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Forest 4.0: Digitalization of forest using the Internet of Things (IoT)

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Forest 4.0: Digitalization of forest using the Internet of Things (IoT)

Rajesh Singh a, Anita Gehlot a, Shaik Vaseem Akram a, Amit Kumar Thakur b,⇑, Dharam Buddhi a,
Prabin Kumar Das a
a
SEEE, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
b
School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: ‘‘Digitalization of forest”, as this phrase itself suggests the sustainable implementation of cutting-edge
Received 28 December 2020 technologies into forests for improving the current trends that are being used for forest environment
Revised 6 February 2021 monitoring, data acquisition, and analysis in the field of research and development. Technologies that
Accepted 19 February 2021
can be used effectively for achieving these objectives include the Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor
Available online xxxx
Networks, Internet of Trees, Deep Learning, etc. In this study, we will be exploring and assimilating
the limitless possibilities for technological interventions in forests to drastically improve their ecosystem.
Keywords:
Intelligent systems for sensing, monitoring, and methods for analysis to be used in applications such as
Digital network
Forest
forest fire incidents, illegal logging of trees, poaching, etc. have been discussed briefly. In addition to that,
IoT generalized architectures have been proposed which can be used directly in the future for advancements
Minor forest produce in research and development related to data collection and processing applications like flora analysis, for-
Real-time sensing est fire predictions, etc. without the need for any changes in forest deployment systems. Various methods
Tribal livelihood for enhancement of tribal livelihood, high yield marketing of minor forest produces, and wildlife moni-
And wildlife toring is also discussed relating to the areas concentric on the forest environment. Effective connectivity,
sustained deployment of real-time sensing systems, and energy harvesting are some of the vital recom-
mendations included and addressed in this study for aiding the proper implementation of digital net-
works in the forest ecosystem.
Ó 2021 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2. Overview of IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2.1. A. IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2.2. Characteristics of digitalization in forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3. Internet of trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3.1. Environmental parameter monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3.2. Fire tracking and monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4. Internet of minor forest produce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.1. A. MfP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.2. Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.3. Bamboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.4. Tans & Dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: amit.25010@lpu.co.in (A. Kumar Thakur).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

Production and hosting by Elsevier

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.02.009
1319-1578/Ó 2021 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al., Forest 4.0: Digitalization of forest using the Internet of Things (IoT), Journal of King Saud University –
Computer and Information Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.02.009
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

4.5. Gum & resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

4.6. Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.7. Leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.8. Integration of IoT in MFP cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5. Internet of wild Things (IoWT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.1. A. Integration of internet-based modules for wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5.2. B. IoT based Real-time devices for monitoring wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6. Comparison and sensitivity analysis of the proposed model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6.1. Comparison of the proposed model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6.2. Sensitivity analysis of the proposed model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7. Discussion and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.1. Connectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.2. Real-time sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.3. Lack of cost-effective infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.4. Innovation in developing IoT devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.5. Energy harvesting of sensor nodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.6. Enhancing the livelihood of tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.7. Innovative marketing of MFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.8. Computer vision node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
7.9. Inclusion of Machine learning and deep learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Declaration of Competing Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

Nomenclature

BLE Bluetooth Low Energy MSP Minimum Support Price

CPS Cyber Physical System NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produce
EPCs electronic product codes LoRa Long-range
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization LTE Long Term Evolution
FPGA Field-programmable gate array NFC Near Field Communication
FSI Forest Survey of India NB-IoT Narrowband IoT
GHG Green House Gas OWL Web Ontology Language
GPRS Global packet for radio service PDA Personal Digital Assistant
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System RDF Resource Description Framework
GPS Global Positioning System R&D Research & Development
GIS Geoinformation system RFID Radio Frequency Identification
GSMA Global System for Mobile Communications Association SFO Sustainable Forest Operations
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications SoC System on Chip
GUI Graphical User Interface TCP Transmission Control Protocol
IoT Internet of Things UI User Interface
IP Internet Protocol Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network
IPR Intellectual Property Rights
MFP Minor Forest Produce

1. Introduction
During the last decades, the phrase ‘‘sustainability” has become
very popular in the definition of utilizing energy resources. Within
the sense of development in the Global Environment and Develop-
ment Commission Report, the most general term and interpreta-
tion is known as sustainability (Hahn, 2010). In (Marchi et al.,
2018) sustainable forest operations (SFO) is a holistic approach
and strategy in an attempt to improve current and future problems
effectively, whereas integrating forest activities with economic,
environmental, and socially sustainable development objectives.
According to FAO (Foundation, 2020), ‘‘A forest is a land area of
more than 0.5 ha, with a tree canopy cover of more than 10%,
which is not primarily under agricultural or other specific non-
forest land use”. Forest is the hub of the earth’s terrestrial biodiver-
sity. Forest mitigates carbon emission and climate change,
provides livelihood and it is essential for sustainable food produc-
tion. In 2020, the total area of forest is estimated at 4.06 billion ha,
comprising 31% of the total land area and this area is 0.52 ha of for-
est per capita, even though the forests are not apportioned among
the people around the world or geographically (Forest area, 2021).
The tropical domains account for 45% of the world’s forests, pre-
ceded by boreal (27%), temperate (16%), and subtropical (11%)
domains. Europe covers 25% of the global forestry area, driven by
South America (21%), North and Central America (19%), Africa
(16%), Asia (15%), and Oceania (5 percent) (Köhl and Marchetti
Trop, 2016). Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States
of America, and China are the top five countries where half of the
land is occupied with the forest and it is shown in the Fig. 1
(State of the World’s Forests, 2020).
Forest biodiversity refers to the ecological role and forms of life
present in forested areas. It includes not only trees, but the multi-
tude of forest-species plants, animals and micro-organisms, and
their genetic diversity. Deforestation and forest degradation con-

