Introduction To MarSafe (Cabrias & Monsale)

JOHN B.
LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY – AREVALO

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRE-BACCALAUREATE MARITIME SPECIALIZATION
INTRODUCTION TO MARITIME SAFETY
LEARNING MODULE
Name:____________________________________________
Year & Section:_____________________________________
Contact Number:____________________________________
Email:____________________________________________
Instructor:_________________________________________
Compiled by:
Jethro D. Cabrias, OIC-NW, MME

Ryan Kemuel M. Monsale, OIC-NW
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JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY – AREVALO
INTRODUCTION:
WELCOME ABOARD!
Maritime safety is one of the imperatives of the maritime industry. Sea accidents occur
under a set of circumstances in an area where each of the factors affecting these circumstances
may, at a moment of time, alter its initial state and turn into another state that can be more or
less predictable. A danger is a state of imminent distress, whereas a risk is a danger that can be
predicted, but only to a certain extent. It should be borne in mind that the risk always implies the
probability that an undesirable event may occur and that the only thing a man can do is to assess
it. Risks in maritime shipping are mostly related to accidents at sea that can be, according to their
causes, be divided as follows:
✓ accidents caused by unintentional human error,

✓ accidents caused intentionally by man,
✓ accidents due to technical failures,
✓ accidents due to poor weather (wind, waves, lightning, etc.)
In the context of safety of traffic in maritime shipping, it may be assumed that a system
or its sub-system is likely to function properly within the set limits. Hence the goal is to reduce or
to eliminate the causes of adverse events that threaten the safety of navigation with the purpose
of achieving absolute reliability in maritime transportation. In a wider sense, the safety of maritime
transportation may be defined as a set of measures that are taken to protect human life, but also
as a set of measures that are taken to protect material and non-material assets that are directly
or indirectly related to maritime transportation. There are a large number of factors affecting the
safety at sea, including shippers, ports and port authorities, coastal countries, international
community, etc.( 6th INTERNATIONAL MARITIME SCIENCE CONFERENCE)
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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARINE TRANSPORTATION

Core Subject Description:
This course serves as an introduction to the safety standards stipulated in Section A-VI/1
of the 1978 Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping Convention, as amended. It
aims to acquaint the learners on the basic requirements of safety inherent to the work of seafarers
on board ships. Specifically, it provides an overview and rudimentary knowledge, skills, and
attitudes vital to areas of Personal Survival Technique, Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting,
Elementary First Aid, and Personal Safety and Social Responsibility.
The competencies covered in this course are:
✓ 1. Survival at sea in the event of ship abandonment,

✓ 2. Cutting back the risk of fire and maintain a state of readiness to respond to emergency
situations involving fire,
✓ 3.The ability to take immediate action in the event of an accident or other medical
emergency,
✓ 4.Compliance with emergency procedures,
✓ 5.The ability to take precautions against pollution of the marine environment,
✓ 6. Observance of safe working practices,
✓ 7. The ability to contribute to effective communications on board ship,
✓ 8. The ability to contribute to effective human relationships on board ship, and
✓ 9. The ability to understand and control fatigue.
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COURSE OUTLINE
1ST QUARTER
CHAPTER 1:
Determine the means of survival at sea in the event of ship abandonment.
CHAPTER 2:
Minimize the risk of fire and maintain a state of readiness to respond to emergency
situations involving fire.
CHAPTER 3:
Determine the appropriate action to be undertaken during an accident or other medical
emergencies.
2ND QUARTER
CHAPTER 4:
Explain how to comply with emergency procedures
CHAPTER 5:
Explain the precautions to prevent pollution of the marine environment
CHAPTER 6:
Explain how to observe safe working practices
CHAPTER 7:
Discuss the importance of effective communications on board ship
CHAPTER 8:
Explain the dynamics of sociocultural diversity and stereotyping
CHAPTER 9:
Explain the necessary actions to control fatigue
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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE:
Each module is developed with following “Icon” parts meaning:
This enumerates the objectives of the special topics.
Learning Objectives
MARITIME TRIVA
PORTHOLE
This gives the reader the content / discussion

points of the lesson or topics.
LOG BOOK
INTRODUCTION
MASTHEAD LIGHT
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ASSESSMENT
SAILBOARD
VIDEOS
DECK WATCH
PERFORMANCE TASK / ACTIVITY
TOOLBOX STATION
GROUP ACTIVITY
BRIDGE TEAMWORK
INDIVIDUAL WORK
AUTO PILOT
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GRADING SYSTEM
Written works ------------------------------ 25%
Performance tasks ------------------------- 45%
Quarterly assessment ---------------------- 30%
TOTAL ---------------------------------------- 100 %
COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
Students are required to:
✓ Attend all class sessions ONLINE.

✓ Complete all ACTIVITIES.
✓ Participate in all group critiques ONLINE.
✓ Take all examinations and quizzes.
COURSE POLICIES
Course Attendance and Participation: A student should not be absent for more than 20%
of the stipulated number of hours of online discussion, lecture, laboratory or any other scheduled
for work.
Discipline:
The student shall comply with the rules, regulations and instructions set by the school
authorities.
Course Work:
Students' outputs shall be accomplished as specified by respective subject teachers.
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HOW TO SUBMIT OUTPUTS?
GOOGLE CLASSROOM
How do I sign in to Classroom?
Sign in to Classroom with:

Personal Google Account—This is set up by you, or your parent or guardian.
Typically you use a personal Google Account outside of a school setting, such as a homeschool.
It looks like you@example.com.
SIGN IN TO CLASSROOM
You must have an active internet connection to sign in.
Using: Computer/ Android / iPhone & iPad
Sign in for the first time
To learn more about downloading the Classroom app, see Get the Classroom app.
1. Tap Classroom "".
2. Tap Get Started.
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Tap Get Started
3. Tap Add account and then OK.
4. Enter your username and tap Next.
Tap Next
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5. Enter your password and tap Next.
Tap Next
6. If there is a welcome message, read it and tap Accept.
Tap Accept
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7. Read the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy and tap I agree.
Tap I agree
READY TO START USING CLASSROOM?

Students—See Join a class.
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JOIN A CLASS AS A STUDENT
✓ To use Classroom, you sign in on your computer or mobile device and join classes. After
you join a class, you can get work from your teacher and communicate with your
classmates.
You can join a class in 2 ways:

Enter a class code—Your teacher shares a class code with you. You sign in to Classroom and
enter the code.
Accept an invite—Your teacher sends you an invite. You can accept the invite in your email or
in Classroom.
✓ After you join a class on one device, you're enrolled in that class for all devices.
✓ Be sure to sign in to Classroom with the correct account. For instructions, go to How do
I sign in to Classroom?
JOIN WITH A CLASS CODE
Your teacher can tell you the class code. After you get the code, follow these steps:
1. Go to classroom.google.com.
2. Make sure to sign in with the correct account. If you're already signed in and need to switch
accounts, in the top-right corner, click your profile picture and then select or add your account.
3. At the top, click Join class.
Click Join class
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4. Enter the class code from your teacher and click Join.
Enter class code
Note: Class codes are 6-7 characters, and use letters and numbers. Codes can’t have spaces or
special symbols.
TROUBLE JOINING A CLASS?
“ I forgot or lost the class code. “
✓ To join a class, you only need to enter the class code once. After you join the
class, you don’t need the code again.
✓ If you forget, lose, or delete the code before joining the class, ask your teacher to
share the code again.
“My class code doesn’t work.”
✓ If the class code doesn’t work, check the following:

✓ You’re signed in to Classroom with the correct account. Learn more.
✓ The code you enter is 6-7 characters long, and uses letters or numbers. Codes
can’t have spaces or use special characters.
✓ If you still have trouble, let your teacher know.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

CHAPTER 1:
Determine the means of survival at sea in the event of ship abandonment.
Lesson 1: Types of emergency situations 15 - 24
Lesson 2: Types and usages of some life- saving appliances 25 - 30
Lesson 3: Uses of survival crafts 31 - 38
CHAPTER 2:
Minimize the risk of fire and maintain a state of readiness to respond to emergency
situations involving fire.
Lesson 1: The nature of fire 39 - 45
Lesson 2: Flammable materials, Fire hazards, and general safety practices 46 - 56
Lesson 3: Response to fire emergency situations 57 - 69
CHAPTER 3:
Determine the appropriate action to be undertaken during an accident or other medical
emergencies.
Lesson 1: The parts of the human body 70 – 76
Lesson 2: Emergency First Aid application and management 77 – 102
Lesson 3: Medical emergencies on board ships 103 - 115
1ST QUARTER EXAM 117 - 120
CHAPTER 4:
Explain how to comply with emergency procedures.
Lesson 1: Muster Station 121 – 131
Lesson 2: Emergency Alarm Signal 132 – 141
Lesson 3: Value of Training and Drills 142 – 147
CHAPTER 5:
Explain the precautions to prevent pollution of the marine environment.
Lesson 1: Types of marine pollution 148 – 156
CHAPTER 6:
Explain how to observe safe working practices.
Lesson 1: Introduction to basic safe working practices on board a ship 157 - 169
CHAPTER 7:
Discuss the importance of effective communications on board ship.
Lesson 1: Introduction to Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) 170 - 180
Lesson 2: Effective communication on board a ship 181 - 190
CHAPTER 8:
Explain the dynamics of sociocultural diversity and stereotyping
Lesson 1: Importance of inter-personal relationships and teamwork on board 191 - 202
Lesson 2: Dangers of Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 203 - 215
CHAPTER 9:
Explain the necessary actions to control fatigue
Lesson 1: General knowledge on health and fitness to work on board 216 - 225
Lesson 2: Importance of sleep, rest, diet, and schedules to seafarers 226 - 230
2ND QUARTER EXAM 231 - 233
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MODULE 1
DETERMINE THE MEANS OF SURVIVAL AT SEA
IN THE EVENT OF SHIP ABANDONMENT
Content Standards:
✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts and underlying

principles in surviving at sea in the event of ship abandonment.
Performance Standards:
✓ The learners shall be able to independently demonstrate the competencies in

surviving at sea in the event of ship abandonment as prescribed by STCW.
LESSON 1:
TYPES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Learning Objectives:
In this unit, you should be able to:
✓ Identify the general emergency situations on Board
✓ Describe the different emergency situations
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PORTHOLE:
Asia’s Titanic
Hell at Sea: The Tragedy of the MV Doña Paz
On December 20, 1987, at 6:30 a.m. (PST), MV Doña Paz left from
Tacloban City, Leyte, for the City of Manila, with a stopover at Catbalogan City,
Samar. On December 20, 1987, at 10:30 p.m. (PST), the passenger vessel
collided with a motor tanker, MT Vector, near Dumali Point between the
provinces of Marinduque and Oriental Mindoro.
The vessel's manifest only listed 1,493 passengers and a 53-member

crew, but survivor accounts that the vessel was carrying more than 4,000
passengers. The incident was the worst peacetime disaster and the worst in the
20th century,and the vessel was even named the Asia's Titanic.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters_in_the_Philippines
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
At any time, incident onboard may it be severe or harmful happens all of a sudden. The
resulting unforeseen state like serious and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action
is classified as an “EMERGENCY”. One of the most important factors in dealing with “EMERGENCY
SITUATION ONBOARD” is the regular training and drills and an action plan apart from sharp
awareness and absence of panic. This is a general rule which is appropriate to all situations
onboard a ship.
Situation onboard a ship is a life-threatening environment since normally ships are isolated
floating objects over the vast and perilous ocean of the world. It is necessary to know about the
emergency measures since there are many types of emergencies which might get to your feet
when a ship is sailing or even at port.
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The World of Merchant Shipping is viably the most international of all the world's great
industries - and one of the most risky profession. It has always been a standard that the best
way of educating safety at sea is by developing international regulations that are trailed by all
shipping nations.
“Safety First” is the most common slogan used by the shipping company. Safety is the top
priority in the Maritime business. Human element contributes dominantly to different modes of
transportation – land, air and water. Dealing with various types of emergency situations requires
not only the procedural approaches / general procedure and plans to be followed in case of
emergency situation on board a ship, but also we will take a look at the educational configuration
integral to the accidents.
LOGBOOK:
TYPES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS:
FIRE BREAKDOWN OIL SPILL
MAN OVERBOARD CAPSIZING COLLISION
ABANDONSHIP FLOODING GROUNDING
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FIRE
➢ Fire on board ship is one of the most serious risks for property and persons, as well as for
the surrounding environment. A ship is evidently subject to the same risks regarding fire
as a civil or industrial land structure. On board ship there are tons of liquid fuel, electrical
equipment, air-conditioning plants, engines, stores of flammable material and crew
accommodation areas (kitchens, mess rooms, lounges, and cabins).
MAN OVERBOARD
➢ Man overboard is a situation where in a ship’s crew member falls out at sea from the ship,
no matter where the ship is sailing, in open seas or in still waters in port.
➢ It is an emergency situation and it is very important to locate and recover the overboard
person as soon as possible as due to bad weather or rough sea, the crew member can
drown or else due to temperature of the cold water the person can get hypothermia.
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ABANDONSHIP
➢ LITERALLY, to escape from a sinking ship.
➢ It is the moment that the ship is no longer safe for the crew to be on board.
➢ It is when an emergency situation goes out of hand and no further actions can be done
to keep people’s lives safe on board.
BREAKDOWN
➢ It occurs when steering or essential equipment fails to operate and major motor or
equipment refuses to start.
➢ Some possible causes are poor maintenance practice or failure to keep motors well-
maintained.
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CAPSIZING
➢ It is the situation when the vessel is turning upside down from its upright position due to
elements of flooding and/or floundering.
➢ Some of the causes might be gross overloading, poor distribution of load, poor steering
technique or caught by wind and waves.
FLOODING
➢ It is the unwanted ingress of sea water in large quantities can result from a variety
of reasons, and certain steps must be taken immediately in the occurrence of such
an event.
CAUSES OF FLOODING:
▪ COLLISION
▪ ICE DAMAGE
▪ OVERWHELMED BY TYPHOON AND HURRICANES
▪ ENGINE ROOM FLOODING
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OIL SPILL
➢ It is an accident in which oil has come out of a ship and caused pollution.
➢ It is a release of oil into the environment, either leaked or discharged from a ship.
➢ It is the presence of significantly large amount or layers of crude or refined oil on

sea water.
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COLLISION
➢ The name given to the physical impact that occurs between two ships resulting in a
damaging accident.
GROUNDING
➢ In accidental cases, it is commonly referred to as "running aground. “
➢ Ship grounding is the impact of a ship on seabed or waterway side.
Reference:
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LESSON 2:
TYPES AND USAGES OF SOME LIFE- SAVING APPLIANCES
✓ Identify the kinds of life-saving appliances
✓ Describe the use of some common lifesaving appliances
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
In the SOLAS Convention and other maritime related standards, the safety of human life
is paramount. Ships and other watercraft carry lifesaving appliances including lifeboats, lifebuoys,
life-jackets, life raft and many others. Passengers and crew are informed of their availability in
case of emergency. Life-saving appliances are mandatory as per chapter 3 of the SOLAS
Convention.
The International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code gives specific technical requirements
for the manufacture, maintenance and record keeping of life-saving appliances. The number and
type of life-saving appliances differ from vessel to vessel, and the code gives a minimum
requirement to comply in order to make a ship seaworthy.
LSA code is a code which provides international requirements for the life-saving
appliances that are required by chapter III of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, including personal
life-saving appliances (for example, lifebuoys, lifejackets, immersion suits, anti-exposure suits and
thermal protective aids), visual aids (parachute flares, hand flares and buoyant smoke signals),
survival craft (liferafts and lifeboats), rescue boats, launching and embarkation appliances and
marine evacuation systems, line-throwing appliances; and general alarm and public address
systems.
The International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code gives specific technical requirements
for LSAs and is mandatory under Regulation 34, which states that all life-saving appliances and
arrangements shall comply with the applicable requirements of the LSA Code.
The purpose of this Code is to provide international standards for life-saving appliances
required by chapter III of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS),
1974. 2 On and after 1 July 1998, the requirements of this Code will be mandatory under the
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended. Any future
amendment to the Code will be adopted and brought into force in accordance with the procedure
laid down in Article VIII of that Convention.
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LOGBOOK:
LIFEBUOY
➢ It is a lifesaving buoy designed to be thrown to a person in the water, to

provide buoyancy and prevent drowning.
TYPES OF LIFEBUOY
LIFEBUOY WITH LINE
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LIFEBUOY WITH LIGHT
LIFEBUOY WITH LIGHT & SMOKE
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LIFEJACKET
➢ It is a sleeveless jacket made up of buoyant or inflatable material used to keep human

body afloat in water.
Two popular types of life jackets used onboard are:
✓ Inflatable life jacket: This jacket needs inflation for buoyancy and is automatically
inflated when immersed in water.
✓ Non inflatable life jacket: These jackets are fitted with buoyant materials and they don’t
need to inflate.
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IMMERSION SUITS
➢ It is a body covering suit that is worn specifically

for the purpose of remaining afloat and surviving
during emergencies in high seas.
THERMAL PROTECTIVE AIDS
✓It is designed for use with the emergency

equipment contained within a life raft.
✓It offer the necessary thermal protection to the

wearer.
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LESSON 3: USES OF SURVIVAL CRAFTS
✓ Describe the structure and contents of the survival craft
✓ Differentiate the uses of lifeboat, life craft, and rescue boat
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
If there were an emergency at sea, those on board ship could do little but rely on flotation
vests and wooden lifeboats - and hope that another ship soon spotted them. Regulations
concerning ship safety varied from country to country, although significant moves were made
towards international regulations on ship safety in 1857, with the introduction of the International
Code of Signals and in 1863, when the Rule of the Road at Sea was established as an international
agreement aimed at avoiding collisions between ships. SOLAS 1914 - Life-saving appliances
Chapter VI of SOLAS 1914 addressed the problem of insufficient numbers of lifeboats aboard the
Titanic in Article 40 "Fundamental principle" which stated that "At no moment of its voyage may
a ship have on board a total number of persons than that for whom accommodation is provided
in the lifeboats (and the pontoon lifeboats) on board".
It also required lifejackets to be carried for every person on board (Article 51), with a
sufficient number of lifejackets for children, and included requirements for embarkation (Article
44) and stowage of lifeboats and liferafts (Article 47). The Convention required emergency
lighting to be provided on ships (Article 53) and set regulations for manning of lifeboats by
certificated lifeboatmen (Article 54). It called for special duties in the event of an emergency to
be allocated to each member of the crew (Article 56 - Muster roll and Drills).
The Regulations of the Convention included technical specifications for lifeboats, pontoon
lifeboats, davits, lifejackets and lifebuoys. The Convention required musters of the crews at their
boat and fire stations, followed by boat and fire drills, to be held at least once a fortnight.
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LOGBOOK:
LIFEBOAT
✓ It is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a
disaster aboard a ship.
TYPES OF LIFEBOAT
OPEN LIFEBOAT
The open lifeboat has no roof and normally propelled by manual

power by using hand propelled ores.
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ENCLOSED LIFEBOAT
• are enclosed which saves the crew from sea water, strong wind
and rough weather.
• the water tight integrity is higher in this type of lifeboat.
• it can also get upright on its own if toppled over by waves.
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FREE FALL LIFEBOAT
This is similar to an enclosed lifeboat but the process of launching is entirely

different. The boat can penetrate the water without damaging the body when
launched from the ship.
DECK WATCH:
LAUNCHING AND RECOVERY SYSTEM OF FREE FALL LIFEBOATS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTvDJHyctH0
INFLATABLE LIFE RAFT LAUNCHING PROCEDURE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irBHVEIShu4
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RESCUE BOAT
It is a boat rescue craft which is used to attend a vessel in distress, or its

survivors, to rescue crew and passengers.
LIFE RAFT
This is provided as a lifesaving appliances on every sea going merchant or

passenger vessel in addition to the lifeboats.
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LIFE RAFT/ LIFEBOAT EQUIPMENT
✓ One buoyant rescue quoits, attached to not less than 30m of buoyant line
✓ One knife of non-folding type having a buoyant handle and lanyard
✓ Buoyant bailer
✓ Two sponges
✓ Two sea anchors with a shock resistant hawser and tripping line
✓ Two buoyant paddles
✓ Three tin-openers
✓ Four rocket parachute flares
✓ Six hand flares
✓ Two buoyant smoke signals
✓ One waterproof electric torch
✓ An efficient radar reflector
✓ One daylight signaling mirror
✓ One first aid outfit
✓ One copy of life saving signals
✓ One set of fishing tackles
✓ Food ration totaling not less than 10, 000 kj or 1’2 oz (350 gm) non-thirsty (biscuit) an 6
oz (170) gm suitable barely sugar for each person
✓ Water receptacles containing a total of 1.5 liters of fresh water for each persons
✓ One rustproof graduated drinking vessel
✓ Six doses of anti-seasickness medicine and one sea-sickness bag for each person
✓ Instructions on how to survive
✓ Instruction for immediate actions
✓ Thermal protective aids
Reference: Basic Training Manual September 2013
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MODULE 2
MINIMIZE THE RISK OF FIRE AND MAINTAIN A STATE OF READINESS TO RESPOND

TO EMERGENCY SITUATIONS INVOLVING FIRE
Content Standards:
✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of the different concepts of

minimizing the risk of fire and maintaining a state of readiness to
responding to fire-related emergency situations.
✓ The learners shall be able to minimize the risk of fire and maintain a state
of readiness in responding to fire related emergency situations.
LESSON 1:
THE NATURE OF FIRE
✓ Identify the basic concepts of fire as a chemical reaction, the major phases of
fire, and the main factors that influence fire behavior.
✓ Describe the classes of fire
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PORTHOLE:
Super Ferry 14
Philippines' Deadliest Terrorist Attack
On the night of the 27th of February 2004, the ferry sailed out of Manila for
Cagayan de Oro City via Bacolod City and Iloilo City with 899 recorded passengers and
crew aboard. An hour after its 11 p.m. sailing, just off either El Fraile or Corregidor
Island an explosion tore through the vessel, starting a fire that engulfed the ship which
caused the deaths of some of the passengers.
A television set containing a 3.6-kilogram (8-pound) TNT bomb had been

placed on board in the lower, more crowded decks. It was the Philippines' deadliest
terrorist attack and the world's deadliest terrorist attack at sea.
Fate: Sank after bombed by Abu Sayyaf terrorists.

