The P B / Ock - Hydrides

of the tube
All the
MH ,
elements
which are
from hydride
covalent

Elements in nature and byramidal in shape .

HANDWRITTEN NOTES
CBSE -2022 TERM -1

Detailed Notes

Basic Character → decreases down the gb .

Thermal stability → decreases down the gb .

•
Elements of 415 form tri halides ( MX ] ) &

penta halides ( Mls) When react with

with ¥¥¥¥# halogens
Sir
By Bharat Panchal behaviour
shows anomalous due
•

Nitrogen
to its small size , high electronegativity ,

bharat Panchal "

¥Eo•B¥•8oOa→¥•BÉia÷@E¥;•÷↳÷•⑧-¥→B÷•E-É• PBhharaattpaannehna.at Sir high ionisation
energy and absence of
vacant d- orbital .

00088 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
'
NITROGEN :

P Block Elements
Nitrogen is a colourless colourless tasteless
•

- , ,

and non -
toxic gas .

last electron enters in b- subshell

•
It is chemically inert at room temp
due to the presence of MEN bond
• General electronic configuration of b-block .

' -6
elements is : nssnnb Preparation :

In lab -
NHUU 1- NANO, A- Mzt 2110 + NaCl
G- 15 elements IN x-P As sfbg,Bicns2nB)
•
-

]]
By thermal -

Balm } → Ba +3^12
Also known as PNICOGENS decomposition
commercially it is prepared by fraction
•

Physical Properties properties : distillation of liquid air .

metallic nature increase

•
Atomic radii and forms nitrides with higby electropositive
down the grouts like
.

metals
• Ionisation energy electronegativity ,
+ N,
A- Mg ]Nz
3mg
,

catenation and allotropy tendency

down Gli + Nz A- 2 Liz N
decreases the group .

•
Melting and boiling A. .int do
÷ not show
AMMONIA
regular trends .

In lab -
2N Hall + Ca ( 0th, A- Call -12^111-12110
,
•
Stability of +3 oxidation state
increases down the group as compared By Haber Process
AH = -46.1
to +5 This is due to inert pair effect Nz-13112 2MHz Kslmol
.

am

Chemical Properties : Properties : -

oxidation state of
1
extremely soluble in water , colourless
The general these
•

+3 and +5 gas with pungent odour

elements -3 ,
.

are .

•
Act as Lewis Base
Notes The maximum covalent of
Agt -12MHz = [AgCNHÑ
Nitrogen is -4
"
.
Cud -1 -14MHz .=KuCNHm
deep blue
Cd 2-1 -14MHz I [ Cd CNH,)q]4
 .am#. s . cu+4HN0s@ne.FG(N9h
Ciii ) forms salt with Acid PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :

Znsoa +
INHUOH-szncoth-CNHK.SU Atomic Radii -

Smaller than group -15 elements

2kHz -1 IN Hy OH →
His .xH,0t3NHyU Increases down the gzoutp .

NITRIC ACID :
Ionization Enthalpy -
It, lower than group -15

elements while is
higher decreases down the group
1- Ez
,
In lab
.

Nano, + Hzso , Nates out HMO, Electron Gain Enthalpy from sulphur onwards
.

→ 0<5 -

Ostwald 's Process the value again become less negative upto polonium
By
.

4mn, + go ,
Pt -
Rh
9%4^10+6110 Electronegativity - More electronegative than G- 15

2^10+0<=-2^10, elements and decrease down the group .

Point Increase regularly

3h10 , 1- tho → HMO
]
-1 NO
Melting and
Boiling -

from
0 to Te while Po has
→ colourless liquid lesser than Te .

→ cone . Nitric Acid act as a

strong Density : increase down the group
oxidising agent .

Reaction : Chemical Properties with hydrogen forms hydrides

HNO -1170
,
→
tgo -1-1^105 of type Hat
"

÷÷÷÷÷÷*
→"
" " "°
Thermal Stability Decreases down the grub
42h -110 HNO, * ZNCNOD -15110+10 Acidic Character Increases down the group
( ai, ,→ ,
.

izncniosl . -12110+2 No. Reducing Nature All are

reducing agents except 110 .

from 110 to Has there is sudden

Boiling Point ,
a

1-2+10 HNO
,
→ 21110 -110^10<+4170
] drop which increases from Has to Hzte
Sg + 48 HNO
>
→
811%+48^10,1-16110 •
with halogens form Halides of type Exz , Exy EXG ,
.