2
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al.
Fig. 1. Global distribution largest forest land occupied countries (State of the
World’s Forests, 2020).
tinue at exponential levels, which greatly lead to the continued
depletion of biodiversity. In basic terms, deforestation means, fall
and cutting down the trees permanently for agricultural expansion,
forestry mining (logging or timber harvesting for domestic fuels or
coal), and growth of infrastructure, including road construction
and urbanization. Deforestation directly impacts the environment
in terms of temperature, rainfall, ground-level water, air quality,
wildlife, and biodiversity. According to Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change , forest degradation and related biomass burn-
ing will be in part, be accountable for the rise in greenhouse gas
(GHG) into the atmosphere (Publications - IPCC-TFI, 2021; AR5
Synthesis Report: Climate Change, 2014).
Forest fire is one of the cause of deforestation, as hundreds of
trees are devastated each year because of forest fires in different
parts of the world. The warmest summers and milder winters are
the reason for this. Whether it is caused by human beings or by
accident, fires lead to a major loss of forest cover. A total of
520,861 active forest fire events have been recorded during
2003–2017 across various forest habitats in India, primarily cen-
tered in the dense, evergreen, and deciduous forests of the eastern
Himalayas and the lower Himalayas states (Impact, 2021). Forest
fires are the major causative and accidental sources of biodiversity
Loss, deterioration of productivity of terrestrial habitats and forest
carbon Stocks, deterioration in soil fertility and subsequent crop
production, increase in atmospheric pollution and increase in the
severity of landslides sensitivity. Climate imbalance rise in global
warming & greenhouse emissions, soil erosion, floods occurrence,
wildlife extinction & habitat loss, food insecurity, and loss of biodi-
versity are the effects of deforestation (Causes, 2021).
The recent trends in biodiversity and ecosystem hinder the goal
towards SDG. The transformation changes are required in our for-
est like biodiversity conservation, food production and consump-
tion are to be related to nature. We must detach environmental
degradation from unsustainable resource usage and related pat-
terns of production and consumption from economic development.
The studies also quantified the relying on fuelwood, fodder, small
wood, and bamboo of people living in neighboring woodland areas
as it revealed that over 170,000 villages in India are located near
forests (P. D.N., Fuelwood studies in India: myth and reality,
2002). It has also been found that the forests of fuelwood, fodder,
a small forest, non-wood forest products, and bamboo are in large
part dependent on the people who live in these villages. Lack of
data regarding the products available in the forest became a chal-
lenge to the policymakers for framing the policies to enhance the
livelihood of the people living around the forest. However, integra-
3
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
tion of technology will enable to build of such infrastructure that
can bring the complete data of the forest in digital format.
IoT is a transformative and real-time technology that has influ-
enced many industries for the establishment of smart and intelli-
gence to the physical things in this world (Kim et al., 2020). IoT
in the forest enables to implement the real-time monitoring of
the forest environment in terms of tracking fire accidents, monitor
the health of the crop, continuous assessment of the vegetation,
and real-time tracking of forest logging. With the advancement
in wireless communication technology and sensor technology,
the implementation of IoT became a cost-effective and innovative
solution for overcoming the challenges in the forest. The wireless
communication protocol empowers to transmit the sensory data
of the forest to the cloud server for real-time monitoring and anal-
ysis of activities that are processing in the forest. The cloud server
is having the ability to store the sensory data in the storage and
visualize the data in the Graphical User Interface (GUI). Artificial
intelligence and big analytics can be applied to the sensory data
for estimating the cause and effects of variation in the forest envi-
ronment. In this study, we are classifying the distinct sections for
discussing the digital technology implementation in the forest.
Internet of Trees, Internet of wildlife monitoring, and minor forest
produces are the classification elaborate in the study.
Motivated by the prior remarks, we present this survey to
emphasize the significance of digitalizing the forest using the IoT
with reliable and robust communication protocols. We provide
an up-to-date review of the integration of IoT in the forest, includ-
ing the recent emerging trends. The following contributions are
incorporating in this survey.

A summary of the digital revolution of the IoT and the aided
communication protocols. Initially, we outline the growth of
IoT devices and their components. Following this, we explored
the wireless communication protocol with its technical require-
ments and also provided the distinct cloud platforms.

The significance of integrating the internet modules in the for-
est environment for obtaining the real-time data of the forest
environmental parameters. We also discuss the internet-based
fire tracking and monitoring system in the forest using wireless
connectivity.

A detailed overview of the minor forest producers that are pro-
duced in the forest is provided. The products which fall under
the category of the minor forest producers were presented in
a pictorial representation. We have explained the MSP cycle
without IoT and with IoT. We also addressed the correlation
of minor forest producers with the tribal livelihood and also
suggest the enhancement of tribal livelihood by integrating
the internet in the minor forest producers.

A thorough review of wildlife correlation with the forest is pre-
sented. The significance of the internet for wildlife monitoring is
addressed with recent trends. Also, present the implementation
of IoT-based modules in distinct wildlife sanctuary for protect-
ing the wildlife.