MASTHEAD LIGHT:
Every day, all over the world experience the dreadfulness of fire. Most people don't
understand fire and “The Nature of Fire”. Only when we know the true nature of fire can we
prepare ourselves and our families. Many believes that fire deaths can be reduced by teaching
people the basic facts about fire. The content of this lessons are some simple facts that explain
the particular characteristics of fire.
Fire can be a friend, a comforting thing, and a source of heat and light. Yet fire can also
be risky and lethal, racing and hopping like a living thing to consume all in its path. Fire is a
hallowed element that provides life to human beings.
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LOGBOOK:
WHAT IS A FIRE?
➢ A chemical reaction producing smoke, heat and flames.
➢ The phenomenon of combustion manifested in light, flame, and heat.
➢ A state, process, or instance of combustion in which fuel or other material is ignited and
combined with oxygen, giving off light, heat, and flame.
FIRE NEEDS THREE THINGS TO EXIST:
✓ FUEL
✓ OXYGEN
✓ HEAT
CONDITIONS FOR FIRE TO OCCUR ARE:

Combustible Substance Fuel
Sufficient amount of oxygen Oxygen
High enough temperature Heat
Unbroken Chain Reaction Chain reaction
It is obvious that three things are required for combustions; it also illustrates two facts of
importance in preventing and extinguishing fires:
✓ If any sides of the fire triangle is missing, a fire cannot start

✓ If any side of the triangle is removed, the fire will go out.
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THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON
For many years the concept of fire was symbolized by the Triangle of Combustion and
represented, fuel, heat, and oxygen. Further fire research determined that a fourth element, a
chemical chain reaction, was a necessary component of fire. The fire triangle was changed to a
fire tetrahedron to reflect this fourth element.
The fire triangle is a simple illustration of the three requirements for the existences of fire.
However, it does not explain the nature of fire. It does not include the chain reaction that result
from chemical reactions among the fuel, heat and oxygen.
The basic difference between the fire triangle and the fire tetrahedron are:
✓ The tetrahedron illustrates how flaming combustion is supported and sustained through
the chain reaction.
✓ The chain reaction keeps the other three faces from falling apart.
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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
CLASS A
– (Solid Fire) Fire involving ordinary combustible materials.
▪ (Wood, Cotton, Paper, Plastic, Rope, Rubber and etc.)
Extinguishing media – Water, Foam, Dry Powder
CLASS B
– (Liquid and Gas Fire) Fire involving flammable liquids and gases
▪ (Gasoline, Diesel, Paint, Grease – LNG, LPG, Acetylene, and etc.)
Extinguishing media - CO², Foam, Dry Powder, Dry Chemical
CLASS C
– (Electrical Fire) Fire involving energized electrical equipment.
▪ (Generators, Electric Motors, Transmitters, Switches, Fuses and etc.)
Extinguishing Media – Dry Powder, Dry Chemical, CO²
CLASS D
– (Metal Fire) Fire involving combustible metals.
▪ (Magnesium, Potassium, Titanium, Rhodium, aluminum, Sodium and etc.)
Extinguishing Media – Dry Powder, Dry Chemical
CLASS K
– (COOKING MEDIA)
▪ Cooking oils or fats
EXTINGUISHING AGENT- “wet chemical or Purple K” the typical agent found in

kitchen or galley extinguishers.
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Sound like a lot?

HERE’S A MEMORY GUIDE!
An easy way to remember these types of fires is:
• Class A - leaves an Ash

• Class B - Boils
• Class C - has Current
• Class D - has Dense material
• Class K- “Kitchen”
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LESSON 2:
FLAMMABLE MATERIALS, FIRE HAZARDS, AND GENERAL SAFETY PRACTICES
✓ Define fire hazard

✓ Identify the kinds of flammable Materials
✓ Describe the conditions that predispose a situation to fire hazard
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
A hazard is something that poses danger, peril, risk, or difficulty. Onboard the ship
anything can be a hazard. Example: A wet floor can be a sliding hazard that can cause injury.
This module covers three topics: flammable materials, fire hazards, and general safety practices.
The term hazard related to fire can cause a tremendous damage to property, to the
environment and to people. What does it depict? Any activities, materials, or conditions that
might increase the size or severity of a fire or that might cause a fire to start are called fire
hazards. The hazard might be a fuel that is easy to ignite or a heat source like a defective
appliance. The hazard could be an action like we jump of a hill or into a pit with a blazing fire.
Common fire hazards are found in accommodation and any parts of a vessel. Smoking,
trash, electrical appliances, stores are common source of fire hazard. Having smoking area in a
workplace can minimize the common problem regarding about fire. Fire hazards are linked to
some specific practice or activity area. Chemicals, spray painting, welding, combustible dusts, and
flammable liquids are also examples of fire hazards.
Generally, the principles of controlling the fire and hazards associated on this lesson
includes the following.
✓ Providing protection for such materials from their surroundings.

✓ Training persons to handle such materials safely.
✓ Eliminating sources of fire.
✓ Providing proper storage facilities and sites.
✓ Controlling storage and use.
40
LOGBOOK:
FIRE HAZARDS
➢ Pose threats to life and property. It is, therefore, the prime object of safety systems to
detect, remove or reduce the risk of fire threatened by those potential hazards.
The following fire hazards are common at home, in public places, transports and work
places:
✓ All types of flames used for any work
✓ Electric wires, higher loads, loose connections and old electrical equipment
✓ All cooking and heat generating appliances
✓ All works and situations where fire is essential such as welding, cutting, metal casting
etc.
✓ Improper stowage of tools, equipment and items during and at the end of the day’s
work.
✓ Smoking and personal lighters and matches
✓ Fireworks, pyro techniques, ammunitions and explosives
✓ Improper and unauthorized stowage of flammable and hazardous materials and

chemicals especially the flammable ones
✓ Insufficient capacity and numbers of emergency exits and stairs
✓ Hindrance to sight or reach firefighting equipment, markings and alarm systems
✓ Insufficient numbers and types of fire extinguishers
✓ Absence of fire detection and alarm system
✓ Violation of building and fire codes
41
PROPERTIES OF FLAMMABLE MATERIALS:
➢ FLAMABILITY – Means to measure how readily a material ignites. We classify materials

by their flammability.
a. A self-igniting material – is one which can oxidize so quickly that ignites when
heat is not lead away fast enough. (Ex: Twist soaked linseed oil or lacquer).
b. A highly flammable material – is one which can be ignited with a match and
that will continue to burn by itself. (Ex: paper, wood, textiles, oil, gas, etc.)
c. Non-flammable materials – require heating before it will ignite; fire will

immediately go out if extra heat is not supplied.
➢ IGNITION POINT – The temperature at which a material oxidizes so quickly that it starts
to burn.
➢ BURNING TEMPERATURE – common combustible materials lies between 149 to 538

degrees Celsius.
➢ BURNING SPEED – depends on the quantities and ratio of the reacting substances, the
temperature and the oxygen supply. – SOLID – depends on its configuration – LIQUID –
depends on the viscosity of the fuel.
➢ THERMAL VALUE – The effect or significance of a rising current of hot air. Energy derives
from a substance in a chemical reaction.
➢ LOWER FLAMABLE LIMITS – This is the minimum proportion of vapor air mixture that
can undergo ignition if ignited. All mixtures below this proportion cannot be ignited. The
term applied to this mixture is TOO LEAN (little gas, too much air).
➢ UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMITS – This is the maximum proportion of vapor air mixture
that can be ignited. All mixtures exceeding the UFL cannot undergo ignition if ignited. The
term applied to this mixture is TOO RICH (Too much vapor little air).
➢ FLASH POINT TEMPERATURE – The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel gives
off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface. At this
temperature the ignited vapor will flash but will not continue to burn.
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➢ FIRE POINT TEMPERATURE – The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce
vapors sufficient to support combustion independent of the heating source.
➢ AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE - The temperature of the vapor/air mixture mixed in

the correct proportion that will self-ignite without outside influences.
SPREAD OF FIRE:
CONDUCTION – Means the transfer of heat through a solid body. For example, on a hot
stove, heat is conducted through the pot to its content; wood is a poor conductor of heat but
metal is a good conductor. Fire can be moved from one place to another and one compartment
to another via conduction.
✓ RADIATION – Means the transfer of heat through a source across an intervening space,
and no materials and substances are involved. The heat travels outward from the fire, the
same manner as light, and a straight line. When it contacts the body is absorbed or
transmitted. Proper shielding can prevent the effect of radiation.
✓ CONVECTION – Means the transfer of heat through the motion of heated matter. Ex: -
the smoke. Hot air, heated gasses produce by the fire and flying embers. As these heated
combustion production rise, it may ignite flammable materials in its path.
43
DECK WATCH:
HEAT TRANSFER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNZi12OV9Xc
GENERAL SAFETY PRACTICES
I. BASIC WAYS IN PREVENTING FIRE:
➢ A. FORMAL AND INFORMAL TRAINING – It is a most important factor in any fire

prevention program. A continuing process that includes both formal training sessions
and informal discussions.
✓ 1.Theory of fire
✓ 2.Classes of Fire
✓ 3. Maintenance and use of Portable Fire Extinguisher
✓ 4. Good Housekeeping
• Cleaning rags and waste should be stored in covered metal containers
• b. Accumulations of oil rags should be place in cover metal containers and
discarded as soon as possible.
• c. Accumulation of packaging materials should be disposed of immediately
• d. Dunnage should only be stored in proper area.
• e. Accumulation of sawdust (especially oil or chemical soaked sawdust),
wood chips or shavings should be disposed of properly.
• f. Accumulation of flammables in crew or passengers quarters should be
avoided.
• g. Oil-soaked clothing or other flammables should never be stored in crew
lockers.
• h. Paints, varnish and so forth should be stored in the paint locker when not
in use even overnight.
• Leaks in product, furl-oil or lubricating-oil piping and spilled oil or greased
should be cleaned up, also oil bilges or on tank tops and floor plates.
44
• j. Kerosene and solvents should be stored in appropriate containers and

approved locations.
• k. Oil-burner cleaning substances should not be left in open containers in the
boiler room.
• l. Oil soaked clothing should not be worn
• m. Grease filters and hoods over gallery ranges should be cleaned regularly.
• n. Avoid soot accumulations in boiler uptakes and air heater.
➢ B.ELIMINATION AND CONTROL OF IGNITION SOURCES:

✓ 1. Not smoking in restricted area; discarding ashes, butts and matches carefully
✓ 2. No overloading of electrical circuits
✓ 3. Keeping flammable materials clear of steam pipes, light bulbs and other
sources of ignition.
✓ 4. Thoroughly cleaning cargo holds before any cargo is loaded.
✓ 5. Removing cargo lights from holds when loading is completed.
✓ 6. Observing all precaution when welding or burning including the positioning of
the fire watch.
✓ 7. Eliminating the cause of static electricity
✓ 8. Awareness of the possibilities of spontaneous ignition, and how to avoid it.
✓ 9. Using approved flashlight and portable lights and non-sparking tools on tank
vessels
✓ 10. Not using electric tools where a fire hazard may exist.
✓ 11. Following the instructions of the senior deck officer on tank vessel when
loading or discharging cargo.
✓ 12. Continually observing cargo pumps during transfer operations. (Loss of
suction or prolonged operation when tank are empty may overheat the pump
and result in explosion).
✓
II. SAFE PRACTICES
➢ FOUR PLURAL SAFETY PROCEDURES

✓ 1. No smoking in hazardous area
✓ 2. Ability to raise the alarm in case of fire quickly
✓ 3. Ability to extinguish fire using portable fire extinguisher or other method
✓ 4. Ability to recognize fire hazard and take the necessary steps to prevent fire.
III. EMERGENCY AND FIRE ALARMS
❖ General Emergency Alarm
– Seven or more short blasts followed by one long blast on the ships whistle and bells or
klaxons or equivalent sounding in the ship.
❖ Special alarm operated from the bridge to summon the crew to fire stations.
45
Some of the more common emergency signals are as follows:
• a. Fire and emergency: Continuous blast of the whistle for at least 10 seconds followed
by continuous ringing of the general alarm for at least 10 seconds.
• b. Man over board: Letter O (three long blasts about 5 seconds each) sounded at least
four times on the whistle followed by the same signal sounded on the general alarm.
• c. Abandon ship: At least 7 short blasts followed by the same signal sounded on the
general alarm.
• d. CO2 Alarm
• e. Boat Handling: One short blast on the whistle means to lower lifeboats; two short
blasts means stop lowering lifeboats.
SUPERVISED PATROLS AND WATCHMEN SYSTEM
➢ Supervised Patrol – required on passenger vessels whenever passengers are on

board.
➢ Watchmen Systems – vessels that are not required to have supervised patrols. At
night, suitable number of watchmen must be stationed in the passenger’s
accommodation areas on each deck.
Duties of Patrolmen and Watchmen:
❖ Time of discovery
❖ Exact location where fire or smoke was seen
❖ What doors are open and closed
❖ Who, if any one was in the area prior to discovery
❖ Other condition or circumstances that might have bearing of the fire.
FIRE CONTROL PLAN
The Fire Control Plan is a mandatory requirement of SOLAS convention described in

Regulation 15 of Chapter II. The fire control plan provides us information about fire station on
each deck of the ship, on various bulkheads, and in spaces enclosed by “A” class division, “B”
class divisions. It also explains us the type of fire detection system and firefighting systems
available on ship.
Fire control plan tells us about various fire alarm systems, sprinkler installation,
extinguishing appliances, means of escape to different compartments and decks, and ventilation
system including particulars of remote operation of dampers and fans. The position of various
dampers, their marking, and which fan is for particular compartment or deck is also explained so
that required damper and fans can be closed in case of fire.
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FIRE CONTROL & LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES
SAFETY PLAN
47
SYMBOLS AND MARKINGS
The graphical symbols used in the fire control plan should be as per fighting equipment
symbols set out in IMO Assembly Resolution A.654. It is duty of each and every member of ship’s
crew to know the meaning of the symbols used in this plan.
FIRE CONTROL PLAN SYMBOLS
Fire Control Plan Push Button for Fire Alarm Space Protected by CO2 Main Vertical Zone
Fire Alarm Switch
Fire Control Plan

Fire Control Plan
Fire Control Plan
A – Class Fire Door

Emergency Fire Pump A - Class Division A – Class Fire Door Self-Closing
International Shore
Fire Pump Connection B - Class Division B – Class Fire Door
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B – Class Fire Door Monitor Powder

CO2 Battery High Expansion Foam Supply Trunk
Self- Closing
Inert Gas Installation Emergency Generator

Water Spray Fire Alarm Panel
Heat Detector Emergency Switchboard

CO2 Smoke Detector
Emergency
Water Fog Applicator Fire Hose Escape Route System Valves
49
LESSON 3
RESPONSE TO FIRE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
✓ Explain the steps to be done upon discovery of fire

✓ Identify the various fire-fighting agents or media
✓ Describe the basic concept of extinguishing fire
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
The training of seafarers to deal with emergencies at sea is crucial for the Safety of Life
at Sea. SOLAS includes in Chapter III references to safety and fire drills, while the minimum
standards for crew involved in ship operations are set out in the International Convention on
Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), first adopted in
1978. The Convention was considerably revised in 1995, when IMO adopted a new STCW Code,
to which many technical regulations of the original STCW Convention have been transferred. The
revised STCW entered into force on 1 February 1997. The Convention establishes standards for
the deck department, engine department and radio department and deals with all members of
the ship's complement. In each case the Convention prescribes minimum age levels, minimum
periods of sea-going service and certification requirements.
This lesson will cover the first step in developing an emergency response plan and to
conduct a risk assessment to identify potential emergency scenarios. An understanding of what
can happen will enable you to determine resource requirements and to develop plans and
procedures to prepare to any unfortunate incident of fire. At the very least, every facility especially
onboard should develop and implement an emergency plan for protecting vessel, crew, and the
environment. This part of the emergency plan is called “protective actions for life safety” and
includes “fire drills”. When an emergency occurs, the first priority is always life safety. The second
priority is the stabilization of the incident. This will tackle about actions that can be taken to
stabilize an incident and minimize potential damage.
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LOGBOOK:
ACTIONS ON DISCOVERING A FIRE:
Activate the alarm If possible, eliminate If possible, restrict

the cause of fire ventilation
51
FIREFIGHTING APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT
FIRE HOSES
NOZZLES
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
52
TYPES OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
✓ Water
✓ Foam
✓ Dry chemical
✓ Dry powder
✓ Carbon dioxide
➢ WATER AND FOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHERS extinguish the fire by taking away the
heat element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from the
other elements.
➢ DRY CHEMICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHERS extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting

the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
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➢ WET CHEMICAL is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of the
fire triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between the oxygen and fuel
elements.
➢ CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

extinguish fire by taking away the oxygen element of
the fire triangle and also be removing the heat with a
very cold discharge.
54
PARTS OF A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
HOW TO OPERATE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER?
Remember the PASS-word

Keep your back to an exit and stand six to eight feet away from the fire. Follow the four-
step PASS procedure. If the fire does not begin to go out immediately, leave the area at once.
✓ PULL the pin: This unlocks the operating lever and allows you to discharge the
extinguisher. Some extinguishers may have other seals or tamper indicators.
✓ AIM low: Point the extinguisher nozzle (or hose) at the base of the fire.
✓ SQUEEZE the lever above the handle: This discharges the extinguishing agent. Releasing
the lever will stop the discharge. (Some extinguishers have a button instead of a lever).
✓ SWEEP from side to side: Moving carefully toward the fire, keep the extinguisher aimed
at the base of the fire and sweep back and forth until the flames appear to be out. Watch
the fire area. If the fire re-ignites, repeat the process
55
METHODS OF DISTUINGISHMENTS:
✓ COOLING – to reduce the temperature of a fuel below its ignition temperature. This is
a direct attack on the heat side of the fire tetrahedron.
✓ SMOTHERING – To separate fuel from oxygen. This can be considered as an attack on

the edge of the fire tetrahedron where the fuel and oxygen meet.
✓ OXYGEN DILUTION – To reduce the amount of oxygen below the needed amount to
sustain combustion. This is an attack to the oxygen side of the fire tetrahedron.
✓ CHAIN BRAKING – To disrupt the chemical process that sustains the fire. This is
considered an attack on the chain reaction side of the fire tetrahedron.
✓ FUEL STARVATION – removing fuel
WATER – Extinguishes by cooling
FOAM – Extinguishes by smothering
DRY CHEMICAL - Extinguishes by chain breaking
DRY POWDER - Extinguishes by Chain breaking
CARBON DIOXIDE - Extinguishes by Oxygen dilution
Note: smothering – The method of separating fuel from oxygen and also the most widely used
method of extinguishments.
56
FIREMAN’S OUTFIT
✓ Personal Equipment
✓ Breathing Apparatus
✓ Fireproof lifeline with snap hook harness
Constituent of personal equipment
• Fire suit
• Gloves and shoes
• Hard helmet
• Safety lamp
• Fire axe
57
BREATHING APPARATUS
➢ BREATHING APPARATUS – a device that provides the user with breathing protection.
It includes a face pierce, body harness and equipment that supply air or oxygen.
CLASSIFICATION OF BREATHING APPARATUS
SCBA
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
58
CABA
Compressed Air Breathing Apparatus
MSA
Mine Safety Apparatus
ELSA
Emergency Life Safety Apparatus
59
FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
FIRE DETECTORS
➢ are sensors that can detect a possible ignition of fire especially in those areas on board
that are unmonitored.
POPULAR TYPES OF FIRE DETECTORS
✓ HEAT DETECTORS
– The oldest type of automatic fire detection device, include a detecting

component inside the unit that activates when it reaches a predetermined fixed
temperature or when a particular increase in temperature has happened.
✓ SMOKE DETECTORS
– Smoke alarms are designed to detect fires quickly.