Put 20 HNO, → 4th, Poy -120 NO -14110

OZONE ( %)
,

É 20
Group -16 Elements :
302 ,
AH= -1284k]

( oxygen family ) Chalco gens

properties Poisonous Powerful oxidising agent
→
.

,
Electronic configuration → ns2hb4
Pbs + 403 →
Pbsoa -140 ,
SO 165 zuse g- Ie gypo 0
21--1-110+03 2011 1-
Igt
-

→
÷metaes His
-
,
metal
sir .

go 0+0
OXIDATION NUMBER :

oxygen
Show
show -2

+2 -14
,

and
all other elements
+6
X
:O : :# ¥ =¥÷%% :

g. :

DIOXYGEN :
#
2kg0, 2KU -130
, uses As bleaching agent , disinfectant and

slightly soluble in water , abb reliably germicide , for purification of air in hospitals
soluble in alkaline Sol " and Param -

sail way tunnels

agnetic In nature
Shape of Sg and so
-

2mg Oz 2m90
⑤
+ →

c -10 . -
coz
⑤
GAI -130 , →

Pg -150<-7 Paolo
2AM ↳ ⑤

22ns-130 , -
22h0 -1250, Sulphur Di Oxide ( SON
→ (
CHU -1202 0<+2110 St 2112504 →
3502-12110
4114+0 →
291-2110
-
Cu +211504 gone , → Cusoy -150<+2110
2 NaCl SO
Nazso, +2116 → +
, -111,0
Properties :
aiding Property
-

filch > Bra > Iz

502+110 →
11250 ] Acidic strength -
MF { HU CHA { HI
2 NaOH + SO →
Nazso] -11120 Stability -
HF > HU > Hbo > HI
,

Ma, SO, -11120+50 ,

→ 2 NAHSO
, stability of oxides of halogens I > U > Br -

U , -1 SO
,
→ Soil , Acidic strength of 0×0 acids HUO > H Boo > HIO -

250
02 -1 SO
,
→
] Acidic strength of oxo acids
2 fest + SO, -1211,0 → Ife
"
-15042-+411-1 HOU { HUO CHAO
, ,
{ HUG
5504%+411++2 Mn " Str of Oxo acids
of Chlorine
like?_?
-12110
-

550, + 2mn04 →

-96-0 -
°
o
-94
-
µ ce
Used H µ "
In
refining petroleum and sugar ,
as
Chloric Perch look
0

Chlorous
bleaching agent for wool and silk and Hypo chlorous
Acid Acid Acid acid
as antichlor , disinfectant and preservative
SULPHURIC ACID
chlorine ( ( Iz )
:

A- Mnlf -14<+2110
Mno, -14116

219mn04 -116116^-7 2kV -12mn U -1811201-0

, ,

In lab
* 24<+2110
.

it GHU -10 , ( Deacon 's Process)

Ii )
GNAU + Mno , +411,504 → Mna
, -14^1911504-12110+6 ,

Ciii , Electrolytic Process :

By electrolysis of brine
At cathode :
2110+20 → H, -120k
-

At Anode U Ute -0 6+6 → Uz

-

: →

ca + the Sou
@ one ,
→ castle-15%+21%0
Properties
5+211<504 @ one ,→
350, -1211<0
Greenish Yellow Pungent suffocating smell
C -1 211504 @one ,→ co , + so -12110 , ,

soluble in water and heavier than air

,
.

0×0 ACIDS OF SULPHUR :

UAI -13cL LALU]
,
→ 2 NaOH
(colder dilute )
+
Chez
2k6g
,
Ife -136 ,
→
Nall + NaOH -1110
Pat 662 → 4Pa]
Has -1 Uz → 2116+5 6 NaOH -136 ,

NHI +364m¥ NU, -11116 Chot &

Conny ,

(explosive ) g- Nacl + Mallory

2Nd + U, → QNAU →
58+46<-1 456, Hyo
Hztllz → 2116

Group -17 Elements ( Halogen family ] Goths -184 ,

-716116+106

8MHz -1362 →
6N Hall-1N ,
qf Ifl zs-Brs-zt-gs.AT (excess )

Electronic nssnhbs 2cal OH ), -124 , - Ca(042-1 Call -1211,0

configuration
-

,
Atomic and Ionic Radii : smallest in corresponding Clzt Hyo → HU -1 HOU

periods increases down the

too → HU -10
group .

fgfsoul,
f shows 2 Fes 04+11504+6, → -1246
Oxidation state : -
only -1 while other
show +1 -13 , -15 and -17 Na, soy -12 HCl
,
.
Na, SO, -1 Clz + Hyo →

Ionization Enthalpy -

Higher than group 16

so
, -1211,0+62 → thou -12 HU
elements ,
decreases down the group .