A detailed suggestion was presented for enhancement of con-
nectivity, implementation of real-time sensing, innovation in
the marketing of minor forest produce.
The structure of the paper is organized as follows. Section II pre-
sents the overview of the IoT technologies and communication
protocols with technical specifications. Moreover, it provides dis-
tinct IoT-based cloud platforms for data storage and analytics. In
section III we present the internet of trees for real-time environ-
mental parameters, illegal logging, and also it provides the detec-
tion of fire in the forest. Section IV provides the significance of
minor forest producers, integration of IoT in minor forest produce
(MFP), and MFP correlation with a tribal livelihood. Section V
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al.
discusses the integration of internet-based modules for real-time
tracking and monitoring of wildlife via advanced wireless commu-
nication. Comparison of the proposed model with the previous
model and sensitivity analysis of the model is addressed in section
VI. Section VII provides the discussion and suggestions in the forest
and Section VIII concludes the paper.
2. Overview of IoT
2.1. A. IoT
According to GSMA intelligence forecasting, the number of IoT
connections will reach 25 billion globally by 2025 (GSMA | IoT,
2020). The growth of IoT devices from 2015 to 2025 is presented
in Fig. 2. IoT is an interconnection of physical things with a virtual
environment through Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity.
The components of IoT provide the unique capability that will
enhance the traditional applications. The components of IoT are
described as follows and shown in Fig. 3.
Identification is a prerequisite for IoT to label and coordinates
the services to their request. Numerous IoT identification methods
are accessible, like ubiquitous codes and electronic product codes
(EPCs). Also, acknowledging IoT entities is essential to identify
between the entity ID and its address. Entity ID refers to its names,
such as ‘‘H100 for a simple sensor and the address of the entity to
refer to its address in the communication network. A sensor is a
device that senses and responds to the input from the physical
environment. Classical sensors work for measuring environmental
variables, processing variables, and convert the analog signal into a
digital signal. However smart sensors are capable of generating
sensing data into digital data.
Connectivity is necessary for the transmission of sensory data
and they are different wireless protocols for establishing connec-
tivity. The distinct kinds of wireless communication technologies
are existing in the IoT. Global system for mobile communication
(GSM) / Global packet for radio service (GPRS), Zigbee, BLE (Blue-
tooth Low Energy), 6LoWPAN, radio frequency identification
(RFID), Long-range (LoRa), Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE (Long Term Evolu-
tion), IEEE 802.11 g Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Near field communi-
cation (NFC), and Z-wave are the communication technologies.
Microprocessors, microcontrollers, field-programmable gate
array (FPGA), and system on chip (SOC) are the hardware-based
computation unit of the IoT. BeagleBone, Arduino, UDOO, Cubie-
board FriendlyARM, Raspberry PI, Gadgeteer, Z1, WiSense, Mulle,
Fig. 2. Growth of IoT devices (2015–2025) (State of the IoT, 2018).
4
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 3. Components of the IoT (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).
Intel Galileo, and T-Mote Sky are some of hardware computational
units. Tiny OS, Riot OS, and Lite OS are the few real-time develop-
ment platforms for IoT applications. The cloud platform is a
software-based computational platform of the IoT. In this platform
is used the sensory data is converted to machine-readable form.
Classification, sorting, and calculations are performed on the data
for getting meaningful information. Different tools are existing
for data processing in the IoT.
Ubiquitous Services, Collaborative-Aware Services, Information
Aggregation Services, and Identity-related Services are the four ser-
vices of IoT (Gigli and Koo, 2011; Xiaojiang et al., 2020).
Collaborative-aware services and ubiquitous services employ
information templates to make accurate smart decisions, intending
to provide services to their participants at anytime and anywhere.
Identity-related services reveal that every application puts forward
real-time objects into the virtual world, so there is a requirement
of identifying those objects.
Information Aggregation Services acquire and quantify the raw
sensory measures which must be evaluated and communicated to
the IoT platform. Smart homes, industrial automation, smart agri-
culture, and smart agriculture are some applications that come
under the four services of IoT. In order of providing services, the
semantics act as a medium for extracting the knowledge smartly.
Semantic reflects the brain of the IoT by transmitting demands to
the appropriate resource. Web Ontology Language (OWL) and
Resource Description Framework (RDF) are recommended plat-
forms for the implementation of semantics (Schneider et al., 2011).
2.2. Characteristics of digitalization in forest
Digitalization in the forest provides real-time data, real-time
monitoring, and real-time forest inventory. The following are the
characteristics that realize digitalization:

Sensing technology: Sensor technology enables the creation of
an environment for interlinking with the physical and virtual
world. Sensors not only gather signals but also transform them
into digital information and further process them. Sensors pre-
cisely process messages about the current state of the physi-
cal environment into valuable knowledge.
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al.

Human to forest interaction: As humans are still integral to
the digitalized forest, integrating with a cyber-physical system
(CPS) in the forest is a very important topic. It is relevant to
visualize the information from the CPS of the forest on a porta-
ble device that assists human to make a decision. In this case
development of robust communication and touch, screen-
based handheld device is the important area to be a focus.

Big data and cloud computing: In the process of communica-
tion between the human and physical system embedded in
the forest generates a large amount of data that is required to
be stored. Cloud computing is a digital interaction platform that
stores data and visualizes the data. Cloud computing facilitates
affordable and much more intelligent analysis of big data, often
in the form of so-called pay-per-use programmers.