– A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.
✓ FLAME DETECTORS
– Flame detectors are used to detect flames. They detect fire nearly at the point of
ignition.
DECK WATCH:
FIRE FIGHTING ONBOARD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLG9OlWhn9o&t=246s
HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9igRiyURobE
HOW TO USE A CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPhbJ95VGe0
HOW TO USE A FIRE BLANKET
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPsceUJPth8
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MODULE 3
DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE ACTION TO BE UNDERTAKEN DURING AN

ACCIDENT OR OTHER MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Avoidance of any catastrophic incident is indeed the best way to make sure the overall
safety aboard ships, particularly the well-being of passenger and crew. But the nature of life
aboard ship is always hazardous. As a result, cases of wounded personnel and casualties cannot
be prevented from time to time.
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Content Standards:
✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of the concepts and underlying principles in

determining the action to be taken in the event of an accident or medical emergency.
✓ The learners shall be able to take action in the event of an accident or medial
emergency.
Lesson 1:
THE PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY
The human body consists of a bony skeleton and muscles. The three main parts of
the body are: the head, the trunk and the limbs (extremities). The head is composed of the cranial
and facial parts. It contains the brain, the centre of the nervous system.
Learning objective:
✓ Identify the parts of the human body susceptible to accident or injury
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Technical Terms
Chipping- cutting or breaking a small piece from the edge or surface of a hard material.
Headgear- covering or protective device for the head.
Injury- fact or state of being harmed or damaged.
Strain- force tending to an extreme or damaging degree.
PORTHOLE:
Did you know?

Check out these 15 fascinating facts about our bodies…
1. Your mouth produces about one litre of saliva each day!
2. Your brain is sometimes more active when you’re asleep than when you’re
awake.
3. Laid end to end, an adult’s blood vessels could circle Earth’s equator four times!
4. The word “muscle” comes from Latin term meaning “little mouse“, which is
what Ancient Romans thought flexed bicep muscles resembled.
5. Bodies give off a tiny amount of light that’s too weak for the eye to see.
6. The average person has 67 different species of bacteria in their belly button.
7. You lose about 4kg of skin cells every year!
8. Babies don’t shed tears until they’re at least one month old.
9. Information zooms along nerves at about 400kmph!
10. The human heart beats more than three billion times in an average lifespan.
11. Your left lung is about 10 percent smaller than your right one.
12. Human teeth are just as strong as shark teeth.
13. Scientists estimate that the nose can recognise a trillion different scents!
14. Humans are the only species known to blush.
15. Your blood makes up about eight percent of your body weight.
Source: https://www.natgeokids.com/za/discover/science/general-science/15-facts-
about-the-human-body/
63
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
The human body consists of a bony skeleton and muscles. The three main parts of
the body are: the head, the trunk and the limbs (extremities). The head is composed of the cranial
and facial parts. It contains the brain, the centre of the nervous system.
64
BASIC HUMAN BODY PARTS
LOGBOOK:
COMMON INJURIES OBTAINED BY SEAFARERS
Most injuries though are because of negligence by the seafarer themselves. Some fails to
follow safety procedures implemented on board, thus resulting to personal injuries.
Here are the most common injuries that seafarers may acquire while performing their duty:
Eye Injury. There are certain jobs on board that can cause harm to seafarer’s eye. This includes
welding, painting, chipping, and handling hazardous chemicals. At such, seafarers should always
put on the appropriate eye gear for protection.
Head Injury. This is also one common injury that happens on board, which results from failure
to duck when in low areas or under machinery systems. Sometimes, head butt happens when
two seafarers work together.
Hand and Foot Injury. Seafarers are provided with gloves and safety shoes for protection. But
sometimes, hand and foot injuries still happen like losing grip of objects, thread of gloves caught
in machines, burns, falling objects, trips and falls because of slippery area. This is the reason why
seafarers should always wear their protective gear when working.
Burns and Scald. Seafarers should be extra cautious when handling hot pipelines, steams and
fires to avoid burns and scald.
Electrocution/Electric Shock. Open or exposed wires and electrical connections can cause
accidents which can be fatal for seafarers. This is why such things should be handled carefully.
65
Deck Operation Injury. Mooring and cargo handling can also cause accidents and injuries, so
seafarers should make sure that all safety precautions be observed when there are cargo
operations.
Trips and Falls. Accidents like trips and falls causes injuries since slippery floors, oily surfaces,
and tools lying around is a common scene on board ships. Seafarers can lessen these if they
personally observe cleanliness and keep tools in their right places.
Back Injury. Back injury usually happens when lifting heavy loads. Proper posture should be
observe by seafarers when doing so to avoid strained back muscles.
Misuse of tools and equipments. Injuries can also be acquired from improper use of tools and
equipment on board ships. Seafarers must remember that every tool or equipment is designed
for a certain usage and should not be used for other purposes.
Cuts. Sharp tools and equipment should not be left lying around places on ships to avoid cuts
and bruises. Any broken or damaged tools and equipment should be disposed or kept properly.
Seafarers can only avoid or lessen such injuries if they’ll be cautious by wearing their protective
gears when doing their work on board ships. Just like what they say, precaution is better than
cure. So always keep safe, mates.
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Lesson 2
EMERGENCY FIRST AID APPLICATION AND MANAGEMENT
Injuries, whether minor or severe, can happen anywhere, but those that happen aboard
a boat come with an additional challenge—help is not always convenient or readily available.
That’s why it’s essential to have not only basic first aid equipment aboard your boat, but also
multiple ways to communicate should you need emergency assistance.
✓ Explain the principle of First Aid application

✓ Explain the measures that should be considered during accidents or medical
emergencies
✓ Determine the nature, causes, and extent of injuries
✓ Determine the immediate measures to be undertaken in the event of an accident or
medical
Technical Terms
Casualty- Person injured due to accident or illness.
Medical facility- also called as health facility; any location where health care is provided such
as hospitals, clinics health centers, or treatment centers.
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PORTHOLE:
Did you know?
An ambulance is a medically equipped vehicle which transports patients to

treatment facilities, such as hospitals. Typically, out-of-hospital medical care is
provided to the patient.
The history of the ambulance begins in ancient times, with the use of carts to
transport incurable patients by force. Ambulances were first used for emergency
transport in 1487 by the Spanish, and civilian variants were put into operation
during the 1830s. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th
centuries led to the modern self-powered ambulances.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
You should be prepared for any onboard emergencies with a first aid kit that’s stocked for
the typical number of passengers/crew you have aboard—and the remoteness of the area in
which you’ll be boating/navigating.
The former dictates the number of individual items you’ll want to have in your kit; the
latter dictates the extent of that kit’s contents and what might need to be done on board before
you can reach medical assistance. For day excursions in your home area and within short distance
to emergency services, a basic first aid kit will cover most common needs.
68
First Aid kit comes along with the skills to do so. That means being a skilful seafarer
includes being able to have competent trainings on applying first aid in case of emergency
onboard.
LOGBOOK:
What is First Aid?
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a
minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from
worsening, or to promote recovery.
69
First aid provides the initial attention to a person suffering an injury or illness. First aid in
the workplace has a number of benefits including: saving lives, preventing permanent
disablement, providing immediate support to the injured person.
70
Aims of first aid
Main aims of first aid, known as the three P’s of first aid, which will help a first aid provider
know what to prioritize include the following:
1. PRESERVING LIFE
The ABC rule in the first aid, specifically during the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),
strands for airway, breathing, and circulation.
What is ABC in first aid?
The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent harm, and promote recovery. In first
aid, ABC stands for AIRWAY, BREATHING, and CIRCULATION. The recovery position helps
minimize further injury. CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It helps maintain the
flow of oxygenated blood.
How to practice first aid

The most common term referred to in first aid is ABC. This stands for airway, breathing,
and circulation. A fourth step will appear in the emergency procedures for some facilities.
71
Airway: Make sure the airway is clear. Choking, which results from the obstruction of
airways, can be fatal.
• Breathing: Once the airways are confirmed to be clear, determine whether the person
can breathe, and, if necessary, provide rescue breathing.
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• Circulation: If the person involved in the emergency situation is not breathing, the first
aider should go straight for chest compressions and rescue breathing. The chest
compressions will promote circulation. This saves valuable time. In emergencies that are
not life-threatening, the first aider needs to check the pulse.
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• Deadly bleeding or defibrillation: Some organizations consider dressing severe wounds

or applying defibrillation to the heart a separate fourth stage, while others include this
as part of the circulation step.
Evaluating and maintaining ABC with a patient depends on the training and experience of a
first aider. As soon as ABC has been secured, the first aider can then focus on any additional
treatments.
The ABC process must be carried out in that order.
However, there are times when a first aider might be performing two steps at the same time.
This might be the case when providing rescue breathing and chest compressions to an individual
who is not breathing and has no pulse.
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2. PROTECTING THE CASUALTY FROM FURTHER HARM
Deterrence of medical condition from worsening or preventing the deterioration of the

casualty’s condition is very important. Stopping the condition from worsening is what a lot of first
aid is all about once preserving life has been dealt with.
First aid is not really about carrying an illness or injury, unless a cut, wound, or burn is small
enough to heal on its own with the help of medicine, ointment, and antiseptic over time.
Otherwise, cases of major trauma can only be stopped from worsening by a first aid provider
under medical personnel or a doctor arrives or when the casualty has been brought to a medical
facility or hospital.
It is important to use a primary survey to make sure the scene is clear of threats before
stepping in to help:
• Danger: Check for dangers to the injured person and yourself. If there is danger, can it
be cleared, or can the individual be moved away from further harm? If there is nothing
you can do, stand clear, and call for professional help.
• Response: Once it is clear that all danger has ceased, check if the patient is conscious
and alert, ask questions, and see if you get a response. It is also important to find out
whether they respond to your touch and are aware of their pain.
• Airway: Check whether the airway is clear and, if not, try to clear it. Have the injured
person lying on their back, and then place one hand on the forehead and two fingers
from the other hand on the chin. Gently tilt the head back while slightly raising the chin
upwards. Any obstructions need to be removed from the mouth, including dentures.
Only insert fingers into the mouth of the injured indivisual if an obstruction is present.
• Breathing: Is the individual breathing effectively? The first aider should examine the
chest for movement and the mouth for signs of breathing. Afterward, get close to the
person to see if air can be felt on the cheek from breathing.
• The first aider then needs to carry out a secondary survey, checking for deformities,
open wounds, medic alert tags, and swellings.
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If the injured person is breathing safely, carry out a rapid whole-body check for the following:
• open wounds
• deformities
• medical alert tags advising of underlying conditions
• swellings
This is known as a secondary survey. As soon as this has been completed, place the individual
in a recovery position. At this point, the first aider should call for an ambulance.
3. PROMOTING RECOVERY
Finally, one life is saved and the casualty’s state is prevented from worsening, recovery of the
casualty can already be promoted. This can consist of providing proper wound care advice, giving
additional care advice to the caregiver( if any), keeping good records of the person’s condition,
and keeping the casualty at rest when he or she wants to move around.
In promoting fast and effective recovery from a life threatening injury or illness, the most
essential step to undertake is to immediate bring the casualty to the nearest possible hospital.
But in the majority of cases, it is not an option. Most vessel operations occur underway or when
the vessel is sailing. A properly trained medical officer on board may apply the knowledge and
skill acquired on the shore-based training that is strictly implemented to have especially for the
ship’s officers. But during moments when the skills and knowledge have all been exhausted from
the trained officers, assistance from shore is highly recommended.
A vessel can access a shore-based welfare facility wherein the ship’s officer can communicate
via phone or radio. Officers must be able to explain carefully in detail the nature and the cause
of injury and illness. The shore-based medical personnel can then relay an advice or suggest first
aid that could be undertaken on board until the casualty recovers or, at worst, a medical rescue
boat or helicopter arrives for a medical evacuation.
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Even if the individual is breathing but is unconscious, there is still a significant risk of airway
obstruction. The recovery position reduces the risk to the patient. A first aider should do the
following:
1. If the individual is wearing glasses, remove them.
2. Kneel next to the person, and place the arm nearest to you at a right angle to the body.
3. Bring the other arm across the chest. Hold the back of your hand against their nearest
cheek.
4. With your other hand, hold the thigh furthest from you and pull up the knee. Make sure
the foot is flat on the ground.
5. Slowly pull down on the raised knee, and roll the body over towards you.
6. Move the upper leg slightly, so that the hip and knee are bent at right angles. This
makes sure that they do not roll onto their face.
7. Gently tilt the head back so that the airway is kept open.
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
CPR is one type of first aid that can save lives.
If the person is not breathing, the first aider will need to perform CPR.
It is unlikely that CPR will start a heart. Its purpose is to maintain the flow of oxygenated
blood to the brain and heart, preventing or at least delaying tissue death. CPR can extend the
brief window of time during which successful resuscitation can take place without permanent
brain damage.
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METHODS OF RESUSCITATION
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One-person CPR method
This is when a rescuer or a person attending the emergency is resuscitating alone. Here are
the steps:
1. Pump, push hard, push fast

- Place the heel of the hand on the casualty’s sternum and the other hand on top of
the first hand, fingers interlaced.
- Extend the elbows and lean directly over the patient.
- Use your weight to help administer the compression.
- Compression must be at least 2 inches deep.
- Push down in the center of the chest 30 times.
- Deliver a rate of at least 100 to 120 compression per minute.
Note: make sure that there is no gap in giving the compressions; your actions will be
helpful in supplying blood to the brain.
2. Blow, deliver rescue breaths.
- Tilt the head back(head –tilt or jaw tilt maneuver)
- Lift the chin.
- Pinch the nose shut.
- Place your mouth over the casualty’s mouth to make a complete seal.
- Blow into the casualty’s mouth to make chest rise.
- Give two breaths.
- Each breath should take 1 second.
Note: be mindful of the following:
If the chest does not rise with the initial rescue breath, re-tilt the head before delivering
the second breath, if it does not rise with the second breath, the casualty maybe
choking, before attempting another breath, look for an object in the mouth, and remove
it if seen.
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3. Repeat. Continue CPR steps. Keep performing cycles of chest compressions and
breathing.
Note: end of the cycle if:
- The casualty exhibits signs of life such as breathing.
- A medical practitioner or medical responder arrives.
- The scene becomes unsafe.
- You cannot perform CPR further due to exhaustion.
Two-person CPR method
It is when two persons attending the emergency are resuscitating together. This method
is less exhausting because two people will be doing two different tasks. One performs the
compression while the other will give the breaths. Just follow the steps given for the one-person
CPR method. Tasks can be alternated every 2 minutes since compressions are quite tiring for
one person to handle.
Note: Sometimes, two different people have different ways of approaching resuscitation;
their methods may not always match. It helps to remember that the common goal is to help
save a life.
Resuscitation techniques
Mouth-to-mouth Resuscitation
This is a technique used to form artificial ventilation in the act of assisting or stimulating
respiration. This is when a first aid provider resuscitates a casualty using own breath from own
mouth to the casualty’s mouth. It is a technique taking part in most protocols in performing CPR,
making it an essential skill for first aid providers.
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Mouth-to-nose Resuscitation
This technique is used when there is a major trauma to the face or a tight mouth seal
cannot be performed. Airway is opened by a head-tilt maneuver and mouth is closed while the
first provider seals his or her lips around the casualty as two full breaths are given.
Factors to consider during CPR
It is necessary to be reminded of the two different factors to consider during CPR. These
include the following:
Control of Respiration
It is recommended to support the ventilation and oxygenation during resuscitation. The

purpose of ventilation during CPR is to maintain adequate oxygenation and sufficient elimination
of carbon dioxide.
During at instances that the first aid CPR equipment is available, bag-mask ventilation
device is used to support the oxygenation and ventilation of a victim.
Function of Reclined Position of Head
This particular position of the head is very important to be maintained all the time during
the course of CPR. The correct positioning of the casualty aids the resuscitation procedure.
During hands-only CPR procedure for an untrained lay rescuer, it is important to make
sure that the casualty will be positioned with the head tilted upward or what it is commonly
termed as head-tilt maneuver or the chin lift maneuver or the jaw-lift maneuver.
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The main function of this position is to make sure that the airway to the victim’s lungs is
clear for the passage of air during the delivery of the rescue breaths. This is a basic procedure
used in CPR to open the casualty’s airway. This is also known as the manual airway maneuver.
It is done following these steps:
1. The first aid provider’s one hand tilts the head back.
2. The other hand is placed under chin to lift the mandible and isplace the tongue.
You might hear some pops and snaps during chest compressions. These are normal, so
do not stop.
Prevention of work-related injuries or illness on board
It is a general practice on workplace for risk management to be established, just like on

board ships where in there is no instant available medical practitioner (except on cruise ships).
Risk management approach is strict and highly implemented.
In risk management approach, the following steps are involve:
1. Identify hazards that could result in work-related injury or illness throughout the vessel.
Here are the few of the potential hazards on board that can result in serious injuries or
fatalities:
• Fall hazards
-uneven working surfaces or deck
-wet and slippery working surfaces or deck
-working surfaces not cleared of obstruction
-improper use of ladder and stairs
-unprotected side, bulkhead openings, deck holes
• Struck by or crushing hazards
-gear an equipment improperly inspected
-defective gear and equipment
-loads not safely lashed
-Improper stowed mooring lines
• Electrical Hazards
-Use of hoisting and hauling equipment near energized lines
-tools and equipment not properly grounded
-defective electrical tools
-worn or frayed electrical cables
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2. Assess the type, severity, likelihood of injuries and illness.

Severity of injuries and illness correlates with the mortality, morbidity,
hospitalization time after a trauma. An injury severity score being greater than 15 as
established medically is called a major trauma.
The likelihood of injury or illness or the risk factor associated with the odds of an
injury is assessed depending on the type of the ship’s operation, the type of work to be
done, the location of work, and the availability of the safety gears and equipment that
are on board the vessel.
3. Provide appropriate first aid equipment on board ship.
Medical emergency equipment for first aid use are well provided on board ships.
Every vessel is required to carry a medical chest or cabinet that shall contain:
• Latest edition of applicable publications, forms and charts

• Properly labelled non-expired legal or controlled drugs or medicine supply
• First aid kit that has:
-assorted adhesive bandages
-sterile gauge
-adhesive tape
-cotton
-roller bandages
• Swabs
• Eye drops
• Surgical gloves
• Thermometer
• Antiseptic ointment
• Antibiotic ointment
• Sterile water to rinse wounds
• Small and big towels
• Chemical ice packs
• Emergency phone numbers
• First aid handbook
1. Monitor strict compliance of crew on using onboard safety equipment to prevent work-
related injuries and illness.
2. Require updated shore-based trainings and regular onboard first aid drills to the
seafarers.
3. Review the first aid requirements on a regular basis or as circumstances change.
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Immediate Measures during Medical Emergency
Rapid response in a medical emergency is very important especially on board ships. First
aid is a part of the total health care for seafarers working aboard vessels. Therefore, seafarers
themselves are trained and educated to acquire enough knowledge and skill to apply
emergency first aid in a prompt, accurate, and effective method while on board the vessel.
Immediate Measures
The following are the immediate measures in case of emergencies on board ships.
• To reduce ailing and the occurrence of fatality, fatality, utilize lifesaving practice
through the use of standard emergency procedures.
• To decrease fatal outcome, prevent aggravation of nonlife-threatening conditions
through use of standard procedures.
• To stabilize and prevent worsening of the conditions of injured personnel, facilitate a
timely transfer of care for conditions beyond the scope of practice of the ship’s
medical officer by implementing appropriate referral strategies ashore.
• To facilitate instant emergency measures, direct suitable individuals in standard
immediate response procedures using effective methods.
• To serve efficient immediate care, perform the established emergency action plan
using useful communication and correct practices.
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Steps in treating some common injuries or medical emergency on board
Laceration- This refers to the irregular cut in the skin caused by sharp object.
First aid measures
1. Control bleeding
- Put pressure directly on the laceration while holding it above the level of the heart
for 15 minutes.
- Use pressure points
- Tourniquets should be avoided unless medical care will be delayed for several hours.
Tourniquets are last alternative.
2. Once bleeding has stopped, wash the laceration, and surround area with warm water
and mild soap.
3. Determine if the laceration needs stiches.
- Deep or wide lacerations often needs stiches.
- Stiches for large lacerations promote quicker healing to keep bacteria out of the
wound and prevent infection.
- Proceed on seeking assistance from shore if victim needs stiches.
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4. For small lacerations, to keep the wound clean, use antiseptic ointment and close
butterfly closure.
5. To cover laceration, use sterile gauze and tape in place or wrap with roller gauze.
6. Change dressing (bandages) daily. Clean lacerations each and every time the dressing is
changed.
7. Watch out for infections.
- When lacerations begin to swell or drain pus, see a doctor ashore.

