, erect, and large CC) Real, inverted, and diminished D) Virtual, erect, and diminished Power of Accomodation Have you wondered why the eye is able to focus the images of objects lying at various distances? Itis made possible because the focal length of the human lens can change i... increase or decrease, depending on te distance of objects. Is the ciliary ‘muscles that can modify the curvature of the lens to change its focal length Light coming from distant object To see a distant object clearly, the focal length of the lens should be larger. For this, the ciliary muscles relax to decrease the curvature and thereby increase the focal Iength of the lens, Hence, the lens becomes thin. This enables you to see the distant object clearly To see the nearby objects clearly, the focal length of the lens should be shorter. For this, the ciliary muscles contract to increase the curvature and thereby decrease the focal length of the lens. Hence, the lens becomes thick. This enables you to see the nearby objects clearly. The ability ofthe eye lens to adjust its focal length accordingly as the object distances is called power of accommodation. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NET R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES The minimum distance of the object by which clear distinct image can be obtained ‘on the retina is called least distance of distinct vision. Wis equal to 25 cm for a normal eye. The focal length ofthe eye lens cannot be decreased below this minimum limit of object distance. The far point of a normal eye is infinity. It js the farthest point up to which the eye can see objects clearly. The range of vision of « normal eye is from 25 ‘em to infinity. Have you ever thought why animals’ eves are positioned on their heads? This is because it provides them with the widest possible field of view. Our eyes are located infront of our face. One eye provides 150° wide field of view while both eyes simultaneously provide 180° wide field of view. It is the importance of the presence of two eyes as both eyes together provide the three-dimensional depth in the image. Defects of Vision The loss of power of accommodation of an eye results in the defects of vision. There are three defects of vision called refractive defects. They are myopia, hypermetropia, and presbyopia, In this section, we will eam about these defects of vision in detail Myopia (Short Sightedness): Myopia is a defect of vision in which a person clearly sees all the nearby objects, but is unable to see the distant objects comfortably and his eye is known as @ myopic eye, A myopic eye has its far point nearer than infinity It forms the image ofa distant object in front ofits retina as shown in the figure. Exelon: Myopia is caused by ’)imerease in curvature ofthe lens i) increase in length of the eyeball Since a concave lens has an ability to diverge incoming rays, itis used to correct this defect of vision, The image is allowed to form atthe retina by using a concave lens of suitable power as shown inthe given figure. Power of the Correcting Concave Lens raid The lens formula can be used to la 7 ,e calculate the focal length and hence the power of the myopia correcting lens. In this case, Object distance, w = 20 Image distance, v~ person's far point Focal length, f=? Hence, lens formula becomes L 1 L farpoint co focal lenght 1 1_ farpoint focal lenght In case of a concave lens, the image is formed in front of the lens i.e, on the same side ofthe object. Focal length =~ Far point Now, Power of the required lens i(inm) Example: person can clearly see up to a ‘maximum distance of 100 em only, Calculate the power of thereguired lens that can correct his defect? Solution: Since the person is not able to see farther than 100 cm, he is suffering from myopia. Hence, a concave lens of suitable power is required 106 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NET HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL WORLD | to correct his defect. The focal length of the lens is given by his far point ie, Focal length = ~ Far point 100 em L 1 00m 100 Hence, a concave lens of power 1 D is required to correct the given defect of vision Power of the lens = — t(inm) Hypermetropia (Long Sightedness): Hypermetropia is a defect of vision in which ¢ person can see distant objects clearly and distinctively, but is not able to see nearby objects comfortably and clearly So, now you can easily represent the problem with a hypermetropic eye with the help of a diagram. It is shown in the given figure. A hypermetropic eye has its least distance of distinct