Advanced analytics: Advanced Analytics identifies advanced
computational techniques, facilitating an interpretation of data
that was incredibly time-consuming or previously tricky.
Advanced analytics technology is very essential, for the transi-
tion of big data into useful data for better decision making.

Artificial intelligence: The goal of artificial intelligence is to
empower technological objects to learn from observation and
experience, the ability to make autonomous decisions, and to
take action.
3. Internet of trees
The terminology of the internet of trees implies that the trees
are embedding with internet-based modules for sensing, commu-
nicating, and monitoring the environmental parameters in the for-
est via internet connectivity. Monitoring of the environmental
parameter, fire accident, and detection, illegal logging in real-
time with the assistance of internet-based modules is called as
Internet of Trees. Generally, we heard the IoT terminology, where
things are monitored, communicated, and tracked with the assis-
tance of IP. The previous studies mainly focused on the detection
and monitoring of the fire in the forest, few studies focused on
the monitoring of environmental parameters like temperature,
wind speed, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO2). The Ama-
zon forest which is the lungs of the planet that generates a high
amount of oxygen by observing CO2 is on the blaze in the year
2019, due to the irresponsible and intentional activities done by
a human being. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) studies
reveal that fire accidents in the amazon forest triggered carbon
monoxide (CO) emissions and CO2 in the air severely affects human
health(Why the Amazon rainforest is burning, and the dire climate
change implications involved - The Washington Post, (n.d.).
https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/, 2020; Assis et al.,
2020).
3.1. Environmental parameter monitoring
Sensor nodes are embedded in the different trees for sensing
the environmental parameters in the forest in the real-time sce-
nario. Generally, the sensor node is integrated with the environ-
mental sensors and wireless communication module. In the
forest environment, wireless connectivity is the main challenge,
to overcome it wireless personal network (WPAN) is embedded
in the architecture. WPAN-based IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee module is
considered a wireless communication module in the sensor node
for transmitting the environmental data from the forest environ-
ment. Zigbee communicates the data to the gateway node where
the availability of internet connectivity enables the gateway node
to log the data into the cloud server over IP and general architec-
ture is illustrated in Fig. 4.
The sensory technology and wireless communication protocol
encourage monitoring and communication of the sensory data
5
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
from the forest to the cloud server (Kim et al., 2020). Raspberry
pi 3 based forest monitoring is proposed for monitoring and com-
municating environmental parameters like temperature, humidity,
and gas concentrations via IP (GSMA | IoT, 2020; State of the IoT,
2018; Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). IP and Transmission control protocol
(TCP) based forest monitoring system for monitoring the Carbon
dioxide (MQ 135), Hydrogen (MQ 2), Methane (MQ 4), Carbon
monoxide (MQ 9) in the forest (Gigli and Koo, 2011; Xiaojiang
et al., 2020; Schneider et al., 2011) . LoRa based sensor node and
the gateway is implemented for monitoring and communicating
the environmental parameters of the forest (Why the Amazon
rainforest, 2020; Assis et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2018; Sannigrahi
et al., 2020). Low Earth Orbit satellite is integrating with IoT for
monitoring and communicating the forest in the country of
Indonesia (Ratnam et al., 2019). Short-range transmission and lack
of analytics performing at the gateway node are the drawbacks of
the Zigbee model for forest monitoring. LoRa communication mod-
ule. The evolution of the LoRa communication module provides an
opportunity to transmit the data over a long-range with reliability
and security.
Here we have proposed an architecture that is based on LoRa
and edge gateway for monitoring the forest environment. The
architecture presents the deployment of sensor nodes at the differ-
ent points in the forest, and the sensor node is embedded with the
LoRa communication module is shown in Fig. 5.
LoRa communication module transmits the sensory data with
low power consumption. Minimum interference in the LoRa sup-
port to transmit the sensor data in the forest. LoRa based sensor
node transmits the data to the edge gateway node. Generally, cloud
servers are integrated with IoT for storing and performing analytics
on the sensory data to produce understandable metadata. How-
ever, in the case of the forest perspective, the decision needs to
be performed on an immediate basis for avoiding widespread fire
in the forest. Here edge computing technology meets the require-
ment of immediate decision making at the edge devices. We pro-
posed a LoRa and edge gateway node for monitoring the
environmental parameter of a forest. IoT edge gateway is based
on edge computing where it is capable of performing analytics at
the gateway node. This gateway node after providing the analytics
transmits the valid information to the cloud server via IP.
3.2. Fire tracking and monitoring
According to (Sannigrahi et al., 2020), the Himalayan hilly
region is severely vulnerable to wildfire accidents due to the high
dense forest. As per the report of the forest survey of India (FSI),
approximately 54.40%0.7.49% and 2.41% of forest coverage are
exposed in India to frequent fires, moderately common fires, and
elevated levels (Ratnam et al., 2019). The FSI reports that one-
fifth of the forest is prone to fire and north-eastern & central India
are the major fire-prone points. It is reported that around 90 per-
cent of forest fires in India are human-made, which emphasizes
the importance of appropriate mitigation measures and the estab-
lishment of sensitive forest fire zones to avoid ever-increasing con-
cerns of forest fires in the natural environment (Kale et al., 2017).
For the detection of wildfire accidents, Geoinformation system
(GIS) (Abedi Gheshlaghi et al., 2020) and remote sensing (Kumari
et al., 2020) have been implemented in mapping the fire-prone
areas in the spatial form. Implementation of GIS and remote sens-
ing technologies (Tufǎ et al., 2018) in forest monitoring only pro-
vides spatial data, so there is a requirement of cost-effective
technology for sensing the real-time parameters of the forest envi-
ronment (Rao et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2015). A low-power sensor
system is implemented for ecological monitoring using 433 MHz
low-power communication protocol and IEEE 802.15.4 (Kim
et al., 2015). The Wi-Fi-enabled sensor network is implemented
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 4. A general architecture for forest monitoring from previous studies (Wu et al., 2018).