- Lacerations should progressively heal or clear up over time.
8. Take oral medication. When in pain, use ibuprofen for pain relief (if necessary).
Puncture Wound- This is an injury caused by a pointed object that pierces or penetrates the
skin and can carry a danger of tetanus.
First aid measures
1. Control bleeding
- Put pressure directly on the puncture wound while holding it above the level of the
heart for 15 minutes.
- Use pressure points.
- Tourniquets should be avoided unless medical care will be delayed for several hours.
Tourniquets are last alternative.
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2. For deep puncture wounds (unknown depth), do the following:

- For wounds to the abdomen, back, pelvis, thigh, neck or chest or if bleeding will not
stop, better call for medical evacuation from shore. Holes in the chest can lead to
collapsed lungs.
- Deep puncture wounds on the chest should immediately be sealed by hand or with a
dressing that does not allow airflow.
- Unseal it if the victim gets worst after sealing the puncture wound on the chest.
3. Once bleeding has been controlled, wash the puncture wound with warm and mild soap.
4. Wide puncture, wound may need stiches. Ask for shore medical assistance, or bring the
victim to the nearest hospital.
5. Small puncture wound does not need stiches. Use antiseptic ointment cover with
adhesive bandages.
6. Change dressing (bandages) daily. Clean lacerations each and every time the dressing is
changed.
7. Watch out for infections.

-When lacerations begin to swell or drain pus, see a doctor ashore.
-Lacerations should progressively heal or clear up over time.
8. Take oral medication. When in pain, use ibuprofen for pain relief (if necessary).
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Sprain-This is a wrench or twist on the ligaments of an ankle, a wrist, or other joints

violently as to cause pain and swelling but not dislocation.
First aid measures (summarized as the RICE approach):
1. Rest
- On an ankle, use crutches until walking is not painful without them.
- On a wrist, rest at least 48 hours.
2. Ice
- On an ankle, apply an ice pack for 10 to 20 minutes every 1 to 2 hours during the day
for the first 48 to 72 hours to reduce pain and swelling.
- On a wrist, apply ice for 20 to 30 minutes every 3 to 4 hours for 2 to 3 days or until
pain is gone.
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3. Compression
- On an ankle, to help decrease swelling, an elastic compression wrap should be worn
for the first 24 to 36 hours. Protective brace should also be worn if weight is put on
the injured ankle compression wraps do not offer protection except by reminding one
to be careful due to the sprained ankle.
- On a wrist, compress it with a bandage.
4. Elevation
- On an ankle, raise it above the level of the heart for 2 to 3 hours a day (if possible) to
decrease swelling and bruising.
- On a wrist, raise it above the heart, or on a pillow or the back of a chair as often as
possible.
5. For severe sprains, request medical assistance ashore, or bring the victim to the nearest
hospital.
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LESSON 3
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES ON BOARD SHIPS
Emergencies obtained by seafarers while performing duty are very ordinary. These are
aside from the accidents that happen on board vessels. It is not just purely because work at sea
that is hazardous and risky. It is because most seafarers who suffer casualties are negligent and
fail to follow the safety procedures implemented aboard ships, thus resulting to personal injury.
Technical terms
Cyanosis- bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate
oxygenation of the blood.
Hypothermic- medical condition of the person suffering from hypothermia.
Ventricular fibrillation- heart rhythm problem in which there is uncoordinated contraction of

the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them quiver rather than contract
properly.
Learning objective:
✓ Recognize other medical emergencies on board ships
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PORTHOLE:
Did you know?
The first medical transport by air was recorded in Serbia in the autumn of
1915 during First World War. One of the ill soldiers in that first medical transport
was Milan Rastislav Štefánik, a Slovak pilot-volunteer who was flown to safety by
French aviator Louis Paulhan. The United States Army used this lifesaving
technique in Burma toward the end of World War II with Sikorsky R-4B
helicopters. The first helicopter rescue was by 2nd Lt Carter Harman, in Japanese-
held Burma, who had to make several hops to get his Sikorsky YR-4B to the 1st
Air Commando Group's secret airfield in enemy territory and then made four trips
from there between April 25 and 26 to recover the American pilot and four injured
British soldiers, one at a time. The first medivac under fire was done in Manila in
1945 when five pilots evacuated 75-80 soldiers one or two at a time.
Medevac or medical evacuation is a method of recusing a person at sea in

times of emergencies. On ships, an emergency can occur at any time when at
sea.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_evacuation
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
Injury refers to a damage or harm. It is an act or event that causes someone to no

longer be fully healthy or in good condition. It is a general term that refers to harm caused by
accidents, falls, hits, weapons, etc.
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LOGBOOK:
Here are the common nature of injuries that results in a medical emergency on
board:
1. Amputation- this is the removal of a limb by an equipment or heavy object.

2. Asphyxiation- this is the condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. It
may occur when a powerful compressive force is applied to the chest area or neck.
3. Bruise- this is the injury appearing as an area of discoloured skin on the body that is
caused by a blow or impact rupturing the underlying blood vessels.
4. Burn- this is an injury to the skin or other tissues caused by heat, cold electricity,
chemicals, friction, or radiation.
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5. Concussion- this is a common type of traumatic brain injury that alters the way the brain
functions. This might be a result of blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that
jars or shakes the brain inside the skull.
6. Contagious disease- this is transmissible disease that may have been caused by an
infectious or son non-infectious disease but is transmitted to another person either by
physical contact or by a casual contact such as secretions of saliva, tears, blood, or objects
touched by the person carrying the disease.
7. Dermatitis- this is a condition of the skin in which it becomes red, swollen, and sore and
sometimes inhibits small blisters, resulting from direct irritation of the skin by an external
agent or an allergic reaction to it.
8. Joint dislocation- this occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint where
two or more bones meet. This is often caused by sudden trauma on the joint like an
impact or fall.
9. Electrical shock- this is a physiological reaction or injury caused by electric current
passing through the human body.
10. Fracture- this is a break in the bone or cartilage. It can be a result of an acquired disease
of bone such as osteoporosis. But on board ships this could be a cause of slip or fall or
falling objects.
11. Frostbite- this is also known as cold burn wherein the localized damage is affecting the
skin. This is an injury to body tissues caused by exposure to extreme cold. It typically
affects the nose, fingers, or toes.
12. Laceration- this is a deep cut, tear, or slash in the skin and/or flesh that may have been
caused by sharp objects or equipment.
13. Poisoning- this could be a deliberate or accidental exposure, injection, consumption
and/or inhalation of poisonous substance, toxins medicine, untreated water, or
contaminated food that causes the body to vomit or in worst case, to shut down.
14. Puncture wound- this is an injury that is caused by a pointed object that pierces or
penetrates the skin and flesh.
15. Sprains and strains- these are injuries with similar signs and symptoms. Sprain is a
trenching or tearing of ligaments that connect two bones together in the joint area. Strain
is also a stretching but of muscles or tendons.
16. Vision loss or partial blindness- this is when the ability to see is decreased to a degree
that causes problem not fixable by usual means such as glasses.
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COMMON INJURIES OBTAINED BY SEAFARERS
Most injuries though are because of negligence by the seafarer themselves. Some fails to follow
safety procedures implemented on board, thus resulting to personal injuries.
Here are the most common injuries that seafarers may acquire while performing their duty.
Eye Injury. There are certain jobs on board that can cause harm to seafarer’s eye. This includes
welding, painting, chipping, and handling hazardous chemicals. At such, seafarers should always
put on the appropriate eye gear for protection.
Head Injury. This is also one common injury that happens on board, which results from failure
to duck when in low areas or under machinery systems. Sometimes, head butt happens when
two seafarers work together.
Hand and Foot Injury. Seafarers are provided with gloves and safety shoes for protection. But
sometimes, hand and foot injuries still happen like losing grip of objects, thread of gloves caught
in machines, burns, falling objects, trips and falls because of slippery area. This is the reason why
seafarers should always wear their protective gear when working.
Burns and Scald. Seafarers should be extra cautious when handling hot pipelines, steams and
fires to avoid burns and scald.
Electrocution/Electric Shock. Open or exposed wires and electrical connections can cause
accidents which can be fatal for seafarers. This is why such things should be handled carefully.
Deck Operation Injury. Mooring and cargo handling can also cause accidents and injuries, so
seafarers should make sure that all safety precautions be observed when there are cargo
operations.
Trips and Falls. Accidents like trips and falls causes injuries since slippery floors, oily surfaces,
and tools lying around is a common scene on board ships. Seafarers can lessen these if they
personally observe cleanliness and keep tools in their right places.
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Back Injury. Back injury usually happens when lifting heavy loads. Proper posture should be
observe by seafarers when doing so to avoid strained back muscles.
Misuse of tools and equipments. Injuries can also be acquired from improper use of tools and
equipment on board ships. Seafarers must remember that every tool or equipment is designed
for a certain usage and should not be used for other purposes.
Cuts. Sharp tools and equipment should not be left lying around places on ships to avoid cuts
and bruises. Any broken or damaged tools and equipment should be disposed or kept properly.
Seafarers can only avoid or lessen such injuries if they’ll be cautious by wearing their
protective gears when doing their work on board ships. Just like what they say, precaution is
better than cure. So always keep safe, mates.
TREATMENTS ON COMMON MEDICAL EMERGENCY ON BOARD
Burns and scalds- are damage to the skin caused by heat. Both are treated in the same way.
A burn is caused by dry heat – by an iron or fire, for example. A scald is caused by something
wet, such as hot water or steam.
Treatment:
1. Stop the burning process as soon as possible

2. Remove any clothing or jewelry near the burnt area of the skin, but to not remove
anything that is stuck to the burnt skin.
3. Cool the burn with cool or lukewarm water running water for 20 minutes. Never use ice,
ice water or any cream.
4. Keep yourself or the casualty warm
5. Cover the burn with cling film( clean clear plastic)
6. Treat the pain from a burn with paracetamol or ibuprofen( aspirin should not be given to
a casualty below 16 years old.
7. Sit upright as much as possible if the face or eyes are burnt.
Medical help is needed straightaway if the person injured:

- Has large or deep burns
- Burns of any size that cause white or charred skin
- Burns on any part of the body that cause blisters
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- All chemical and electrical burn

- Is going into shock( signs include cold, clammy skin, sweating, rapid shallow
breathing, and weakness or dizziness);
- Is pregnant;
- Is over the age of 60;
- Is under the age of 5;
- Has a medical condition such as heart, lung, or liver disease, or diabetes; and
- Has a weakened immune system.
Shock – or the circulatory shock is a life threatening life condition that occurs when the body is
not getting enough blood flow. Lack of blood flow means that the cells and organs do not get
enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. Many organs can be damaged as a result of
shock. It requires immediate treatment and can get worse very rapidly.
Causes of shock
- heart attack or heart failure

- low blood volume due to bleeding or dehydration
- changes in blood vessels as with infection or severe allergic reactions
- certain medicines that significantly reduce heart function or blood pressure
Symptoms of shock
- anxiety, restlessness, or agitation

- bluish lips and fingernails
- chest pain
- confusion
- dizziness, light headedness, faintness
- pale, cool, clammy skin
- low or no urine output
- plentiful sweating, damp skin
- rapid but weak pulse
- shallow breathing
- unconsciousness
Treatment:
- check airway, breathing, and circulation ( begin CPR if necessary)
- continue to check rate of breathing every 5 minutes until help arrives
- place the casualty in shock position, lay casualty on his/her back, elevate the legs
about 12 inches, do not elevate the head, if raising the legs cause pain or harm
leave casualty lying flat, keep casualty warm and comfortable.
- Treat with appropriate first aid for any wounds, injuries or illnesses
- Loosen tight clothing
If casualty vomits or drool, follow this steps:
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- Turn the head one side to prevent choking. Do this as long as you do not suspect an
injury in the spine.
- Logroll the casualty instead if a spinal injury is suspected. Do it by keeping the
persons head, neck, and back in line, and roll the body and head as a unit.
Poisoning- poisons are substances that cause death, injury or harm to organs,
usually by chemical reactions or other activity on the molecular scales, when an
organism absorbs a sufficient quantity, poisoning on board may be related to work
or caused by one owns behaviour. Poison is any substance that is harmful to your
body. Many different types of poison exist. Poisonous substances can be products
you have in your house. Medicines that aren’t taken as directed can be harmful.
There are several ways you can be exposed to poison. You could breathe it in,
swallow it, or absorb it through your skin. Poisoning can be an accident or a planned
action.
Poisons on board includes:

- Over-the-counter medicines that may be taken in too high doses
- Carbon monoxide
- Lead and mercury
- Harmful chemicals etc.
Signs and symptoms of poisoning
The effects of poisoning depend on the substance, amount, and type of contact.
Your age, weight, and state of health also affect your symptoms.
Common signs and symptoms of poisoning are:
- Nausea and/or vomiting

- Diarrhea
- Rash
- Redness or sores around the mouth
- Dry mouth
- Drooling or foaming at the mouth
- Trouble breathing
- Dilated pupils (bigger than normal) or constricted pupils (smaller than normal)
- Confusion
- Fainting
- Shaking or seizures
- Fever
- Cramps
- Stomach pain
- Headache
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In case of poisoning, do the following:

- Protect yourself and other
- Help the exposed casualty to safety
- Ensure the casualty’s basic vital functions
- Consult a doctor via radio medical
- Carry out the treatment
- Monitor the situation
- Consult the doctor again if necessary
Electrocution- is death or severe injury by electric shock, electric current passing through the
body. The word is derived from "electro" and "execution", but it is also used for accidental
death.
Treatment:
- Remove the fuse or switch off the circuit breaker to the electrical outlet for
low voltage current.
- Check for response if it is already safe to touch the casualty
- Give CPR as needed
- Do not move the casualty, unless it is absolutely necessary
- Check for burns and apply first aid
- Give first aid for shock if needed
- Stay clear of wires or electrical cables
Suffocation- this is an injury or illness where there is a stoppage of breathing, also called as
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises
from abnormal breathing. An example of asphyxia is choking.
Causes of suffocation:
- Drowning
- Asthma
- Severe infections of the throat
- Artificial respiration
- Electric shock
- Gas or smoke poisoning
- Strangulation
- Choking on a foreign body in the trachea
Treatment
- Ensure the casualty’s airway
- Check respiratory rate
- Level of cyanosis
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- In case of drowning, tilt the casualty to one side with head down
- If strangulation is the case, remove the band that is constricting the throat
- When throat swells or asthma attacks, make casualty sit upright and ensure
fresh air
- When gases causes suffocation, move the casualty as soon as possible to
fresh air
- Loosen the clothing surrounding the neck
- Once breathing restores, give sips of cold water
- If breathing does not restore, start CPR
Hypothermia- is a medical emergency that occurs when your body loses heat faster than it
can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is
around 98.6 F (37 C). Hypothermia occurs as your body temperature falls below 95 F (35 C)
This condition happens when the body cannot sufficiently increase its heat production in cold
condition.
Symptoms of hypothermia
- Coolness of the casualty’s skin in the mid-body region under the clothing
- Shivering conscious casualty has a temperature above 32 C in the internal
organ
- Continuing fall in the level of consciousness and related hallucinations
- May appear dead but must not be considered so before being warmed up
and successive resuscitation efforts have proved unsuccessful.
Treatment
For conscious casualty:
- Once able to move, let them change clothes and wear something to protect
the head, with your assistance.
- Casualty must be told to move about gently to increase own body heat
production
- Guide casualty to the best location available with room temperature
- Avoid artificial warming because it may result in burning of the skin
- Give a lukewarm sugary fluid to drink
- Encourage, make sure that the desire to live is powerful
For an unconscious casualty with disturbed level of consciousness:
- An unconscious casualty who cannot move must be treated tremendously

careful
- The limbs of a hypothermic casualty must not be rubbed or moved
unnecessarily to avoid ventricular fibrillation
- Avoid the so-called after-drop phenomenon wherein the cooled blood that
has remained in the limbs starts to moved and reaches the heart that can
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result in cooling down of the cardiac muscle and may cause ventricular
fibrillation.
- Move the casualty off the ground, and protect from wind and cold.
- Move the casualty lying, if possible.
- Further treatment must be given in accordance with the advice received via
radio medical.
Precautions such as wearing protective gears while doing work aboard vessels can lessen
the possibilities of injuries or medical emergencies that seafarers may encounter. Cure for simple
accidents can always be found on board even in the absence of medical practitioners. But
avoidance can do more in terms of saving life at sea and keeping everybody safe.
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MODULE 4
EXPLAIN HOW TO COMPLY WITH EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
LESSON 1: MUSTER STATION
What is a muster station?
It is the place on a ship where passengers should assemble in the event of an emergency.
Content Standards:
✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of concepts and underlying principles in

complying with emergency procedures.
✓ The learners shall be able to comply with emergency procedures as prescribed by

STCW.
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Learning objective:
✓ Describe the muster station

✓ Explain the function of a muster station in case of emergency
✓ Explain the procedure in different types of Emergency
Technical terms
Crew- the personnel of the ship who executes the workload during its operations
Deck- a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship; on a ship, the horizontal
structure that forms the roof for the hull that strengthens the hull and serves as a primary working
surface
Master- ship’s captain
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PORTHOLE:
On 13 January 2012, the Italian cruise ship Costa Concordia ran aground and overturned
after striking an underwater rock off Isola del Giglio, Tuscany, resulting in 32 deaths. The eight-
year-old Costa Cruises vessel was on the first leg of a cruise around the Mediterranean Sea
when she deviated from her planned route at the Isola del Giglio, sailed closer to the island,
and struck a rock formation on the sea floor. A six-hour rescue effort brought most of the
passengers ashore.
In the wake of the Costa Concordia disaster, all cruise ships are required to perform the
muster drill before the ship leaves port. This change was made because most passengers
aboard the Costa Concordia stated that they had not been through the drill and did not know
where the lifeboats were. Its length varies, depending on the size of the ship and the co-
operation of passengers. The time taken to get all passengers into lifeboats and to maneuver
away from the ship is regulated by the International Maritime Organization and must be
accomplished in 30 minutes.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Concordia_disaster
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
A situation is classified as an emergency every time a severe and/or destructive situation

turns out unexpectedly. The existence of a concrete detailed plan is very important in handling
an emergency situation, as to any situation that calls for immediate response.
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LOGBOOK:
A Muster station is an area of the ship where the crew and/or passengers assemble
during emergency. Here, the crew does a roll call to make sure everyone is present and
accounted for, especially for abandon ship situation. The location of the muster station varies
from ship to ship, and the kind of emergency. It is therefore vital for every crew to know their
respective muster stations.
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For any emergency response to be effective and organised, all crew and/or passengers
undergo a safety familiarization upon boarding the vessel, and emergency drills are occasionally
carried out. During the safety familiarization and emergency drills, everyone on board must
familiarize themselves with the different emergency procedures and equipment.
The following are the most common emergency situations on board:
Abandon ship
It is the moment that the ship is no longer safe for the crew to be on board. It is when an
emergency situation goes out of hand, and no further actions can be done to keep people’s
lives safe on board.
Immediate action of the crew:
- All hands shall proceed to their assigned life raft muster stations.
- If with passengers, they must be rescued first using life jackets and lifeboats.
- Ship personnel must be the last ones to leave the vessel after ensuring that no one is
left on the abandoned ship.
Breakdown
It occurs when steering or essential equipment fails to operate and major motor or equipment
refuses to start.
Immediate action of personnel or passenger:
- If the motor is unable to start, drop your anchor to hold your position, if possible.
- If you drift into danger and/or come to require emergency assistance, make a Pan-Pan
or Mayday call over the radio.
- Call sea rescue for assistance
Capsizing
It is a moment when the vessel is a turning upside down from its upright position due to
elements of flooding and/or floundering.
Immediate action of crew or passengers:
- Life jackets must be worn.

- When in the water, make sure all passengers and/or crew stay on the boat or vessel.
- Never swim away from a capsized boat.
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Collision
This is a structural impact between two moving ships.
Immediate action of personnel or passengers:
- If the motor is unable to start, drop your anchor to hold your position, if possible.
- If you drift into danger and/or come to require emergency assistance, make a Pan-Pan or
Mayday call over the radio.
- Call sea rescue for assistance.
- Master and Chief engineer must be informed immediately.
- All precautions must be taken to contain the flooding.
- General alarm must be raised.
Fire and/or Explosion
Fire and explosion can occur anywhere on board, even on the most controlled spaces and
especially on areas where it is least expected.

- Raise alarm.
- Put out the fire using extinguisher, fire blanket, water bucket, or whatever is appropriate.
- Inform officer on watch.
- Make a Pan-Pan radio call.
- Remove the passenger as far as possible from the fire.
- Close all openings to reduce air supply to the fire (if within enclosed space).
- The best way to deal with burning items is to throw them over side.
Flooding
This is the unwanted ingress of seawater in large quantities either on the engine room,
cargo spaces, or ship’s accommodation. It is called also as taking on water.
Immediate action of personnel or passengers:
- Master and Chief engineer must be informed immediately.

- All precautions must be taken to contain the flooding.
- General alarm must be raised.
Grounding
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This is an unintentional impact of a ship on seabed or waterway side.
Immediate action of crew or passenger:
- Assess the damage of the vessel.