I, -1611201-542 QHIO] -1 IOHU

Electron Gain Enthalpy - Maximum Negative
→

They metals and coloured

•

are non - .

•
M.pt and B.pt increases down the group .
 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE : Ionisation Enthalpy Highest in resbectire
PEI Mau + thsoy Manson + HU periods ,
decreases
down the group
NAH soy -1 Nacl Nqsoyt.HU .

Hu gas can be dried by passing cone

•

Large positive value of electron gain enthalpy .

increases
.

M.pt and B.pt down the group

Hzsoy through it
.

Difficult to liquefy ,
"

wn The group ,
Properties colourless, pungent smelling the ease of liquefaction increases
and soluble in water
NOTE
of
All 411+-1 NO, +46 AuUu- + NO -1211,0 N Bartlett discovered the compound
Nobgleas
-
- .

+ →
Oat Ptfb Oatfptf, ]
-

Ipt +1611++4 NO +186 Ptllid +4^10+81120

-

3
- -
→
, I. E of 0--1175 KJ/ mol
✗e + Ptfb → ✗e
"
EPT

ftp.eqxe-u-fokg/m..NazC0rg-2HU-s2NaCl-HzO-COz
NH, -1116 → N Hull
Xenon -
fluorine compounds
Nate co, + HU → Nacl 1- H2O 1- CO
,
xe-ifa-sxef.sc)
Naz SO , -1 2 tell → 2 NaCl -11120 + co
,
Xe -12 Fa É ✗ efe
571K ,
✗ et 3F2 60-70%8 ✗ efg
Reactivity towards other Halogens ✗ efo can also be prepared by . . .

Halogen combine themselves to form a no

amongst
.

✗ efo +02
•

inter halogen ✗ ef , + Ogfg →

of compounds known as compounds '

e.
g XX
'

,
XX 's g
XX 's , ✗ ✗ It
qnese compounds are
ftuonnating agent . .

where ✗ large size halogen complete hydrolysis

[
-

✗
o
smaller size halogen ] 2 Xef, +211,0 → axe -14nF -102
Preparation
-

6Xef4 -1 121%0 → axe + 4k0g -124nF -1302

They are formed by direct combination of halogens
under appropriate conditions .
Xef, +311,0 → ✗ east GHF
•
Uatf, → 26 F Partial Hydrolysis
LIU
•

Use -13
Face IUFS Is -162 →
Xefs + Hyo → ✗ eOFa+2Hf
,
→
21--63 ✗ efb + 2110 → ✗ eOgf, + AHF
•

By -138-2
→
&BrFz Is -136,
Xenon fluorides react with fluoride ion acceptors
•

By -158-2 → 2BrF5 to form cationic sbecies and fluoride ion

(excess) donors to foam fluoro anions .

Properties : molecule Diamagnetic in Nature

+
covalent
He f)
-

xefa Pfs → [ Pfi

•

+
•

•
Volatile solids or
liquid at 298k except ✗ efa + Sbfs → ( Xefj
+
[ Sbf, ]
-

of which is a gas .

✗ efb + Mf → Mt ( ✗ eff]
NOTE Inter halogen compounds are more reactive
halogens C except fluorine ) because ✗
'
×
than
-

,
xef ✗ era ✗ eofa
Polar bond in interhalogen compounds is ,

in halogens except f- F F :D f F f
weaker
bond
than ✗ ✗ Bond
-

Ye :O > gff
that's why they are stronger oxidising / f f
-

agent than halogens fz f

If
.

✗ efo
All these undergo hydrolysis Xeoz
f
•

f) e(
.

e.g xxr + Hao → HX ' 1- HOX ✗

halide thebohalile ✗e
p
to F 1
11
Group -18 Elements ( Noble Gas ) f
Distorted
octahedral
Uses Of Noble Gases
2
He
, i.
Ne
, 1g
Ar , 36K8g gate , 86Pa
electronic configuration ns2hb6
properties •
Ceases
Atomic Radii -

increase down the group and

highest in respective periods

?⃝
?⃝