Fig. 5. LoRa and edge gateway based real-time monitoring of forest environment.

6
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al.
for detecting and monitoring the fire detection system (Pareek
et al., 2020). Zigbee and IEEE 802.15.4 communication enabled
cloud/ fog computing-based solution is proposed for detecting
the wildfire and monitoring the environmental parameters in the
forest (Tsipis et al., 2020; Srividhya and Sankaranarayanan, 2020;
Kadir et al., 2019; Kaur, 2019). STM32 controller, Zigbee module,
and GPRS (Global Packet for Radio Service) are integrated into a
dedicated system for detecting the fire and communicating it to
the remote server (Wu et al., 2018; Cui, 2020; Yunjie, 2019). A
wireless acoustic detection system-based IoT is proposed for
detecting wildfire by varying the crown and surface fire (Zhang
et al., 2019). So far, the IoT is implemented in the forest for
detecting and monitoring the forest, however, illogical logging is
another parameter for the spike in the degradation of the forest.
An IoT-based surveillance system is proposed for controlling the
smuggling and detecting the fire incidents in the forest and com-
municate to the forest authorities via wireless communication pro-
tocol (Sarojadevi et al., 2019; Syed, 2018). The implementation of
the internet-based modules enhances the real-time monitoring of
the forest events from anywhere with internet connectivity.
The previous system that has been implemented till now, is
having some limitations in terms of connectivity, detecting the fire
at the edge devices, and power consumption problem for the sen-
sor node. To overcome, the architecture proposed in Fig. 5. is feasi-
ble to enhance the short-term estimation of forest fire risks and
detection of the beginning of fire incidents in the forest using LoRa
communication and edge computing-based gateway. An edge gate-
way is based on edge computing where the analytics are embed-
ded in it for calculating the probability of existing forest fire risks
and the probability of fire outbreak in the forest area.
The Sensor Node will be customized along for inculcating vari-
ous capabilities using the integration of various sensors including
Temperature/Humidity, Light Intensity, Rain, IR, and Wind Speed
sensor as shown in Fig. 6.
The node will be powered by a battery and will be integrated
with local storage for data backup. It will use long-range RF for
communication with other gateways. The input parameters from
Lux
YL-83
Temp/ Sensor
Rain
Hum (VEML77
Sensor
00)
Battery
Computing Unit
Local
Storage
BLE
Camera
Computing Unit
Battery
Co-Processor
Fig. 6. Sensor node and vision node.
7
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
the various integrated sensors will be fed to a computing unit
which will use its onboard algorithms to process the real-time
information into meaningful data. The Computer Vision Node
(CV) will be deployed in the vicinity of the sensor node to co-
align, verify or add to the data or information extracted from the
sensor nodes. It will be a vision-based node that will use its
onboard machine learning algorithms to process the picture frames
of its environment and process them to extract meaningful data
from the gathered information.
The proposed system is designed to well inhabit multiple appli-
cations like:

Forest Fire Detection and Prediction
The Sensor Node will be able to sense the emerge of fire in its
vicinity using the abrupt IR, Lux, Temperature, and Humidity val-
ues, it will then trigger the fire status prediction system deployed
at the central analysis node will get activated soon after the fire is
detected. The system will consider the factors like wind speed of
the vicinity, temperature 3change in various sensor nodes
deployed in different directions (e.g. Temperature rise in nodes
deployed in south-west referential direction is higher than those
deployed in north-east directions which means the direction of fire
is more directed towards south-west with reference from the ori-
gin node) and the data received from the CV node about the type
of plantation present in the vicinity (e.g. drier plantation in a
south-west referential direction which means fire may lead faster
in that direction). Considering all these factors, our Central analysis
node will infer various insights like fire intensity, fire direction of
the lead, fire spreading speed, etc. This information can be used
by forest rangers to plan the most effective ways including posi-
tions to take out or prevent the fire spread.

Flora analysis
The sensor node sensing parameters like temperature/humid-
ity, lux, Rain, wind speed will be co-related with the data inferred
Wind
IR
Speed
Node (SN)
Sensor
Long Range
RF
Local
Vision Node
Computer
Storage
(CN)
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al.
from the CV nodes input data which will provide a handful of infor-
mation corresponding to the growth of floras depending on the
environmental parameters (e.g. a place receiving a certain amount
of lux, sunlight or rainfall throughout the year can be related to the
type of floras best suitable for that condition. This information can
later be used by botanists to research and develop the strains of
genetic capabilities in those floras which are needed for a plant
to be grown suitably at any other place.