- Check leakage on the boat.
- Check if propeller is damaged
- Look after passengers or crew who might have gotten injured due to sudden stop of the
ship.
- If boat appears to be serviceable, check depth, pushing might be an option or wait for
tide.
Man Overboard
This is a situation in which a person has fallen from a ship into the water and is in need of rescue.
- Whoever sees the accident should shout “man Overboard”

- Never remove your sight to the victim while pointing it, continuous visual contact.
- Throw a life buoy or any floatation equipment such as a floating smoke signal near the
casualty, and inform deck officer on watch.
- The most direct action is to put the vessel into a quick stop or crash stop.
- A man overboard alert should be triggered on whatever electronic gear is available GPS
receivers and DSC radio transmitters.
Oil spill or pollution
An accident wherein oil leaks on deck during loading, discharging, or bunkering

operations. Oil pollution happens when the oil spilled on deck goes overboard, which is the more
dangerous one.
Immediate action:
- Close ships side scuppers, and alarm staff, and engine personnel.
- Stop operation and locate affected area.
- Emergency actions must be taken based on each duties according to Shipboard Oil
Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) during an oil spill event.
- Put saw dust and apply barriers
- Collect oil spilled in SOPEP drum.
- In case oil goes overboard, the master shall immediately inform the coastal authority.
Sinking
Sinking happens when there is an event that offsets the stability of the ship.
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Immediate action
- Don a life jacket or immersion suit.

- Send distress signal by radio.
- Put on more clothing (if time allows) but do not remove any.
- Activate EPIRB once in the water.
- Adopt the huddle position to keep everybody together and conserve body.
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LESSON 2
EMERGENCY ALARM SIGNALS
A maritime emergency at sea does not come with an alarm, but ship emergency signals
and alarms can help us to tackle a crisis or to avoid an emergency efficiently and in the right way.
Emergency signals or alarms on a ship are installed all over the vessel’s various systems
and machinery to notify the crew about a dangerous situation that can arise due to different types
of emergencies on board ship.
Learning objective:
✓ Distinguish the different emergency alarm signals
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PORTHOLE:
Did you know?
The "mayday" procedure word was originated in 1921, by a senior radio officer at
Croydon Airport in London. The officer, Frederick Stanley Mockford, was asked to think of
a word that would indicate distress and would easily be understood by all pilots and ground
staff in an emergency. Since much of the traffic at the time was between Croydon and Le
Bourget Airport in Paris, he proposed the expression "mayday" from the French m'aider
('help me'), a shortened form of venez m'aider ('come and help me'). It is unrelated to the
holiday May Day.
Before the voice call "mayday", SOS was the Morse code equivalent of the mayday
call. In 1927, the International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington adopted the
voice call mayday as the radiotelephone distress call in place of the SOS radiotelegraph
(Morse code) call.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
Emergency alarms are of audible as well as visual type to ensure that a person can at
least listen to the audible alarm when working in an area where seeing a visual alarm is not
possible and vice versa.
It is a standard practice in the international maritime industry to have an emergency alarm

on the ship for a particular warning which is similar for all seagoing vessels, no matter in which
seas they are sailing or to which company they belong to.
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Different Alarm signals of the vessel are clearly described in the muster list along with the
action to be carried out so that all the crew member can perform their duties within no time in
an actual emergency. It is of extreme importance that a seafarer must know the different types
of alarms in a ship and to recognise which emergency it represents.
LOGBOOK:
TYPES OF ALARMS ON SHIPS
These are the different types of emergency alarms or signal on board ship that is
installed to give audio-visual warnings:
1) General Alarm:
The general emergency alarm on the ship is recognised by 7 short ringing of the bell
followed by a long ring or using the ship horn signal of 7 short blasts followed by 1 long blast.
The general alarm in a ship is sounded to make aware the crew on board that an
emergency has occurred such as fire, collision, grounding, or a scenario which can lead to
abandoning ship etc.
The vessel general alarm system activation point is located in the navigation bridge. Once
the general alarm signal on board is activated; i.e. seven short one long blast (7 short 1 long
blast), every ship crew must follow the instruction and duty’ s listed in the muster list and proceed
to the designated muster station.
2) Fire Alarm on the Ship:
Whenever there is fire detected on the vessel by its crew, he/she should raise the alarm
signal onboard ship by pressing the nearest fire switch or by loudly and continuously shouting
“FIRE FIRE FIRE”. The fire alarm signal onboard ship is sounded as the continuous ringing of
ship’s electrical bell or continuous sounding of ship’s horn.
The fire signal on a ship must be a continuous blast of the whistle or electrical bell for not
less than 10 seconds. However, in most of the vessels, the fire signal is rung continuously on the
alarm bell.
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Once the master decides for the dismissal of the crew from fire stations, the general alarm
will be sounded three times followed by three short blasts of the ship’s whistle.
3) Man Overboard Alarm:
There have been many situations when a crew working on ship-side or a passenger in a
cruise ship fell in the water at high seas. When a man falls overboard, the man overboard alarm
sound signal is activated on the ship.
The MOB alarm sound signal comprises of vessel’s internal alarm bell for 3 long rings to
notify the crew onboard, along with 3 long blasts on ship whistle to inform the other ships in the
nearby vicinity.
A man overboard signal comprising of light and smoke can also be mounted in the bridge,
attached by the side of the lifebuoy, which when thrown in water will emit smoke and light to
draw the attention of ship’s crew or other ship around the vicinity.
4) Abandon Ship Alarm:
When the emergency on board ship goes out of hands and ship is no longer safe for the
crew on board ship, the signal for abandon ship is given verbally by the master to the station in-
charge or the crew on ship’s Personal Addressing (PA) system.
More than six short blasts and one prolonged blast on the ship’s whistle and same signal
on the general alarm bell is used as abandon ship alarm or sound signal onboard ship. However,
the alarm sounded is similar to a general alarm, and everybody comes to the emergency muster
station where the master or his substitute (Chief Officer) gives a verbal order to abandon ship.
5) Navigational Alarm:
In the navigation bridge, most of the navigational equipment and navigation lights are
fitted with failure alarm. If any of these malfunctions, a ship alarm signal on the bridge will be
sounded whose details (location, equipment affected, type of problem etc.) will be displayed on
the notification screen provided on the bridge navigation panel.
6) Machinery Space Alarm:
The engine room of the ship is fitted with different machinery which is continuously
monitored for its operation using control and monitoring system.
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The machinery in the engine room has various safety devices and alarms fitted for safe
operation. If anyone of these machinery malfunctions, a common engine room alarm is operated
and the problem can be seen in the control room alarm panel which will display the alarm.
7) Machinery Space CO2 Alarm:
The machinery space is fitted with a CO2 fixed fire extinguishing system. The audible and
visual alarm for the CO2 fixed firefighting system is entirely different from machinery space alarm
and other ship alarm signals for easy reorganisation.
The audible alarms shall be located so as to be audible throughout the protected space
with all machinery operating, and the alarms should be distinguished from other audible alarms
by adjustment of sound pressure or sound patterns.
The alarm should activate upon opening the release cabinet door which is used to open
and release the CO2 bottle banks.
8) Cargo Space CO2 Alarm:
The cargo spaces of the ship are also fitted with a fixed firefighting system which has a
different alarm when operated. The audible and visual alarm for the CO2 fixed firefighting system
is entirely different from other ship alarms the audible alarm should be distinguished from other
alarms in a ship by adjustment of sound pressure or sound patterns.
9) Ship Security Alarm System:
As per the SOLAS Chapter XI regulation XI-2/5, all ships shall be provided with a ship
security alert system. The Ship Security Alarm system (SSAS) is a silent alarm system sounded in
a pirate attack emergency. When the SSAS is activated, no alarm is sounded onboard ship, nor
does it alert other vessels in the vicinity. This signal notifies different coastal authorities or
competent authority, whose proximity the ship is presently operating via a global satellite system
to inform about the piracy.
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LESSON 3
VALUE OF TRAINING AND DRILLS
Training with drills in different situations helps to prepare crew members for all types of
situations. It is the duty of every ship personnel to get himself acquainted with the location of
the emergency muster station upon joining the ship.
Learning objective:
✓ Explain the importance of training and drills

✓ Explain the use of internal communication system during emergency
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PORTHOLE:
Human communication was revolutionized with the origin of speech approximately

500,000 BCE. Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago. The imperfection of
speech, which nonetheless allowed easier dissemination of ideas and eventually resulted in
the creation of new forms of communications, improving both the range at which people
could communicate and the longevity of the information. All of those inventions were based
on the key concept of the symbol.
The oldest known symbols created for the purpose of communication were cave
paintings, a form of rock art, dating to the Upper Paleolithic age. The oldest known cave
painting is located within Chauvet Cave, dated to around 30,000 BC.
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication#:~:text=The%20oldest%20known%20sy
mbols%20created,dated%20to%20around%2030%2C000%20BC.
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
WHAT IS THE VALUE OF TRAINING AND DRILLS?
The purpose of carrying out any kind of drill on the ships is to make the crew acquainted
with various procedures to be followed during emergency situations. To prepare the crew in
dealing with an emergency situation that may arise because of a fire on board ship.
In maritime transport, drills are methods of practicing how a team or individuals should
behave in case of an emergency on board ship (fire, explosion, pirates' attacks, ship sinking, ship
grounding, capsizing etc.). Most commonly acknowledged in the shipping domain, drills are
synonyms to training exercises.
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LOGBOOK:
WHY IS COMMUNICATION IMPORTANT DURING AN EMERGENCY?
Being open and sharing as soon as possible are important communication techniques
during a crisis that promotes trust and decreases the possibility of injury or death. Emergency
managers can even admit that they have no new information as long as it spurns the spread of
misinformation.
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INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS - Three installed systems facilitate internal

communications around the ship a household-type dial telephone, a sound-powered phone
system and a mission announcement system. A public address system is operated from the
bridge. It is used to make urgent pages and for emergencies.
Internal communication during an emergency if very crucial, since every emergency team
has its own role, the flow of communication should be systematic in a way that the flow of
information and instructions must be smooth for faster reaction on a certain emergency.
Instructions from the Master, to the subordinates is supported very well by this internal
communication systems, such as walkie-talkie or the two-way radio, public address system and
also the intercom. Each communication system provides help to secure that there is no hindrance
in the communication between the response team and all department teams depending on what
emergency.
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MODULE 5
EXPLAIN THE PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT POLLUTION OF
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Content Standards:
✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of the concepts and underlying

theories in preventing pollution of the marine environment.
✓ The learners shall be able to prevent pollution of the marine environment
LESSON 1:
TYPES OF MARINE POLLUTION
✓ Identify the different types of marine pollution.

✓ Identify the basic procedure for protecting the marine environment.
✓ Identify the legal requirements that protect the marine environment.
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PORTHOLE:
GUIMARAS OIL SPILL
The Guimaras oil spill occurred in the Panay Gulf on August 11, 2006 when the
oil tanker MT Solar 1 sank off the coast of Guimaras and Negros islands in the
Philippines, causing what is considered as the worst oil spill in the country
The oil tanker MT Solar 1, carrying more than two million liters of bunker fuel,
sank during a violent storm approximately 20.5 kilometres (12.7 mi) off the southern
coast of Guimaras at around midnight on August 11, 2006, causing some 500,000 litres
(110,000 imp gal; 130,000 US gal) of oil to pour into the gulf, that traveled up through
the Guimaras Strait and Iloilo Strait. Siphoning the remaining 1.5 million liters from the
sunken tanker, at a depth of more than 600 metres (2,000 ft), was scheduled for
March 2007.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimaras_oil_spill
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified
by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78, MARPOL is short for International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and 1978) is one of the
most important international marine environmental conventions. It was developed by the
International Maritime Organization with an objective to minimize pollution of the oceans and
seas, including dumping, oil and air pollution.
The original MARPOL was signed on 17 February 1973 but did not come into force at the
signing date. The current convention is a combination of 1973 Convention and the 1978 Protocol,
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which entered into force on 2 October 1983. As of January 2018, 156 states are parties to the
convention, being flag states of 99.42% of the world's shipping tonnage.
All ships flagged under countries that are signatories to MARPOL are subject to its
requirements, regardless of where they sail, and member nations are responsible for vessels
registered on their national ship registry.
LOGBOOK:
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL
Convention) is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine
environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. The MARPOL Convention was
adopted on November 2, 1973 at IMO. The Protocol of 1978 was adopted in response to a spate
of tanker accidents in 1976-1977.
The Convention includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from
ships - both accidental pollution and that from routine operations - and currently includes six
technical Annexes. Special Areas with strict controls on operational discharges are included in
most Annexes.
As the 1973 MARPOL Convention had not yet entered into force, the 1978 MARPOL
Protocol absorbed the parent Convention. The combined instrument entered into force on October
2, 1983. In 1997, a Protocol was adopted to amend the Convention and a new Annex VI was
added which entered into force on May 19, 2005. MARPOL has been updated by amendments
through the years.
MARPOL is divided into Annexes according to various categories of pollutants, each of

which deals with the regulation of a group of ship emissions. All six Annexes have been ratified
by the requisite number of nations; the most recent is Annex VI, which took effect in May 2005.
The country where a ship is registered (Flag State) is responsible for certifying the ship's
compliance with MARPOL's pollution prevention standards. Each signatory nation is responsible
for enacting domestic laws to implement the convention and effectively pledges to comply with
the convention, annexes, and related laws of other nations.
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MARPOL 73/78
ANNEX I- MARPOL 73/78
REGULATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY OIL
It specifies tanker design features that are intended to minimize oil discharge into the
ocean during ship operations and in case of accidents. It provides regulations with regard to
treatment of engine room bilge water (OWS) for all large commercial vessels and ballast and tank
cleaning waste (ODME).
ANNEX II- MARPOL 73/78
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REGULATION FOR THE CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCE

IN BULK.
It details the discharge criteria for the elimination of pollution by noxious liquid
substances carried in large quantities. The discharge of pollutants is allowed only to reception
facilities with certain concentrations and conditions.
ANNEX III- MARPOL 73/78
REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY HARMFUL SUBSTANCE

CARRIED BY SEA IN PACKAGE FORM
It contains general requirements for the standards on packing, marking, labelling,

documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions and notifications for preventing
pollution by noxious substances.
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ANNEX IV- MARPOL 73/78
REGULATION FOR PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY SEWAGE FROM SHIP
It introduces requirements to control pollution of the sea by sewage from ships. Sewage
means drainage and other waste from any form of toilet and urinals; drainage from medical
premises (dispensary, sick bay, etc.) via wash basins, washtubs and scuppers located in such
premises.
ANNEX IV- MARPOL 73/78
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ANNEX V- MARPOL 73/78- REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY

GARBAGE FROM SHIPS.
It specifies the distances from land in which materials may be disposed of and subdivides
different types of garbage and marine debris. The requirements are much stricter in a number of
"special areas" but perhaps the most prominent part of the Annex is the complete ban of
dumping plastic into the ocean.
SPECIAL AREAS
MARPOL defines certain sea areas as "special areas" in which, for technical reasons
relating to their oceanographical and ecological condition and to their sea traffic, the adoption of
special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution is required. Under the Convention,
these special areas are provided with a higher level of protection than other areas of the sea.
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ANNEX VI- MARPOL 73/78
ANNEX VI- REGULATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS
It introduces requirements to regulate the air pollution being emitted by ships, including
the emission of ozone-depleting substances, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulphur Oxides
(SOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and shipboard incineration. It also establishes
requirements for reception facilities for wastes from exhaust gas cleaning systems, incinerators,
fuel oil quality, for off-shore platforms and drilling rigs and for the establishment of SOx Emission
Control Areas (SECAs).
MARPOL HISTORY
Annex Title Entry into force
Annex I Prevention of pollution by oil 2 October 1983

Annex II Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances 2 October 1983
Prevention of pollution by harmful substances in

Annex III 1 July 1992
packaged form
Annex IV Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships 27 September 2003
Annex V Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships 31 December 1988
Annex VI Prevention of air pollution from ships 19 May 2005
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARPOL_73/78
https://www.edumaritime.net/imo/marpol-convention
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MODULE 5
EXPLAIN THE PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT POLLUTION OF
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
LESSON 2:
IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT
✓ Explain the impact of marine pollution.
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land
sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the
environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.
LOGBOOK:
Marine pollution is a growing problem in today’s world. Our ocean is being flooded with
two main types of pollution: chemicals and trash.
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Chemical contamination, or nutrient pollution, is concerning for health, environmental,

and economic reasons. This type of pollution occurs when human activities, notably the use of
fertilizer on farms, lead to the runoff of chemicals into waterways that ultimately flow into the
ocean. The increased concentration of chemicals, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, in the coastal
ocean promotes the growth of algal blooms, which can be toxic to wildlife and harmful to humans.
The negative effects on health and the environment caused by algal blooms hurt local fishing and
tourism industries.
Marine trash encompasses all manufactured products—most of them plastic—that end

up in the ocean. Littering, storm winds, and poor waste management all contribute to the
accumulation of this debris, 80 percent of which comes from sources on land. Common types of
marine debris include various plastic items like shopping bags and beverage bottles, along with
cigarette butts, bottle caps, food wrappers, and fishing gear. Plastic waste is particularly
problematic as a pollutant because it is so long-lasting. Plastic items can take hundreds of years
to decompose.
This trash poses dangers to both humans and animals. Fish become tangled and
injured in the debris, and some animals mistake items like plastic bags for food and eat them.
Small organisms feed on tiny bits of broken-down plastic, called microplastic, and absorb the
chemicals from the plastic into their tissues. Microplastics are less than five millimeters (0.2
inches) in diameter and have been detected in a range of marine species, including plankton and
whales. When small organisms that consume microplastics are eaten by larger animals, the toxic
chemicals then become part of their tissues. In this way, the microplastic pollution migrates up
the food chain, eventually becoming part of the food that humans eat.
Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish and die from internal blockages.
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Seals and sea lions starve after being entangled by nets or muzzled by six pack rings.
Solutions for marine pollution include prevention and cleanup. Disposable and single-
use plastic is abundantly used today, from shopping bags to shipping packaging to plastic bottles.
Changing society’s approach to plastic use will be a long and economically challenging process.
Cleanup, in contrast, may be impossible for some items. Many types of debris (including some
plastics) do not float, so they are lost deep in the ocean. Plastics that do float tend to collect in
large “patches” in ocean gyres. The Pacific Garbage Patch is one example of such a collection,
with plastics and microplastics floating on and below the surface of swirling ocean currents
between California and Hawaii in an area of about 1.6 million square kilometers (617,763 square
miles), although its size is not fixed. These patches are less like islands of trash and, as the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says, more like flecks of microplastic pepper
swirling around an ocean soup. Even some promising solutions are inadequate for combating
marine pollution. So-called “biodegradable” plastics often break down only at temperatures higher
than will ever be reached in the ocean.
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MODULE 6
EXPLAIN HOW TO OBSERVE SAFE WORKING PRACTICE
Content Standards:
✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of concepts and underlying

principles in observing safe work practices on board a ship.
✓ The learners shall be able to observe safe work practices on board a ship
LESSON 1:
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC SAFE WORKING PRACTICES ON BOARD A SHIP
✓ Identify the safety and protective devices against potential hazards available on
board.
✓ Identify the hazard when entering enclosed spaces.
✓ Identify the precautions to be undertaken prior to entering enclosed spaces.
✓ Identify the importance of adhering to safe working practices at all time.
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PORTHOLE:
SHIPWRECKED OFF THE COAST OF SAN FERNANDO, ROMBLON
MV Princess of the Stars (sometimes mistakenly referred to as Princess of