vision greater than 25 em. Hypermetropia is caused due to i. reduction in the curvature of the lens i decrease in the length of the eyeball Since a convex lens has the ability to converge ‘incoming rays, itcan be used to correct this defect of vision, as you already have seen in the animation. ‘The ray diagram for the corrective measure for a hhypermetropic eye is shown in the given figure, HYSICS FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - XI comgiens Power of the Correcting Convex Lens tad Lens formula, 7~7=7F can be used to f calculate focal length fand hence power P of the cosrecting convex lens, where Object distance, u = ~25 ein, normal near point Image distance, v= defective neat point Hence, the lens formula is reduced to Example: The defective near point of an eye is 150 cm. Calculate the power of the correcting ‘convex lens that would correct this defect of vision. Solution: Given that, hypermetropic near point 180m . Hence, image distance, v= - 150 cm We have the correction formula, =150 "25 “146 _ 5 150 150 Hence, a convex lens of power 3.3 D is required to correct the given defect of vision, Presbyopia (Ageing Vision Defect): Presbyopia is a common defect of vision, which generally occurs at old age. A person suffering Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NET R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES [Formative Worksheet ff un from this type of defect of vision cannot see nearby objects clearly and distinctively. A presbyopic eye has its near point greater than 25 cm and it gradually increases as the eye becomes older Presbyopia is caused by the |) weakening of the ciliary muscles i) reduction in the flexibility of the eye lens Concave lens (for distant vison) Convex lens (foe reading) A person with presbyopia cannot read letters without spectacles. It may also happen that @ person suffers from both myopia and hypermetropia. This type of defect can be corrected by using bi-focal lenses. A bifocal lens consists of both convex lens (to correct hhypermetropia) and concave lens (to correct myopia). It is a common misconception among people that the use of spectacles “cures” the defects of vision. However, this is not true as spectacles only “restore” the defects of vision to the normal value. Cataract: | It is also one of the eye defects found commonly in people of older ages. In this defect, the crystalline lens becomes milky and cloudy. This | 6, condition is also known as cataract. This causes | partial or complete loss of vision. This loss of vision can be restored by removing the cataract by means of a cataract surgery. The use of any kind of spectacle lenses does not provide any help against this defect of vision, The range of vision of a normal human eye lies between A)25mand infinity B) 2.5 mand $ km ©)2.5 emand 5 km ——_D) 25 emand infinity Pappu can see clearly and distinetly only those objects that are located up to a distance of 120 ci, He uses spectacles to correct this defect of vision What is the power of Pappu’s spectacles? A) 0.60 D B)-0.83D ©)-1.20D D)-1.66D Imran can see clearly and distinctly only those “objects that are located up to a distance of 1.5 m. He uses spectacles of a certain power to correct his defect. What is the power of Imran’s spectacles? A)-1.5D B)-0.67 D ©)0.67D D)LSD Myopia is @ defect of vision caused by ‘A) A decrease in the retinal distance from the lens B) A decrease in the diameter of the eyeball ©) An increase in the thickness of the lens D) An increase in the curvature of the lens Billu can see clearly and distinctly only those objects that are located up to a certain distance To correct this defect of vision, he uses spectacles having a power of -2.5 D. ‘What is the far point for Bilu’s eyes? A)20 em B)-40em €) 20cm D)40em Shyam views a certain object and finds chat itis not properly visible to him, The image of the said object is formed by his eye lens 3 een away from the pupil of his eye. Shyam can correct the defect i his vision by using A) Cor vex lens B) Bifocal lens ©) Cor avesens 1D) Cylindrical lens [Conceptive Worksheet I — Which of the following lenses is used to correct the defect of hypermetropia? AA) Bifocal lens B) Convex lens ©) Concave lens D) Cylindrical lens While sitting on the first bench, Mutum finds it e BY i> randr randr>e Dy ir Also, when ray 2 travels from the prism (denser ‘medium) to air (rarer medium), it bends away from the normal 2. The path of this ray is labelled as 3 Hence, the angle of refraction (r) is less than the angle of emergence (e), ie, r

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