Raw Data acquisition
The forest side nodes i.e., sensor node and computer vision node
are designed to process their corresponding environmental param-
eters and share them with the central analysis node. So, any kind of
analysis can be done further on these data on the central analysis
node side directly which will not require any kind of changes at
the forest side. This architecture will further allow anyone to per-
form any kind of research and development with the available raw
data without the need to design and deploy a system for sensing
the environmental data. This will directly decrease the time and
efforts required to do any kind of R&D over these data and further
in the future, much research work can be encouraged due to the
ready availability of real raw data.
4. Internet of minor forest produce
4.1. A. MfP
Minor Forest Produce (MFP) is also known as non-timber forest
produce (NTFP) is a key source of livelihood for a large number of
STs living in and around forests. It provides essential food, nutri-
tion, medicinal supplies, and cash for many scheduled tribes
(STs). The forestry sector has substantial ability to increase the
livelihood of forest-dependent populations, including tribal com-
munities, through sustainable harvesting, manufacturing, value-
added, and marketing of MFPs. Fig. 7 illustrates the products of
the minor forest producers and Fig. 8 illustrates the gross value
of the minor forest producers in India for the period of 2012–2018.
The Minor Forest Produces, sheds, medicines, and cash incomes
are estimated to be 100 million forest dwellers (Inclusion of new
Minor Forest Produce (MFP), 2020). Minor forest produce covers
all forest products other than timber and then includes vegetable
and livestock products.
4.2. Grass
The grass is used in papermaking, cooling screens, cordage, and
matting. A major amount of the grass is used for fodder and thatch-
ing purpose. Eulaliopsis binata (Sabai grass) is the most important
Fig. 7. Products of MSP.
8
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 8. The gross value of MSP in India from 2012 2018 (India - economic
contribution of non-timber forest products | Statista, (n.d.). 2020).
grass which provides the basic raw material for the paper industry.
Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver or khus grass
are employed for making cooling panels while Saccharum munja
(Munj grass) is used for making stools and benches.
4.3. Bamboo
Bambusa tulda, a bamboo is indeed an evergreen perennial flow-
ering plant in the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass fam-
ily Poaceae., however, grows like a tree. It’s woody, perennial, and
tall. Somewhere around 100 species of bamboo are cultivated in
Indian forests occupying more than one lakh sq km of land. It offers
inexpensive material for roofing, basketry, walling, flooring, and
mattress to the tribal people. Cane grass is tall, perennial grasses
with flexible, woody stalks, and more specifically from the genus
Arundinaria, yet most grown in the wet forest of India, it is predom-
inantly used only for making ropes, belts, furniture, and sports
good.
4.4. Tans & Dyes
Lithocarpus densiflorus (commonly known as the tanoak or
tanbark-oak) is the product from the plant tissue that is mainly
is utilized in the leather manufacturing industry. Dyes extracted
from various plants like Indigofera tinctoria, Isatis tinctoria, Lawso-
nia inermis are utilized in the coloring of textiles, fruit, medicines,
and cosmetics. A significant proportion of plants and trees growing
in Indian forests produce a wide range of types of oils that have
been used in the production of soaps, cosmetics, and medicinal
preparations.
4.5. Gum & resins
Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) is oozed from the stems of the
trees naturally or partly as a result of the exposure to the bark or
timber or the blazing of the tree. Babul (Acacia nilotica), Khair (cat-
echu), Kullu (Sterculia urens), dhawra (Anogeissus latifolia), palas
(Butea monosperma), semal(Bauhinia retusa), lendia (Lannea coro-
mandelica), and neem (Azadirachta indica) are the gum trees exist
in the forest. It is predominantly utilized in textiles, inks, pastes,
cosmetics, cigars, and medications, etc. Resin is typically extracted
from Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii). Resin is an essential substance for
a variety of industries like paint, varnish, rubber, paper, linoleum,
oils, greases, sticky tape, phenyl, waterproofing, acrylic, etc.
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al.
4.6. Fibres
Lignocellulosic fiber is a scientific name of natural fibres are the
extracts of certain plants and fibres are used in making ropes due
to toughness in the fibres. Akund Floss (AK) fibres are utilized for
preparing fishing nets. For preparing the stuff pillow and mattress,
flosses are utilized.
4.7. Leaves
Various types of leaves are harvested from trees and are used
for different purposes, the most common being tendu leaves,
which are used as wrappers for bidis. Bauhinia vahlii leaves are pro-
cessed into plates and leaf cups and are often used as packaging by
sweets vendors. Drugs are developed from the branches, seeds,
leaves, and stems of distinct kinds of plants and trees. Spices like
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Piper nigrum L. (Black pep-
per), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) Curcuma longa phyllata
(clove), Eugenia caryo (Turmeric) Zingiber officinale (ginger) are
used in a wide variety of dishes for adding aroma to the food. Poi-
sons are also produced by the forest can be utilized for medicinal
purposes. Aconitum napellus (Aconite), Datura stramonium (datura),
Strychnos nux-vomica (strychnine), Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica
(ganja), etc are some poisons that can be consumed in a small dose
for curing the diseases. Flowers, fruits, and leaves of different trees
and plants are called edible products.
Generally, agriculture is the main income source for the tribal
communities to sustain, however, this income source is manage-
able for half a year. Government of India (GoI) implementing the
scheme of ‘mechanism for the marketing of MFP through mini-
mum support price (MSP) and development of value chain for
MFP’ for ensuring the tribal population to earn a marketable