Stars) was a ferry owned by Filipino shipping company Sulpicio Lines. She capsized on
June 21, 2008, off the coast of San Fernando, Romblon, at the height of Typhoon
Fengshen (PAGASA name: Frank), which passed directly over Romblon as a Category
2 storm.
According to the report: "The immediate cause of the capsizing of MV Princess

of the Stars was the failure of the Master to exercise extraordinary diligence and good
seamanship thereby committing an error of judgment that brought MV Princess of the
Stars in harm's way into the eye of Typhoon Frank ... The shipping firm is found
negligent for its failure to exercise its duty in ensuring that they transport passengers
and cargo safely to (their) destination. Sulpicio Lines subsequently announced their
intention to appeal the decision.
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Princess_of_the_Stars
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
Maritime safety, efficient maritime transport and navigational system, as well as safety of
humans and the environment, are among the prioritized concerns of those engaged in maritime
industry (Javier and Aguado, 2012). In general safety is the state of being "safe", the condition
of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational,
psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents,
harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. Safety is also a recognized
hazard to achieve an acceptable level of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the
event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses Wiki Safety (2010).
Personal safety in ship's operation as regards to meeting up with, knowing how the
machinery are been maintained, familiarization with cargo operations, mooring equipment,
knowing how and ways of handling chemicals, cleaning and general ship's operation. The
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International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation of International Safety Management (ISM)

code (1993). Whose purpose is to ensure Safety of life at Sea (SOLAS), to prevent human injury
or loss of life, and to avoid damage to the environment and the ship. Personal safety or safety of
life at sea comes at the top of the priority list as there is no loss that is considered greater than
the loss of human life. Shipping companies understand the importance of the safety of human
life at the sea and thus rank it at the very top. It is a known fact that without an efficient crew
no shipping company can survive (Wankhede & Kantharia, 2012). (Asia Pacific Journal of Maritime
Education, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2015)
LOGBOOK:
SAFE WORKING PRACTICES
Safe working practices are an integral part of any task or operation on board. This is done
to make sure that safety is always upheld and prioritized. This commonly known as safety
management system (SMS) is being implemented not only on board but on all fields of work to
ensure that there is safety net in any work environment.
In the SMS, the safe working practices are given great importance especially when it comes
to the:
• (1) Dangerous works;
• (2) Proactive measures;
• (3) Safety procedures;
• (4) Best practices.
THREE IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS IN OBSERVING SAFE WORKING PRACTICES:
✓ RISK ASSESSMENT
✓ CHECKLIST
✓ WORK PERMIT
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RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk assessment is a process of mitigating the effects of risk by limiting the possibility of
reoccurrence (frequency) and lowering the impact of the dangerous outcome (consequence).
CHECKLIST
The checklist is an integral part of work process on board. This document acts as a simple
and easy way to make sure that actions are taken to ensure the safe process of the job.
134
WORK PERMIT
A permit is a document that underlines the job and the crew being authorized by the
master and or the company.
DECK WATCH:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gk_E-SlC8kM
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Gears, tools, and equipment that are used to protect the crew during the execution of
the task are a vital part of safe working practices. The purpose of personal protective
equipment is to reduce crew’s exposure to hazards or effective to reduce the risks to acceptable
levels.
The hard hat or helmet protects the

head when there is possibility of falling materials
or the work location is too narrow that bumping
the head is unavoidable.
The filter mask is used when working

with paint or chemicals. This gear prevents the
hazardous gases from entering the respiratory
system.
Gloves protect the hands from any kind

of exposure. There also different kinds of gloves.
Cotton is used for daily works; leather for mooring
operation and rope handling; rubber for chemicals
and harmful solutions; and special kind of gloves
for handling electrical works.
136
Goggles are used to protect the eyes

from various elements like dust, sea breeze, wind,
accidental chemical splashes, etc.
Safety shoes are an important part of

daily work gears. The shoes are especially tailored
to protect the wearer from many accidents that
the feet might exposed to.
The body harness is a body strap used

to protect the wearer from falling when the hook
is latched.
The coverall or boiler suit is protective

suit that is worn by the crew during work.
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Self –contained breathing apparatus

(SCBA) is a device that could provide breathable
air. Unlike any device that also provides air, this
devise is not dependent on a remote supply.
Multi gas detector is a device that detects the amount of oxygen and other toxic gases in
the atmosphere.
There are two kinds of Detector in use – the portable handheld type and the box type.
The box type is used as a preparatory

measure to gauge the makeup of the atmosphere
inside.
The handheld type is used during entering the

space.
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ENCLOSED SPACE
An enclosed space refers to any space where movement of air is very minimal, thus
making the environment oxygen depletion, the enclosed space can also develop toxic gasses due
to cargo residues or simply because of leaking of pipelines that contain gases or oils.
ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY
RISKS
• Suffocation
• Asphyxiation
• Inhalation of toxic fumes
• Slips
• Trips and falls
• Heat exhaustion
• Cuts and lacerations due to sharp edges
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• Always do the checklist and risk assessment and secure work permit. (These documents
ensure that all preparation is being executed.)
• Emergency equipment should be on standby for possible rescue.
• Illuminate the enclosed space as much as possible.
• Ventilate the space for at least 6 hours before entry.
• Check the atmosphere if the oxygen level is sufficient and the toxic gasses are
manageable.
• Check the temperature level as it affects the quality of breathable air.
• Limit the entering party as much as possible.
• Make sure that there is an effective means of communication from outside to inside party
and vice versa.
• Post a lookout on the outside of the entrance point to continually monitor the party inside.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
• Coverall
• Safety shoes
• Helmet
• Gloves
• Multi-gas detector
• Headlight or flashlight
• Portable radio
• Body harness
• Portable ventilators
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EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT ON STANDBY:
• SCBA
• Stretcher
• Lifting device for recovery
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DECK WATCH:
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msQeEDS6jZ4
DECK WATCH:
ENCLOSED SPACED ENTRY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lclt7zoRjgY
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SAILBOARD:
Name: _______________________________ Date: _____________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ____________
EXERCISE 1
IDENTIFICATION: Write what is referred to by the following statements.
__________1. It refers to any space where movement of air is very minimal, and it can also
develop toxic gasses due to cargo residues or simply because of leaking of
pipelines that contain gases or oils.
__________2. This is an integral part of any task or operation on board. This is done to make
sure that safety is always upheld and prioritized. This commonly known as safety
management system (SMS).
__________3. It is the process of mitigating the effects of risk by limiting the possibility of
reoccurrence (frequency) and lowering the impact of the dangerous outcome
(consequence).
__________4. A device that detects the amount of oxygen and other toxic gases in the
atmosphere.
__________5. This document acts as a simple and easy way to make sure that actions are
taken to ensure the safe process of the job.
__________6. A document that underlines the job and the crew being authorized by the master
and or the company.
__________7. Protect the eyes from various elements like dust, sea breeze, wind, accidental
chemical splashes, etc.
__________8. This is used when working with paint or chemicals and this gear prevents the
hazardous gases from entering the respiratory system.
__________9. It protects the head when there is possibility of falling materials or the work
location is too narrow that bumping the head is unavoidable.
__________10. This is a body strap used to protect the wearer from falling.
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MODULE 7
DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS ON BOARD SHIP
Content Standards:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the concepts and underlying principles in

effective communication on board a ship.
The learners shall be able to effectively communicate on board a ship.
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO STANDARD MARINE COMMUNICATION PHRASES

(SMCP)
Communication at sea involves the transfer of information between various points at sea
or shore. From flags and semaphores, which are still used today in some cases, to utilizing radio
to communicate among various ships, it is very evident that the maritime communication had
been dramatically changed over the years.
144
Technical terms
Knot- unit of speed equal to 1 nautical mile per hour; used to measure the speed of a vessel
on water.
Pilot- also known as harbour pilot or marine pilot; manuevers ships by the harbour or river.
Position- expressed in geographical numerals in reference to the latitude and longitude

reading indicated in navigational charts.
Learning objective:
✓ Use maritime terminologies for communication on board a ship

✓ Identify the common SMCP terminologies used on board
✓ Use the common terminologies in oral discourse
145
PORTHOLE:
Did you know?
Morse code is a method used in telecommunication to encode text characters as

standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes or dits
and dahs. Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, an inventor of the telegraph.
In an emergency, Morse code can be generated by improvised methods such as

turning a light on and off, tapping on an object or sounding a horn or whistle, making it
one of the simplest and most versatile methods of telecommunication. The most common
distress signal is SOS – three dots, three dashes, and three dots – internationally
recognized by treaty.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
Communication at sea involves the transfer of information between various points at sea
or shore. From flags and semaphores, which are still used today in some cases, to utilizing radio
to communicate among various ships, it is very evident that the maritime communication had
been dramatically changed over the years.
The standard maritime communication phrases (SMCP) is a language of the sea. It is

recognized globally in the maritime industry. It uses the English language to create the standard
sets of key phrases. SMCP is developed by IMO and is highly regarded to be used at sea by the
international community specifically by the maritime industry by May 1997.
146
LOGBOOK:
SMCP Standard Procedure
When it is necessary to indicate that the SMCP are to be used, the following message may be
sent:
"Please use Standard Marine Communication Phrases."
"I will use Standard Marine Communication Phrases."
Spelling
Spelling of letters
When spelling is necessary, only the following spelling table should be used:
Spelling of digits and numbers
147
A few digits and numbers have a modified pronunciation compared to general English:
Numbers are to be spoken in separate digits.
- “Two-three-six” for 236

- “ three decimal eight” or “three point eight” for 3.8
When rudder angles are given, say;

- Fifteen for 15
- Twenty for 20
Positions
When latitude and longitude are used, these shall be expressed in degrees and minutes (and
decimals of a minute if necessary), North or South of the Equator and East or West of
Greenwich.
Example:
148
"WARNING. Dangerous wreck in position 15 degrees 34 minutes North
061 degrees 29 minutes West."
When the position is related to a mark, the mark shall be a well-defined charted object. The
bearing shall be in the 360 degrees notation from true north and shall be that of the position
FROM the mark.
Example:
"Your position bearing 137 degrees from Big Head lighthouse
distance 2.4 nautical miles."
Courses
Always to be expressed in 360 degree notation from north (true north unless otherwise
stated). Whether this is to TO or FROM a mark can be stated.
Distances
Preferably to be expressed in nautical miles or cables (tenths of a mile) otherwise in
kilometres or metres, the unit always to be stated.
Speed
To be expressed in knots:
without further notation meaning speed through the water; or,
"ground speed" meaning speed over the ground.
Times
Times should be expressed in the 24 hour UTC notation; if local time will be used in ports or
harbours it should clearly be stated.
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Message Markers
In shore-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication or radio communication in general, the
following eight Message Markers may be used ( also see "Application of Message Markers"
given in PART AI/6 "Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Standard Phrases" ):
(i) Instruction
(ii) Advice
(iii) Warning
(iv) Information
(v) Question
(vi) Answer
(vii) Request
(viii) Intention
Standard organizational phrases
"How do you read (me)?"
"I read you ...
bad/one with signal strength one (i.e. barely perceptible)
poor/two with signal strength two (i.e. weak)
fair/three with signal strength three (i.e. fairly good)
good/four with signal strength four (i.e. good)
excellent/five with signal strength five (i.e. very good)
When it is advisable to remain on a VHF Channel / frequency say:
"Stand by on VHF Channel ... / frequency ... "
When it is accepted to remain on the VHF channel / frequency indicated, say:
"Standing by on VHF Channel ... / frequency ... "
When it is advisable to change to another VHF Channel / frequency, say:
"Advise (you) change to VHF Channel ... / frequency ... ."
"Advise(you) try VHF Channel .. / frequency... ."
150
When the changing of a VHF Channel / frequency is accepted, say:
"Changing to VHF Channel ... / frequency ... ."
Responses
When the answer to a question is in the affirmative, say:
"Yes, .... " - followed by the appropriate phrase in full.
When the answer to a question is in the negative, say:
"No, ..." - followed by the appropriate phrase in full.
When the information requested is not immediately available, say:
"Stand by" - followed by the time interval within which the information will be available.
When the information requested cannot be obtained, say:
"No information."
When an INSTRUCTION (e.g. by a VTS-Station, Naval vessel or other fully authorized
personnel ) or an ADVICE is given, respond if in the affirmative:
"I will/can ... " - followed by the instruction or advice in full; and,
if in the negative, respond:
"I will not/cannot ... " - followed by the instruction or advice in full.
Example: "ADVICE. Do not overtake the vessel North of you."
Respond: "I will not overtake the vessel North of me."
Responses to orders and answers to questions of special importance both in external and
onboard communication are given in wording in the phrases concerned.
Distress, urgency and safety signals
MAYDAY to be used to announce a distress message
PAN - PAN to be used to announce an urgency message
SÈCURITÈ to be used to announce a safety message
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Standard Distress message
The distress call Mayday may be used only if the boat is threatened by grave and imminent
danger – for example, sinking or on fire – and immediate assistance is required. This distress call
has absolute priority over all other transmissions and may be transmitted only on the authority
of the skipper or the person responsible for the safety of your vessel.
Mayday procedure
“Mayday, Mayday, Mayday”
“This is [vessel name and/or call sign if you have one]” (spoken three times)
“Mayday [vessel name and/or call sign if you have one]”
“My position is ... [Details of the ship’s position]”
“My vessel is ... [Nature of distress and assistance required is identified]”
“I have ... [Other information including number of persons on board]”
Standard Urgency message
The urgency call should be used when the distress call cannot be justified but there is an
urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of the vessel or the safety of a person (for
example, mechanical breakdown, medical emergency or a man overboard).
Pan Pan procedure
“Pan Pan, Pan Pan, Pan Pan”
“ all stations, all stations, all stations”
“This is [vessel name and/or call sign if you have one]” (spoken three times)
“My position is ... [Details of the vessel’s position]”
“I require... [Details of assistance required and other information]”
Urgency calls can be made on a distress frequency or any other frequency which
may attract attention.
152
Standard Safety message
After the transmission of a DSC Safety Call switch the transmitter to VHF Channel 16 or
frequency 2182 kHz (if not automatically controlled) and transmit the safety message as
follows:
SĖCURITĖ (repeated three times)
ALL STATIONS (or all ships in a specific geographical area, or to a specific station) (repeated
three times)
THIS IS
“9-digit MMSI code plus name/call sign or other identification”
“safety message”
Example
SĖCURITĖ SĖCURITĖ SĖCURITĖ
ALL SHIPS ALL SHIPS ALL SHIPS IN AREA PETER REEF
THIS IS TWO-ONE-ONE-TWO-THREE-NINE-SIX-EQIGHT-ZERO MOTOR VESSEL “BIRTE” CALL

SIGN DELTA ALPHA MIKE KILO
DANGEROUS WRECK LOCATED IN POSITION TWO NAUTICAL MILES SOUTH OF PETER REEF
OUT
153
SAILBOARD:
Name: _______________________________ Date: _____________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ____________
Identification.
Identify the following:

___________ 1. MAYDAY is to be used for what message?
___________ 2. PANPAN is to be used for what message?
___________ 3. What does SMCP stands for?
TOOLBOX STATION
Create a conversation which includes 10 standard marine communication phrases. (The SMCP
must be high lightened RED)
Create your own details, and use the appropriate SMCP in the situation. (20 Points)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
NOTE:
Identification (15 points)
Essay Activity (20 points)
154
Deadline of submission (Google Classroom) to
be given by your instructor.
LESSON 2
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ON BOARD A SHIP
With ship traffic increasing around the world, it has become ever more important to
improve safety and security and to safeguard our environment. When critical decisions have to
be made quickly to protect or enhance any of these factors, good communication between all
involved in the maritime chain is essential. The telecommunications structure for those at sea is
far removed from the networks we can tap into on land. Instead, advanced communication
systems enable ship-land, land-land and ship-ship contact, using satellite, and land-based radio
and telephone infrastructure. The state-of-the-art voice and data communications technology
available today mean that ship owners, operators and crew can stay in touch, wherever they are.
Learning objective:
✓ Describe the basic elements of communication

✓ Explain the importance of addressing the barriers in communication
✓ Demonstrate how to achieve effective transmission of communication
155
PORTHOLE:
Using hand gestures and body language is one of the oldest and most basic
forms of communication. These simple movements evolved into the many forms of
formal sign language used today by deaf communities all around the globe.
Sign language is one of the earliest and most basic forms of human
communication. You use signs when you wave hello or point to something you want
and you use body language to emphasize an idea. Sign language, in the deaf
community, is a form of visual language that uses hand gestures and body language
to convey meaning. We can find many examples of people using visual gestures to
express themselves long before a formal sign language was established. Native
Americans utilized simple hand signs to communicate with other tribes and to
facilitate trade with Europeans. Early settlers of Martha's Vineyard, an island off the
Massachusetts coast, carried the genes for deafness. Since this island was separated
from the mainland, the trait quickly spread among the inhabitants and a large deaf
population was established. A regional sign language developed so that the deaf could
communicate with each other as well as with the hearing residents.
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
Good communications on board the ship also serve another important role; that of keeping
the crew in touch with often distant friends and family. Internet connectively, part and parcel of
channels of communication today, also allows access to email, weather and chart updates,
position reporting, telemedicine and remote diagnostics, among other things. Seafarers also need
to be able to communicate with other ships to receive and send urgent maritime safety
information, and to send or receive distress alerts in an emergency to or from rescue coordination
centres ashore and from nearby ships, wherever they are in the world.
156
LOGBOOK:
FIVE ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:
1. APPROACH
Timing of communication; choice of medium; tone and point of view (perspective,
attitude, and relationship regarding audience, purpose, and material); recognition of audience
(reader vs. writer orientation); direct vs. indirect presentation (ordering of evidence and
conclusions); persuasive strategies and rhetorical appeals (logos, pathos, ethos)
Checkpoints:
✓ Timing and choice of medium are appropriate to the purpose, audience, and material.
✓ Tone is appropriate to the purpose, audience, and material.
✓ Material is made relevant to the reader (reader’s interests and concerns are recognized).
✓ Conclusions are presented directly (conclusion first, evidence last) to a sympathetic
audience, indirectly (evidence first, conclusion last) to a unsympathetic or hostile
audience.
✓ Persuasive strategy incorporates a mixture of rhetorical approaches (appeals to logic,
feelings, and ethics or credibility).
157
2. DEVELOPMENT
Organization (logical arrangement and sequence); evidence and support (relevance,

specificity, accuracy and sufficiency of detail); knowledge of subject and material; quality of
perception, analysis, and insight.
Checkpoints:
✓ Material is arranged in a logical and coherent sequence.

✓ Conclusion or closing restates the argument and identifies the action to be taken.
✓ Examples are relevant, specific, detailed, sufficient, and persuasive.
✓ Quotations support the argument.
✓ Handling of material demonstrates knowledge and insight.
3. CLARITY
Presentation of thesis or central argument (statement of purpose, delineation or narrowing
of topic, relevance of subordinate or secondary arguments); word choice; technical language and
jargon; structure (sentence, paragraph, document); coherence devices (organizational
statement, repetition of words and phrases, progression from familiar to unfamiliar, topic and
transitional sentences); textual markers (headings, highlighting, formatting features)
Checkpoints:
✓ Purpose or central idea is sufficiently limited for meaningful discussion.
✓ Purpose or central idea is stated clearly, usually in the opening.
✓ Organizational statement is offered, usually at the end of the opening.
✓ Subordinate ideas are effectively identified and related clearly to the main purpose or
central idea.
✓ Language is clear, specific, accurate, and appropriate to the audience, purpose, and
material.
✓ Word choice is clear, specific, accurate, unassuming, and free of clichés and misused
jargon.
✓ Technical language and terms are defined and explained as needed (depending on
knowledge of the audience).
✓ Sentences are free of ambiguity.
✓ Text is coherent, with new information linked to previously discussed information
(ordered within sentences as “something old/something new”).
✓ Transitions between paragraphs are clear and helpful.
✓ Text is appropriately highlighted (bullets, paragraphing, boldface, italics, underlining,
etc.) to engage the reader and reinforce the main points.
158
4. STYLE
Word choice (economy, precision, and specificity of language and detail; abstract vs.
concrete language; action verbs vs. linking or weak verbs with nominalizations; figures of speech:
schemes and tropes); tone (personality and humor); active vs. passive voice; sentence variety
Checkpoints:
✓ Word choice is economical, clear, specific, accurate, unassuming, and free of clichés and
misused jargon.
✓ Action verbs are preferred over weak verbs with nominalizations (as in recommend over
make a recommendation).
✓ Language is appropriately concrete or abstract (signifying or not signifying things that
can be perceived by the senses).
✓ Figurative language (metaphors and similes, as well as other tropes and schemes)
enrich and deepen the argument.
✓ Active voice is preferred over passive voice (active voice is used to emphasize the
performer of the action; passive voice is used to emphasize the receiver of the action).
✓ Sentences are free of wordiness and unnecessarily complex constructions.
✓ Variety in sentence structure and sentence length creates emphasis.
✓ Author’s values, personality and – when appropriate – humor are conveyed in a way
that reinforces the message.
5. CORRECTNESS
Rules and conventions of spelling, grammar, punctuation, usage, and idiom; style
(appropriateness of word choice and level of formality to audience, purpose, and material); social
and cultural appropriateness; accuracy in proofreading
Checkpoints:
✓ Spelling (including technical terms and proper names) is correct.

✓ Correct words are used to convey the intended meaning.
✓ Rules of grammar and syntax are followed, including pronoun-noun agreement, subject-
verb agreement, appropriate verb tense, pronoun case, possessive forms, parallel
construction, etc.
✓ Punctuation (particularly comma placement) reflects standard usage.
159
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
There are many barriers to communication and these may occur at any stage in the
communication process. Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore
risk wasting both time and/or money by causing confusion and misunderstanding.
Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and
concise message.
Common Barriers to Effective Communication:
➢ The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.