price for the products they picked up from the forest and pro-
vide them with alternative employment opportunities (Ministry
of Tribal Affairs - Government of India, 2021). In order of
enhancing the livelihood of tribes certain measures are formu-
lated, and they are market intervention, R&D/IPR activity, and
supply chain infrastructure development. The scheme desire to
implement a system to guarantee reasonable monetary returns
for forest dwellers’ efforts in the collection, primary processing,
storage, packaging, transport, etc. while making sure the sustain-
ability of the resource base. Marketing of the minor forest pro-
ducers is necessary for establishing sustainable income
generation for the tribal community. However, challenges arise
in the field of processing, labeling, and marketing. Unorganized
marketing structure and lack of valid information of price &
yielding to the forest dwellers are the key challenges in the mar-
keting of MFP (Make in India, 2020). The usage numbers are very
poor five years since the scheme was launched. For five years
until 2018–19, the Center allocated Rs 1,172 crore. Statistical
data from the Tribal Ministry (Ministry of Tribal Affairs -
Government of India, (n.d.)., 2021) indicate that just 11 percent
of the overall expenditure was invested – roughly Rs 128 crore.
The minor forest produces at the value of Rs 78 crore is unsold
in the godowns of government agencies. All these factors trigger
the implementation of real-time monitoring technology for
transforming the paper-based minor forest produce onto the dig-
ital platform. At present IoT is the only technology that is cap-
able of real-time monitoring and digitalizing the data.
Digitalization with IoT enables to explore the minor forest pro-
duce globally to increase marketing and selling. IoT assists and
supports the objective of GoI i.e. enhancing the supply chain
infrastructure that rises the marketing of the minor forest pro-
duce and also sustains the livelihood of forest dwellers. Before
discussing the IoT integration in the MFP cycle, we will discuss
the MFP cycle without IoT.
9
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
4.8. Integration of IoT in MFP cycle
The MFP cycle provides the flow of the raw material collected
from the forest to the end product. Collection, processing, value
addition, packaging, marketing, retailers, and consumers are the
different units present in the MFP cycle. Generally, the raw mate-
rial is collected by the tribal people who are sustaining nearby
the forest. Tribal people approach the nearby processing unit for
delivering the raw material and earn the income for the sustain-
ability of their family. In the processing cycle, the received raw
material is processed to generate a usable product from it. Value
addition is a feature that is added to the product for providing a
quality and new product to the consumers. The packaging is the
stage where the product is wrapped in the cover for sustaining
the product for a long period. In the packaging stage, the labeling
is done on the package that provides the details of ingredients uti-
lized in the product. Marketing is the procedure of promoting and
selling products with different tactics. Retailers are the medium for
selling the goods to the consumers in relatively small quantities for
consumption rather than for resale. Here the whole cycle is work-
ing on the paper document, where the information from the collec-
tion to the consumers can be manipulated and the procedure is
shown in Fig. 9. As the unavailability of a tracking system in the
MFP cycle, it is easy for mediators to manipulate the data regarding
the product. At present, the consumers are eager to know the his-
tory of the product from the raw material to the end product.
To enhance the mechanism of the existing MFP cycle, IoT-based
devices need to be adapted. The implementation of IoT-based sen-
sor technologies obtains the relevant data in the MFP cycle, com-
prising all the activities within forests from the raw material to
the marketable forest-based products (Scholz et al., 2018). These
technologies overcome the problem of interdependencies between
different entities by enhancing the efficiency of the MFP cycle and
the MFP cycle without IoT.
The implementation and embedding IoT based devices at the
processing unit enables the higher authority to monitor the activ-
ities in real-time from any remote location via IP. Here every pro-
duct is assigned with a unique identity that allows tracing the
complete product information like origin and types of raw materi-
als utilized, validity, and certificates. Barcodes and RFID are suit-
able identification technologies because of their large adoption
rate and lightweight design for real-time tracing (Wu et al.,
2019). An IoT model for MFP, in which the processing unit and
packaging unit are embedded with different wireless technologies
and sensors for transforming into digital monitoring is shown in
Fig. 10.
Here the sensor node is integrating into the processing/packag-
ing premises, the sensor node is interfaced with the environmental
sensors, camera, RFID reader, barcode reader, LoRa modem, and
GPS. The environmental sensors monitor the parameters like tem-
perature, smoke, and humidity in the indoor environment of the
packaging/processing unit.
Environmental sensors sense these parameters and communi-
cated to nearby IoT-based gateway. In the packaging unit, the pro-
duct is labeled with an RFID tag and barcode. In case any of the
parameters exceed beyond threshold limit, the gateway immedi-
ately sends an alert to the cloud server. RFID reader and barcode
reader is interfaced with the sensor module, transmits the com-
plete information that is stored in RFID and barcode to the cloud
server via LoRa communication and internet connectivity. Every
activity about the product is stored digitally in the cloud server.
Availability of the data in the cloud server enables the authorities,
manufacture, retailers, and consumers to track and trace the pro-
duct continuously in real-time. The authorities can check the qual-
ity of the product and also suggest the workers in the
processing/packaging unit maintain the environmental parameters
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Collected minor forest