➢ Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions
and some topics may be completely 'off-limits' or taboo. Taboo or difficult topics may
include, but are not limited to, politics, religion, disabilities (mental and physical), sexuality
and sex, racism and any opinion that may be seen as unpopular.
➢ Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. (See our page
Barriers to Effective Listening for more information).
➢ Differences in perception and viewpoint.
➢ Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
➢ Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the non-verbal cues,
gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less effective.
Phone calls, text messages and other communication methods that rely on technology are
often less effective than face-to-face communication.
➢ Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
➢ Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People
often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect
conclusions. Our page The Ladder of Inference explains this in more detail.
➢ Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as
do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space
varies between cultures and between different social settings. See our page on
Intercultural Awareness for more information.
Everyone has their own style of communication, but very few people have mastered effective
communication. Breakdowns in communication occur all the time, with consequences ranging
from social problems, hurt feelings and anger to divorce and even violence. Understanding the
psychology behind what good communication consists of can help us to develop new habits, to
get our message across more effectively.
160
Effective communication can usually be achieved by sticking to a few important guidelines:
1. Establish and maintain eye contact

Eye contact plays a crucial role in communication. Looking at another person is a way of
getting feedback on particular points brain training helps you communicate. It is also used as a
synchronizing signal.
People tend to look up at the end of their sentences, looking for feedback and giving their
partner a chance to take over the conversation. There is often eye contact during attempted
interruptions, laughing, and when answering short questions. We also look up at the end of
grammatical breaks. Hitchhikers, salespeople, charity-tin shakers, and other maximize eye contact
to increase attention.
A lack of eye contact, on the other hand, signals embarrassment (we look away to break
the conversation), punishment of bad behavior or a lack of fluidity in our thought process. People
look at each other 75% of the time when talking but only 40% of the time when listening. One
looks to get, and keep, the attention of others. The socially dominant, the bright, and the
extroverts look more when speaking than the socially awkward. These are just a few examples,
but there is a whole lot of literature out there on the importance of eye contact and it’s meaning.
161
2. Try to send a clear message

There is a huge difference between just saying something, and saying something with
intention. Say words which are meaningful and will drive the point home. Keep the goal in mind
– whether you are in a job interview, business meeting or having a conversation with your partner.
When you know where you’re going with your words, it is much more likely that your message
will come across crystal clear.
3. Be receptive to what others say

Many of us go into conversations communicating with your brainwith a clear agenda of
what we want. While it is good to start speaking and listening with a clear goal, remember to be
flexible. If they don’t say exactly what you’re expecting to hear – adapt. While they’re speaking;
nod, smile or make affirmative verbal noises (mmhmm, yes, I agree). It helps to be an active
listener, and to not tune out when the conversation isn’t going your way. Even trying to
understand what the other is trying to say or what they feel – no matter if your interpretation is
correct – is enough to increase partner satisfaction.
4. Wait for the other person to finish

We all know someone who likes to talk without listening; who seems to think that what
they have to say is as fascinating to everyone else around them; who doesn’t seem to understand
that listening is an important part of communicating and connecting with others.
The best communicators know that there is a kind of give and take between talking and
listening, a sharing of who is speaker and who is listener based on mutual respect and caring
about each other’s feelings. Some people talk about themselves because they genuinely think
they’re more interesting than anyone else they know. But many people are overwhelmed by their
own feelings and push them away. Either way, monologs send the wrong message to your
listener, while a two-way conversation brings people closer.
Never underestimate the power of good communication. Often, people in management or
with power – a politician, doctor, or a strict mother – are excellent communicators. Listen to your
speaking partner, give them signals that you are engaged, and speak with a clear message. You
will see the difference.
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SAILBOARD:
Name: _______________________________ Date: _____________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ____________
Identification and explanation.

What are the elements of communication? State and explain briefly. (20 to 30 words per item)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
163
ACTIVITY
TOOLBOX STATION
AUTOPILOT
Watch this video online. “Effective communication on Board Ship”

Link of the video: ( https://youtu.be/1gJVheCycjk )
List and explain the Barriers of communication based on what you have watched and learned
from the video. (Each item must be 20-30 words)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
NOTE:
Identification and explanation (20 points)
Reaction paper Activity (30 points)
Deadline of submission (Google Classroom) to be given 164
by your instructor.
MODULE 8
EXPLAIN THE DYNAMICS OF SOCIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY AND STEREOTYPING
Socio-cultural is a term that refers to the beliefs, customs, practices, and behaviour
existing within a society and how they affect the learning, values, and interaction among the
members. Take for example the class where you belong. Look at your classmates, would you say
that most of them are of the same ethnicity as you? Identify the ratio of male to female. Is there
a vast difference? Would you say that you belong to the middle class of the society? Why? Would
you say this difference makes things easy or hard for you to communicate or build relationships
with other students?
Diversity in our society has been an important topic since the dawn of civilization. How
every society views sociocultural diversities has its handprints on every page of history.
While diversity is more perceived to be on the positive spectrum or sociocultural

environment, stereotyping is a process of oversimplification and generalization of information.
Although it is an efficient process of cognitive functions, it also relegates the sense of
understanding and consideration of others. Stereotypes usually thrive on categorizing the
difference and association of certain human qualities. Like tall people are perceived good in
basketball; females are emotional compared to males; white people or Caucasians are well off,
etc.
Content Standards:
✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of concepts and underlying principles of

effective human relationships on board ship.
✓ The learners shall be able to maintain good human relationships on board.
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LESSON 1
IMPORTANCE OF INTER-PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND TEAMWORK ON BOARD
As the number of people on board ships is limited, there are high chances of ego clashes
and dissatisfaction among crew members. As important it is to avoid politics on ships, equally
important it is to enhance interpersonal relationship between people on board to ensure that all
jobs are done smoothly and safety.
Learning objective:
✓ Explain the measures that can be undertaken to improve interpersonal

relationship
✓ Explain the value of teamwork
✓ Explain the social responsibility of crew to his ship, colleagues, company,
himself, and to the marine environment
✓ Recognize the importance of respecting the culture and religious practices of
seafarers on board
✓
Technical term
Religion- the organized archive of beliefs, myths, and world views that relates humanity with
each other to an order of existence. Many religions have their own narratives and symbols that
explain the meaning and origin of life or universe in their own way.
Culture- the shared values of knowledge, belief thoughts, customs, ideas, habits, and many
other relevant things that are common between the members of a specific society.
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PORTHOLE:
Did you know?
A religious war or holy war (Latin: bellum sacrum) is a war primarily caused or
justified by differences in religion. In the modern period, debates are common over the
extent to which religious, economic, or ethnic aspects of a conflict predominate in a given
war. According to the Encyclopedia of Wars, out of all 1,763 known/recorded historical
conflicts, 123, or 6.98%, had religion as their primary cause. Matthew White's The Great
Big Book of Horrible Things gives religion as the cause of 11 of the world's 100 deadliest
atrocities. In several conflicts including the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Syrian civil
war, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, religious elements are overtly present but
variously described as fundamentalism or religious extremism—depending upon the
observer's sympathies. However, studies on these cases often conclude that ethnic
animosities drive much of the conflicts.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_war
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
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etc.

etc.
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LOGBOOK:
Working on ships is a “team effort”. A “one-man-show” cannot run the whole ship. In
order to perform operations smoothly and safety on board ships, good interpersonal relationship
among seafarers is a must.
As the number of people on board ships is limited, there are high chances of ego clashes
and dissatisfaction among crew members. As important it is to avoid politics on ships, equally
important it is to enhance interpersonal relationship between people on board to ensure that all
jobs are done smoothly and safety.
Working on ships is not an easy task and dissatisfaction and demotivation can easily be
developed among seafarers as a result of various kinds of stresses. During such situation, it is
the job of chief-engineer/chief officer/captain to get rid of discontentment among people on ship
and instill the importance of interpersonal relationship.
As the number of people working on board is limited, everyone should try to know each
other in order to understand the values, knowledge and skills each one has. This is the first step
towards developing interpersonal relationship on board ships.
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However, chief engineer/captain/chief officer should take additional steps as mentioned

below to ensure that all team members are comfortable with each other both on and off work.
1. Morning meetings (Tool box meeting): The morning meeting, which is conducted to
assign work to team members, is the best time to get all the crew members together. It is
necessary that crew members talk to each other during such meetings and discuss their views
and opinions.
Each member should be given a chance to provide suggestions regarding improvement of

work process and safety precautions to be taken. This activity gives members a sense of
responsibility and importance and also works a great deal in enhancing their performance and
interpersonal relationship.
2. Tea-Breaks: Tea breaks if used efficiently can work wonders towards enhancing “team effort”.
It should be made compulsory to get all crew members together during tea breaks to discuss the
work in progress and other important things that they feel are necessary.
3. On board training sessions: On board training session is yet another important opportunity
to get crew members together to impart important working knowledge or conduct safety
committee meetings. Captain and chief engineer should arrange the meeting in such a way that
maximum crew members are able to participate.
4. Spending free time together: It is often seen that post working hours, officers and crew
members spend time in their own rooms instead of getting together in officer or crew lounge.
Watching movies and playing games in free time is a solid way to know each other and build
great relationships both on and off work.
5. Arranging events/sports days: It is necessary to arrange recreational events or sports days

which require crew members to participate in teams. This is a great way to inculcate the
importance of team spirit and building interpersonal relationship among crew members.
What is the value of teamwork?
A teamwork environment promotes an atmosphere that fosters friendship and loyalty.

These close-knit relationships motivate employees in parallel and align them to work harder,
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cooperate and be supportive of one another. Individuals possess diverse talents, weaknesses,
communication skills, strengths, and habits.
When you work together and succeed together, you feel good and you foster a better
working relationship with your colleagues on board. The enhanced working relationship can
translate into mutual trust and eventual friendship if things go well. Teamwork benefits employees
on a personal level.
Social responsibility
Social responsibility refers to an idea that businesses should balance their profit by sharing
it for the benefit of the society. It involves projects and programs that impact the society positively
and create good relationship between the business and the community in which they operate.
Companies often align social responsibilities to the services and products they offer. It
means companies gain profit from the society have a duty to act in the best interests of society
as a whole. This creates good reputation for the institution.
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How social responsibility works for the Maritime Sector?
➢ When a company or organization is working ethically and is socially responsible, it

definitely increase the self-esteem of the whole organization.
➢ The Reputation of the company or organization increases.
➢ Since the major portion of employers in shipping are seafarers, they become more loyal
to the company and get back to the company after finishing the contract.
➢ Better working environment to shore and sea based association improves work efficiency
of the whole organization.
➢ Environmental protection will save future human kind.
➢ With social responsibility the reputational risk of organization increase which in turn
provides a clear strategy to perform business activities in ethical manners.
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The importance of respecting the culture and religious practices of seafarers on

board
In the past, culture and religion have been as a private matter with little or no place in
the workplace. As companies or employers embrace an expanding global economy and increase
their sourcing of global job workers, cultural and religious diversity in the workplace are rising. In
addition, a growing number of companies and employers have started to see that the culture and
religious are no longer a part of worker’s life that he or she has to leave at home and that culture
and religion are a way of life and define who the worker is.
Many years ago, the concept of culture and religion is treated as private matter more
appropriate within the boundaries of home, congregations, or place of worship. It is a sensitive
topic that is very personal and private in nature. Culture and religion have a little or no place on
any workplace.
Today more and more companies see the need of diversification as a necessary factor to
attain globalization. Culture and religion are both neutral qualities of a worker. However, failure
to recognize and handle them well can lead to strained relationships or conflicts in the workplace.
Therefore, respect toward every worker’s culture and religion should be promoted in the
workplace. To do so everyone must have a clear understanding of the dimensions of culture and
religions, so as this is a means to bring capable of paying respect to a person’s culture and
religion.
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SAILBOARD:
Name: _______________________________ Date: _____________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ____________
Identification.
___________ 1. It is a meeting necessary that crew members talk to each other during such
meetings and discuss their views and opinions.
_____________ 2. It refers to an idea that businesses should balance their profit by sharing it
for the benefit of the society.
_____________ 3. It is the organized archive of beliefs, myths, and world views that relates
humanity with each other to an order of existence.
_____________ 4. It is the combined action of a group of people, especially when effective and
efficient.
_____________ 5. This is a great way to inculcate the importance of team spirit and building
interpersonal relationship among crew members.
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TOOLBOX STATION
Explain briefly.
For example, you are a crew in a cargo vessel and more than half of the crew are Muslim,
Islam, Christian or other religion different from you. How will you create harmonious
relationship knowing you have different beliefs?
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What is culture? Explain in your own words, give examples.
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In your own, how can you improve your interpersonal relationship with your classmates? Give
examples if needed.
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Each essay question will be graded using the rubrics below:
CRITERIA RATING
1 2 3 4 5
1. The essay is concise and meaningful.
2. The explanation is filled with meaningful realization.
3. The explanation is logical and coherent.
4. The essay is interesting to read.
5. The essay is free from spelling and grammatical errors.
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Lesson 2
DANGERS OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE AND SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Substance Abuse is widely spread globally. It does not matter which industry or
community; as long as there are available substances such as illegal drugs and alcohol available
for purchase, there will be victims or abusers. Substance abuse has already been considered as
one of the serious safety hazards on board vessels. This is the reason that plenty of the accidents
happening on ships have been committed by seafarers that are under the influence of certain
substances.
Learning objective:
✓ Analyze the various ways through which drug and alcohol abuse may occur
among seafarers Explain the dangers and consequences of drug and alcohol
abuse
✓ Describe the different kinds of sexually transmitted disease (STD)
✓ Analyze the various ways through which a seafarer may acquire STD
✓ Explain the dangers and consequences of STDs
✓ Analyze the impact of drug and alcohol abuse and STD on relationships of
people on board
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PORTHOLE:
Did you know?
A narco-submarine (also called drug sub) is a type of custom-made ocean-going self-

propelled submersible vessel built by drug traffickers to smuggle drugs. They are especially
known to be used by Colombian drug cartel members to export cocaine from Colombia to
Mexico, which is often then transported overland to the United States. Concerns have also
been raised that such vessels could be utilized for purposes of terrorism. The capabilities of
these craft has noticeably increased (some are now capable of crossing the Atlantic Ocean);
their operating places and circles have widened; and their numbers have taken a great jump.
Newer narco-submarines are nearly fully submersible, designed specifically to be

difficult to detect visually or by radar, sonar and infrared systems.
Cargoes carried are typically several tons of cocaine. For example, in 2015 a cargo of
7.7 tonnes (17,000 lb) was seized on a semi-submersible which had been tracked by aircraft,
the largest ever recorded
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
DRUG ABUSE
The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes
other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in large amounts. Drug abuse may lead
to social, physical, emotional, and job-related problems.
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LOGBOOK:
Drug abuse occurrence among seafarers
There are different ways on how seafarers get hooked on using illegal drugs or become
addicted to drugs. It is very risky, but there are several cases wherein seafarers are abusers of a
substance that they tend to not mind the safety hazards that they bring not only to themselves
but to the crew and the ship as a whole.
Due to the dull working and living environment aboard ships, whenever given the
opportunity, crew goes on show leave and party. This is one of the possibilities when crew gets
hooked on illegal drugs especially when meeting new people ashore. Attending parties where
alcohol is readily available can easily lead to drug usage. In fact that seafarers surely have money
to spend before going on a shore leave causes drug dealers to find them as easy targets on
certain places, usually at seaman’s clubs or pubs.
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Dangers and consequences of drug abuse
The safety of hazard of ships with crew addicted to illegal drugs is just too high. It can
create serious problems that may jeopardize the good working condition not only of the vessel
itself but of the relationship between crewmates. The effects of this abuse can be personal (Health
and behavioural) and environmental.
ALCOHOL ABUSE
Alcohol abuse is a serious problem. It is a pattern of drinking too much alcohol too often.
It interferes with your daily life. You may be suffering from alcohol abuse if you drink too much
alcohol at one time or too often throughout the week. It also is a problem if you can’t stop drinking
and it harms your relationships. It can cause you to be unable to function at work and in other
areas of your life.
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Alcoholism is when one can no longer control their use of alcohol, compulsively abuse
alcohol, despite its negative ramifications, and/or experience emotional distress when they are
not drinking.
The short- and long-term social impact of alcoholism can include:
• Failing to meet work, school, or home obligations.
• Giving up activities you used to enjoy in order to drink or recover from alcohol.
• Experiencing significant interpersonal problems (such as divorce) because of alcohol

use.
• Domestic abuse.
• Unemployment.
• Homelessness.
• Financial problems.
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What Are STDs?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
STDs are sexually transmitted diseases. This means they are most often (but not
exclusively) spread by sexual intercourse. HIV, chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts,
gonorrhea, some forms of hepatitis, syphilis, and trichomoniasis are STDs.
STDs are serious illnesses that require treatment. Some STDs, such as HIV, cannot be
cured and can be deadly. By learning more about STDs, you can learn ways to protect yourself.
You can get a STD from vaginal, anal, or oral sex. You can also be infected with trichomoniasis
through contact with damp or moist objects such as towels, wet clothing, or toilet seats, although
it is more commonly spread by sexual contact. You are at high risk if:
• You have more than one sex partner

• You have sex with someone who has had many partners
• You don't use a condom when having sex
• You share needles when injecting intravenous drugs
• You trade sex for money or drugs
Some forms of STDs include the following:
1. Chlamydia – This infection is easily spread because it is often causes no symptoms and
may be unknowingly passed to sexual partners. This is a common sexually transmitted
disease. It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect both men
and women. Women can get chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, or throat.
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2. Genital herpes – This is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and is caused by herpes
simplex virus. Genital sores vary in size and number, but as with oral herpes, they look
like pimples or blisters filled with fluid. They will burst and develop a yellowy crust as
they heal. Females are more likely to have trouble urinating during a genital herpes
outbreak than men.
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3. Gonnorrhea – This is also called the “clap” or “drip”, and is contagious disease
transmitted most often through sexual contact with an infected person. Is a sexually
transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae
bacterium. N. gonorrhoeae infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract,
including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women
and men. N. gonorrhoeae can also infect the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat,
eyes, and rectum.
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Consequences of STDs
STDs can have severe medical consequences, including death.
Untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, or

PID, in women, which can lead to infertility or chronic pain. PID can also cause ectopic
pregnancy with subsequent maternal death. Cervical cancer is closely associated with
certain types of HPV infection. This cancer is common and has high mortality rates in
many developing countries, where screening programs for its early detection are limited.
Some STDs, such as herpes and syphilis, may affect pregnancy outcome, causing
spontaneous abortion, premature birth and stillbirth. Gonorrhea and chlamydia can also
affect the babies born to infected women, causing eye infections and blindness. Syphilis,
HIV and herpes can be transmitted to newborns, potentially causing chronic disease and
death. In addition, herpes can lead to mental retardation in babies.
Some STDs, if untreated in men, can lead to infertility or a narrowing of the urethra.
And, of course, HIV/AIDS is fatal.
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STDs can also have severe social and economic consequences. Women, especially
in developing countries, may be blamed for an STD or resulting infertility. This may lead
to violence, abandonment or divorce. STDs can also result in lost work time due to illness.
Many studies and clinics have confirmed there is a high correlation between alcohol
and STDs, or sexually-transmitted diseases. As the name suggests, STDs are infectious
diseases that can be transmitted through sexual contact. STDs are also commonly referred
to as STIs, or sexually-transmitted infections.
Alcohol strongly influences men and women to engage in risky activities while
under the influence. Alcohol lulls the drinker into a state of higher confidence and lower
inhibition, leading them to make riskier choices. For instance, there is a correlation
between unprotected sex, with both strangers and familiar partners, and drinking
excessive amounts of alcohol.
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SAILBOARD:
Name: _______________________________ Date: _____________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ____________
Research and Enumerate.

List the most common drugs that seafarers encounter at sea, and on places or cities
visited by the vessel. (List 10 items).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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Research and find.
1. Accidents on board ships that can relate human error as primary reason of unsafe
practice and its possible relation to intoxication or abuse of the seafarer at fault.
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2. Find or research on what are the symptoms of having a Chlamydia, Genital herpes
and Gonnorrhea.
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CRITERIA RATING
1 2 3 4 5
1. The essay/research is concise and meaningful.
4. The essay/research is interesting to read.
5. The essay/research is free from spelling and grammatical
errors.
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MODULE 9
EXPLAIN THE NECESSARY ACTIONS TO CONTROL FATIGUE
Content Standards:
✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts and underlying

principles in surviving at sea in the event of ship abandonment.
✓ The learners shall be able to independently demonstrate the competencies in

surviving at sea in the event of ship abandonment as prescribed by STCW.
LESSON 1:
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON HEALTH AND FITNESS TO WORK ON BOARD
✓ Recognize health and medical requirements for seafarers
✓ Recognize the importance of nutrition, exercise, personal sanitation and

hygiene, and healthy lifestyle to achieve fitness for shipboard work.
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PORTHOLE:
THREE CASES OF CREW FATIGUE
❖ Grounding of a cargo vessel south of Greece where the Master believed he was
sufficiently well rested but nevertheless fell asleep on a chair next to the chart
table in such a position that the Bosun could not see the Master was asleep. The
vessel, on autopilot and with DEADMAN alarm turned off, subsequently grounded
at speed causing severe damage.
❖ Fire in an engine room off China while the Chief Engineer, who had been working
extensively on main engine repairs without good rest for almost two days, began
to undertake maintenance on the vessel's thermal oil system. He hurries the
dangerous task of cleaning out the system of waste material, leading to a
significant engine room fire, which ultimately lead to his own death as well as
further casualties on board.
❖ A crewman on board a ship passing the Iberian peninsula suffers a psycological

breakdown and has a misadventure which leads him to perish in the sea.
Investigations revealed that the seafarer had served seven months without a
break on the ship, and had joined her without leave immediately after his
previous ship service ended.
Source: https://safety4sea.com/seafarer-fatigue-and-the-importance-of-a-good-sleep
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
The ability to maintain a fitness regime on board a vessel can be challenging, especially
in instances where a ship does not have sufficient or suitable facilities for sport. However, these
limitations need not stop a seafarer from taking regular exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle.
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The saying “Health is Wealth” may sound a bit cliché in the first place, but the challenges
that Seafarers face on board ship makes one realize the importance of good health while working
in rough environment on ships.
While the term “wellness” is gaining popularity these days, have you pondered, what is
its significance to the life of the Seafarers’ on board? For me, wellness simply means being
physically, emotionally, and spiritually sane all the time. To stay at your best through healthy
choices and to keep fit and trim while sailing starts with a lifestyle change. Nothing is impossible,
even on board ships. Here are top 15 ways to achieve a healthier lifestyle on board.
LOGBOOK:
What is the importance of maintaining good health in relation to

requirements for fitness to shipboard work?
The importance of practicing good health shows in every part of your life, from your relationships
to your mental and physical condition.
It is important on board for it is required for a seafarer to have a good health in order for
her/him to get the job. Being fit and healthy is one of the requirements for a seafarer to work
efficiently and do their job correctly.
The following are the ways to have a good health and to be fit.
✓ Exercise
✓ Healthy Eating
✓ Social Support
✓ Stress and Coping
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RECOGNIZING HEALTH & MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SEAFARER
ILO instruments concerning the medical examination and health of seafarers:
✓ Several earlier Conventions on seafarer working conditions have been consolidated in the
MLC, 2006, including requirements for the issue of medical certificates (Regulation 1.2
and associated standards and guidelines) and for medical care on board ship and ashore
(Regulation 4.1 and associated standards and guidelines).
✓ An important objective of the MLC, 2006, is to safeguard the health and welfare of
seafarers. The MLC, 2006, applies to all seafarers except where expressly provided
otherwise in the Convention (Article II, paragraph 2).
IMO instruments concerning medical examination requirements for seafarers:
✓ The IMO STCW Convention, 1978, as amended, includes requirements for medical
examinations and the issue of medical certificates.
✓ Earlier versions of the STCW Convention included criteria for vision and physical
capability but not for other aspects of medical assessment.
✓ Every seafarer holding a certificate issued under the provisions of the STCW Convention
who is serving at sea must also hold a valid medical certificate issued in accordance with
the provisions of STCW Convention regulation I/9 and of section A-I/9 of the STCW Code.
Seafarer medical fitness examinations:
✓ The aim of the medical examination is to ensure that the seafarer being examined
ismedically fit to perform his or her routine and emergency duties at sea and is not
sufferingfrom any medical condition likely to be aggravated by service at sea, to render
him or her ILO-IMO-JMS-Final Guidelines-2011-09-0265-3-En.docx/v4 3unfit for service
or to endanger the health of other persons on board. Wherever possible, any conditions
found should be treated prior to returning to work at sea so that the full range of routine
and emergency duties can be undertaken. If this is not possible, the abilities of the
seafarer should be assessed in relation to his or her routine and emergency duties and
recommendations made on what the seafarer is able to do and whether any reasonable
adjustments could enable him or her to work effectively. In some cases, problems will be
identified that are incompatible with duties at sea and cannot be remedied. Appendices
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A–E provide information on the disabilities and medical conditions which are not likely to
prevent all routine and emergency duties being performed, those which require adaptation
or limitation to routine and emergency duties, and those which result in either short-term
or longer term unfitness to work at sea.
✓ Medical examination findings are used to decide whether to issue a medical certificate to
a seafarer. Consistent decision-making needs to be based on the application of criteria for
fitness that are applied in a uniform way, both nationally and, because of the global nature
of seafaring and marine transport, internationally. These Guidelines provide the basis for
establishing national arrangements which are compliant with the relevant international
Conventions.
✓ The medical certificate is neither a certificate of general health nor a certification of the
absence of illness. It is a confirmation that the seafarer is expected to be able to meet the
minimum requirements for performing the routine and emergency duties specific to their
post at sea safely and effectively during the period of validity of the medical certificate.
Hence, the routine and emergency duties must be known to the examining medical
practitioner, who will have to establish, using clinical skills, whether the seafarer meets
the standards for all anticipated routine and emergency duties specific to their individual
post and whether any routine or emergency duties need to be modified to enable them
to be performed safely and effectively.
✓ The ability to safely and effectively perform routine and emergency duties depends on
both a person’s current degree of fitness and on the likelihood that they will develop an
impairing condition during the validity period of the medical certificate. Criteria for
performing routine and emergency duties safely will be higher where the person has
critical safety duties, either as part of their routine or in emergencies. Other safety
consequences also need to be considered, for instance whether a seafarer is suffering
from any medical condition likely to be aggravated by service at sea, to render the seafarer
unfit for such service, or to endanger the health and safety of other persons on board.
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✓ The examining medical practitioner should base the decision to issue a medical certificate
on whether criteria for minimum performance requirements, as listed in the appendices
to this document, are met in the following areas:
o Vision (Appendix A), hearing (Appendix B) and physical capabilities (Appendix C)
o (ii) impairment from the use of medication (Appendix D);
o (iii) presence or recent history of an illness or condition (Appendix E).
✓ The consequences of impairment or illness will depend on the routine and emergency
duties and, in some cases, on the distance from shore-based medical facilities.
✓ Thus, the examining medical practitioner needs the skills to assess individual fitness in all
these areas and the knowledge to relate their findings to the requirements of the
individual’s routine and emergency duties at sea whenever any limitations in fitness are
identified.
✓ Competent authorities may, without prejudice to the safety of the seafarers or the ship,
differentiate between those persons seeking to start a career at sea and those seafarers
already serving at sea and between different functions on board, bearing in mind the
different duties of seafarers. The WHO Executive Board and World.
Reference: ILO-IMO-JMS-Final Guidelines-2011-09-0265-3-En.docx/v4
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THE IMPORTANCE OF: NUTRITION, EXERCISE, PERSONAL SANITATION AND

HYGIENE, AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE TO ACHIEVE FITNESS FOR SHIPBOARD WORK
NUTRITION
During stay on board, seafarers have limited influence on quality and quantity of food
over several months. Furthermore, the nutrition on board is characterized by different dietary
habits in the multi-ethnic crews, differential food supply in crew’s and officers’ mess room and
irregular mealtimes due to the shifts on board.
EXERCISE
We all know that exercise is important in our daily lives, but we may not know why or
what exercise can do for us.
• Exercise increases energy levels
• Exercise improves both the strength and the efficiency of your cardiovascular system to
get the oxygen and nutrients to your muscles. When your cardiovascular system works
better everything seems easier and you have more energy for the fun stuff in life.
• Exercise improves muscle strength
• Staying active keeps muscles strong and joints, tendons and ligaments flexible, allowing
you to move more easily and avoid injury. Strong muscles and ligaments reduce your risk
of joint and lower back pain by keeping joints in proper alignment. They also improve
coordination and balance.
• Exercise can help you to maintain a healthy weight
PERSONAL SANITATION AND HYGIENE
The primary aim of the revised Guide to ship sanitation is to present the public health
significance of ships in terms of disease and to highlight the importance of applying appropriate
control measures.
The primary aim of the revised Guide to ship sanitation is to present the public health
significance of ships in terms of disease and to highlight the importance of applying appropriate
control measures.
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HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE
Physical and mental health problems amongst seafarers are not uncommon particularly
if we consider the type and the difficulties of the work that a seafarer has to face onboard.
When thinking of seafarers’ health and lifestyle one should always have in mind just few
of the following factors:
✓ Unstable work schedules and long working hours due to operational needs,
✓ The small community which one should adapt and work with,
✓ The feeling of being away from home and familiar faces
✓ The difficult working environment as well as all the hazards that are involved,
✓ The restricted medical facilities and limited medical supplies,
✓ The confined nature of life on board ship,
✓ The climate of the area where the ship is operating.
Reference: safety4sea.com/seafarer-fatigue-and-the-importance-of-a-good-sleep
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SAILBOARD:
Name: _______________________________ Date: _____________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ____________
EXERCISE 1
ESSAY:
1. What is your opinion about this statement “I can eat whatever I want as long as I exercise”?
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2. What are the challenges in the implementation process of a health promotion program
applied in the maritime workplace?
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3. How can I develop positive health habits onboard?
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__________________________________________________________________
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CRITERIA RATING
6 7 8 9 10
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LESSON 2:
IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP, REST, DIET, AND SCHEDULES TO SEAFARERS
✓ Determine the hours of sleep and rest that control fatigue at work.
✓ Explain the importance of diet to attain good health and control fatigue.
✓ Determine the ways to adapt to varying work schedules on board without

adverse effects on one’s health.
MASTHEAD LIGHT:
There are only limited exceptions, and generally it would be a matter of the vessels
immediate safety with respect to a justified overrun of working hours. A Seafarer cannot be asked
to exceed his mandated rest / work hours, nor can he be enticed to do so against payment of
overtime.
The MLC standards are very similar to the requirements under STCW following the 2010
Manila amendments.
It should be noted that the regulations refer only to 'rest' and not to 'sleep'. Shore-side
andshipboard management should bear in mind that a seafarer cannot sleep for the entire
duration of their rest period. Research has shown that seafarers spend, on average, between 1
and 2 hours of their daily rest periods engaged in functions such as eating, bathing,
communicating with family and friends, laundry, etc. In addition to this, it is important to allow
seafarers time for recreational activities such as reading and exercising.
200
Studies have shown that it is not merely rest that the human body requires,
but the key is sleep. And again, it is not just any form of sleep over a period of time
that counts: the Seafarer, like everyone else, needs proper, continuous and
uninterrupted sleep for 7 to 8 hours in order to be properly rested. When, due to
watch-routines, a seafarer must sleep twice in a 24-hour period, the total amount
of sleep required increases to 8-9 hours.
LOGBOOK:
IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP AND REST
Proper rest and sleep are not merely matters of personal comfort; they are vital to a
person’s physical and mental well-being. Furthermore, those without proper sleep are likely to
make more mistakes and suffer from more accidents.
REGULATIONS FOR HOURS OF WORK AND REST
Pursuant to the Maritime Labour and Convention (MLC) 2006, which came into force on
the 20th of August 2013, the standard for:
A. Maximum hours of work

- No more than 14 hours in any 24-hour period and no more than 72 hours in any
seven-day period.
B. Minimum hours of rest

- At least 10 hours in any 24-hour period and at least 77 hours in any seven-day period.
201
FATIGUE ON BOARD
Fatigue can be best described as the lack of energy and motivation, both physical and
mental. This is different from drowsiness, a term that describes the need to sleep.
PERSONAL SANITATION AND HYGIENE
Sanitation is the hygienic means of upholding health through avoidance of human contact
with the hazards of wastes product as well as the management and appropriate disposal of
sewage or wastewater.
EXERCISE
Physical activity is essential to prevent and reduce risks of many diseases and improve
physical and mental health. One of the best physical activities person can perform outside work
is exercise.
Reference:https://safety4sea.com/seafarer-fatigue-and-the-importance-of-a-good-sleep
202
SAILBOARD:
Name: _______________________________ Date: _____________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ____________
EXERCISE 2
ESSAY:
1. How to adapt to varying work schedules on board without adverse effects on one’s health?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. How can I develop positive health habits onboard?

__________________________________________________________________
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203
3. Does getting enough sleep improves your immune function?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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CRITERIA RATING
6 7 8 9 10
204
2ND QUARTER EXAM

I. Multiple choice
Direction: Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. A place, especially on a ship where people should gather if there is an emergency is
called_________.
a. Muster drill b. Muster point c. Muster station d. Muster assembly
____2. It prepares passengers for safe evacuation in the event of an emergency on board the ship, and
familiarizes the crew and the passengers with escape routes.
a. Muster drill b. Muster assembly c. Muster point d. Muster station
____3. The "General Emergency Alarm" consists of _______ or more short blasts followed by one long
blast of the ship's horn or whistle and PA systems with a tone.
a. Eight b. Seven c. Eleven d. Four
____4. What team operated from the bridge where the Master is the overall in charge and the Third Mate
assists in relaying the orders of the Master to the respective emergency teams in addition to assisting the
Master on Bridge.
a. Command Team b. Emergency Team 1 c. Emergency Team 2 d. Engine Room Team
____5. A document that underlines the job and the crew being authorized by the master and or the
company is called________.
a. Work permit b. Checklist c. Risk assessment d. Safe working practices
____6. It refers to any space where movement of air is very minimal and it can also develop toxic gasses
due to cargo residues or simply because of leaking of pipelines that contain gases or oils.
a. Enclosed space b. Close space c. Stock room d. Paint locker
____7. A device that detects the amount of oxygen and other toxic gases in the atmosphere.
a. Face Mask b. Multi gas detector c. Filter mask d. Mask
____8. This is a body strap used to protect the wearer from falling when the hook is latched.
a. Life line b. Body harness c. Face mask d. Heaving line
____9. Spell the word “BRISBANE” using the “SMCP LETTER CODE”.
a. Bravo-Romeo-India-Sierra-Bravo-Alfa-Niner-Echo
b. Bravo-Romeo-India-Sierra-Bravo-Alfa-November-Echo
c. Bravo-Romeo-India-Sierra-Bravo-Alfa-November-Elf
d. Bravo-Romeo-India-Sandara-Bravo-Alfa-November-Echo
____10. “MAYDAY” - to be used to announce a ___________.
a. Safety message c. Distress message
b. Urgency message d. Emergency message
____11. The speed of the ship should be expressed in________ or nautical miles per hour.
a. Kilometer b. Horse power c. knots d. Statute miles
____12. STANDARD MARINE COMMUNICATION PHRASES is also known as _____________.
a. Marine vocabulary c. Maritime English
b. Bowditch d. Maritime glossary
____13. What Annex of MARPOL 73/78-contains general requirements for the standards on packing,
marking, labelling, documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions and notifications for
preventing pollution by noxious substances.
a. Annex III-Harmful Substance in Package Form c. Annex I- Oil
b. Annex II- Noxious liquid d. Annex V- Garbage
____14.What Annex of MARPOL 73/78-introduces requirements to control pollution of the sea by sewage
from ships.
a. Annex I b. Annex IV c. Annex VI d. Annex V
____15. Annex I- Prevention of pollution by oil entry into force on____________.
a. October 2, 1983 c. October 7, 1982
b. October 4, 1984 d. October 1, 1985
205
____16. Annex II- MARPOL 73/78, Regulation for the control of pollution by ____________ substance in
bulk.
a. Oil b. Noxious liquid c. Sewage d. Air
____17. Annex VI- Prevention of air pollution by ships entry into force on____________.
a. May 19, 2005 c. May 18, 2006
b. May 09, 2002 d. May 19, 2007
____18. This is also known as “coke”- a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is
commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or as a solution injected into a vein.
a. Methamphetamine c. Solvent
b. Cocaine d. Morphine
____19. A patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with
methods which are harmful to themselves or other is also known as __________.
a. Drug Test b. Drug Pattern c. Drug Abuse d. Drug Over the counter
____20. This drug is a pain medication of the opiate type which is found naturally in many plants and
animals. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the feeling of pain.
a. Amphetamine c. Solvent
b. Marijuana d. Morphine
____21.This is an infection that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact (during
vaginal, anal, and oral sex). The causes are bacteria, parasites, yeast, and viruses.
a. Human immunodeficiency virus c. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
b. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome d. Intercourse
____22. This infection is easily spread because it often causes no symptoms and may be unknowingly
passed to sexual partners.
a. Gonorrhea c. Herpes
b. STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) d. Chlamydia
____23. This is also called the “clap” or “drip”, and is a contagious disease transmitted most often
through sexual contact with an infected person.
a. AIDS c. STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
b. Gonorrhea d. Herpes
____24. It comes from the Indian hemp plant, and the part that contains the “drug” is found primarily in
the flowers (commonly called the “buds”) and much less in the seeds, leaves, and stems of the plant.
a. Marijuana c. Heroin
b. Tobacco d. Opium poppy
____25. Pursuant to the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006, the standards for (A) maximum hours
of work and (B) minimum hours of rest, under Title 2, came into force on __________.
a. August 02, 2012 c. August 20, 2013
b. August 10, 2014 d. August 4, 2015
____26. Regulations for hours of work and rest: Maximum hours of work shall not exceed_____ hours in
any 24-hour period and no more than 72 hours in any seven-day period.
a. 14 b. 10 c. 7 d. 12
____27. A unit used to measure the intensity of a sound.
a. Frequency c. Volume
b. Amplitude d. Decibel
____28. A test for color blindness in which the subject is asked to distinguish numbers or pathways
printed in colored spots on a background of spots of a different color.
a. Snellen Chart c. Ishihara Test
b. Eye Test d. Ophthalmology
____29. Extreme tiredness, typically resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness.
a. Fatigue c. Exhaustion
b. Stress d. Tardiness
206
____30. The minimum hours of rest onboard is at least _____ in any 24-hour period and at least 77
hours in any seven-day period.
a. 14 b. 10 c. 7 d. 12
____31.Instance or period of relaxing or ceasing to engage in strenuous and stressful activity.
a. Rest b. Sleep c. Relax d. Fatigue
____32. It is the hygienic means of upholding health through avoidance of human contact with the
hazards of wastes products as well as the management and appropriate disposal of sewage or
wastewater is called_____.
a. Sanitation c. Neatness
b. Hygiene d. Tidiness
____33. Eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity.
a. Ishihara Test b. Eye Test c. Snellen chart d. Night vision
____34. The guidelines on the medical examinations of seafarers to guarantee a standard requirement is
set by the ___________________.
a. International Maritime Organization c. International Medical Organization
b. International Seafarers Organization d. International Labour Organization
____35. This is essential to prevent and reduce risks of many diseases and improve physical and mental
health.
a. Mental Activity c. Social Activity
b. Physical activity d. Emotional Activity
II. True or False

Direction: Write letter D if the statement is true and A if it is false.
____36. Medical Team - usually consists of the Engine and Deck Department who are conversant
with the first aid to be administered in case a person is injured while carrying out his tasks in an
emergency.
____37. As required by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, a passenger muster
drill must be conducted by the ship within 6 hours of departure.
____38.SMCP-Responses “When the answer to a question is in the affirmative, say: "Yes" only.
____39. PAN - PAN - to be used to announce a safety message.
____40. “Time” on board should be expressed in the 12-hours UTC notation; if local time will be used in
ports or harbors, it should clearly be stated.
____41. Marpol 73/78 Annex IV- Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships entry into force on 27
September 2002.
____42. Marpol 73/78 Annex V- Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships entry into force on 31
December 1977.
____43. Unpredictable conduct- is one of the SIGNS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE.
____44. Harmful effects of alcohol can cause brain damage, addiction and stroke.
____45. Drug abuse can cause health problems such as weakened immune system, heart failure, liver
diseases and brain damage.
____46. Quick actions for “giving appreciation” are: Always say “thank you.”, Focus on the positive side,
and Aim to help.
____47. An interpersonal relationship is a strong, deep, or close association or acquaintance between two
or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring.
____48. A hierarchy is a system of organizing people into different ranks or levels of importance, for
example in society or in a company.
____49. Good personal hygiene and sanitation shall be well observed and practiced to avoid the extent of
any contagious diseases aboard ship.
____50. Regulations for hours of work and rest: Maximum hours of work shall not exceed 70 hours in
any seven-day period.
207

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JOHN B.

LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY – AREVALO

Jethro D. Cabrias, OIC-NW, MME

✓ accidents caused by unintentional human error,

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARINE TRANSPORTATION

Core Subject Description:

The competencies covered in this course are:

✓ 1. Survival at sea in the event of ship abandonment,

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE:

Each module is developed with following “Icon” parts meaning:

This enumerates the objectives of the special topics.

This gives the reader the content / discussion

PERFORMANCE TASK / ACTIVITY

Written works ------------------------------ 25%

Performance tasks ------------------------- 45%

Quarterly assessment ---------------------- 30%

TOTAL ---------------------------------------- 100 %

Students are required to:

✓ Attend all class sessions ONLINE.

Students' outputs shall be accomplished as specified by respective subject teachers.

HOW TO SUBMIT OUTPUTS?

How do I sign in to Classroom?

Sign in to Classroom with:

You must have an active internet connection to sign in.

Using: Computer/ Android / iPhone & iPad

Sign in for the first time

1. Tap Classroom "".

2. Tap Get Started.

Tap Get Started

3. Tap Add account and then OK.

4. Enter your username and tap Next.

5. Enter your password and tap Next.

6. If there is a welcome message, read it and tap Accept.

READY TO START USING CLASSROOM?

JOIN A CLASS AS A STUDENT

You can join a class in 2 ways:

JOIN WITH A CLASS CODE

3. At the top, click Join class.

Click Join class

Enter class code

TROUBLE JOINING A CLASS?

“ I forgot or lost the class code. “

“My class code doesn’t work.”

✓ If the class code doesn’t work, check the following:

TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

DETERMINE THE MEANS OF SURVIVAL AT SEA

IN THE EVENT OF SHIP ABANDONMENT

✓ The learners demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts and underlying

✓ The learners shall be able to independently demonstrate the competencies in

TYPES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

In this unit, you should be able to:

✓ Identify the general emergency situations on Board

✓ Describe the different emergency situations

Hell at Sea: The Tragedy of the MV Doña Paz

The vessel's manifest only listed 1,493 passengers and a 53-member

TYPES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS:

FIRE BREAKDOWN OIL SPILL