produces process into Tribal people collects
usable and the minor forest
consumable raw produces
material

Collection Processing Unit

The development of a
Value addition product in a manner that
promotes its value

Marketers may use

packaging and labeling as
Packaging an encouragement for willing
customers to purchase the
product.

Marketing is the medium

Minor Forest Produces Marketing through which potential
retailer or consumers are
interested.

Consumer Retailers

Fig. 9. MFP cycle without IoT.

Environmental Global Positioning Environmental Global Positioning

camera LoRa radio camera LoRa radio

communication

RFID Solar based RFID Solar based

Bar code Bar code
power power
LoRa

IoT based Gateway

Tracking & Tracing Evaulation & warning Data analytics

Cloud server and storage

Access
Access

Manufacturer Retailer Consumer Authority

User

Fig. 10. MSP cycle with IoT.

about the product from any remote location through internet con-
nectivity. About marketing, as the product data is available in the
digital form and growth of digital platform enables the manufac-
turer to advertise and market it globally. Cloud server enables
the creation of a transparency platform for updating the flow of
the product at the distinct hubs. The transparency and digital mon-
itoring of the raw product enable the industries and clients to buy
the raw product with assurance quality in a short interval of time.
10
5. Internet of wild Things (IoWT)
Wildlife implies to the ferocious animals, plants, and other liv-
ing organisms that live in the natural and undomesticated state.
Wildlife and wildlife habitat play a significant role in the ecological
and biological cycles that are vital to life itself. The biosphere’s
functioning, thus its protection and improvement of human life
depend on innumerable encounters between plants, animals, and
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al.
microorganisms. A few of the biological processes in which wild
animals contribute are pollination, germination, seed dispersal, soil
generation, nitrogen cycling, predation, ecosystem conservation,
waste disposal, and pest control. However, due to habitat destruc-
tion, deforestation, poaching, and hunting are the reasons for the
endangerment of wildlife. Unbalanced in the food chain and
ecosystem, and biodiversity loss are serious effects of endanger-
ment of wildlife.
5.1. A. Integration of internet-based modules for wildlife
IoT has always had the potential to address this problem. The
option to configure wireless sensor networks, often in remote
and rugged locations, opens unique tools to track endangered spe-
cies and their habitat to ensure their safety(Nicheporchuk et al.,
2020). Rhino is also endangered species, 70% of the endured wild
rhino population are in South Africa and to protect this endangered
species, they have fitted IoT-based collars that eventually track the
heart rate and location(How the Internet of Things is Saving
Endangered Species: Business Insights | NEC, (n.d.), 2020). Integra-
tion of the IoT-based collars enables to monitor of the health con-
dition of the animal in real-time monitoring and it will assist the
wildlife authority to react in a short interval of time. IoT in Animal
Healthcare (IoTAH) is real monitoring of animal health with the
assistance of biosensors and communication protocol (Karthick
et al., 2020). This form of technology provides a real health status
and a forecast of disease. LoRa and BLE enabled collar device is pro-
posed for location tracking and mapping of the wild animals (Ayele
et al., 2018). Where’s The Bear is an IoT-based vision-based system
that is implemented in UCSB Sedgwick Reserve, for detecting wild
animals with the assistance of image processing techniques (Elias
et al., 2017).
5.2. B. IoT based Real-time devices for monitoring wildlife
Instant Detect is a monitoring system implemented by the Zoo-
logical Society of London (ZSL) for tracking the animal actions and
habitat transitions remotely and provides early notice of unautho-
rized poaching practices (Instant Detect | Zoological Society of
London (ZSL), 2020).
Instant Detect 2.0 system (Fig. 11) is an integration of sensor
nodes, camera for sensing and capturing the visuals in real-time
and communicating to the base station via low power wide area
network (Detect, 2020).
TrailGuard AI (Fig. 12) is an antipoaching edge device that is
integrated with a camera for detecting the poaching activities
and alerting the message via L-band network and (Broadband Glo-
bal Area Network) satellite modems (Trail guard - RESOLVE, 2020).
Sxtreo T51 PDA is a handheld device based on u-Blox M8 GNSS
chip and u-blox M8 GNSS chip is advanced navigation and posi-
tioning chips are at the core of a new high-tech project that pre-
serves trees, biodiversity, and endangered species and
encourages sustainable resource growth (News and Protecting,
2020). This handheld device is implemented by the Odisha govern-
ment, India for the protection of forests.
6. Comparison and sensitivity analysis of the proposed model
6.1. Comparison of the proposed model
Intending to sense the environmental parameters for detecting
and alerting fire accidents in the forest, many studies have pro-
posed distinct solutions for achieving it. In the forest, the transmis-
sion of the sensory data for alerting the authorities regarding forest
accidents and analyzing is challenging yet. Table 1 briefly provides
11
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
detailed information of previous studies that have applied distinct
acquisition, communication, and computing technologies for
detecting and alerting the forest fire through IoT. Remote sensing
is a geospatial technology that is employed for acquiring informa-
tion through satellite communication. The acquired image in
remote sensing is of high-quality resolution and the storage of
these images occupy a large amount of storage is the limitation
of remote sensing. Concerning communication, in the forest, the
signal interference is high due to the presence of a large number
of trees.
In the previous studies, GSM is implemented for enabling the
transmission of the sensory data however GSM consumes high
power consumption during the transmission. As the sensor node
are energy-constrained devices, it is required to implement a low
power consumption communication protocol for the transmission
of data. Zigbee is a low-power communication protocol for trans-
mitting sensory data to a short-range. Short-range transmission
is another limitation because the sensory data need to be commu-
nicated to long-range as an integration of multiple repeaters of Zig-
bee causes difficulty. After all, the point of failure of connectivity is
hard to recognize. As a large amount of forest data is logging in to
the server, it is an opportunity to perform analytics on the data to
get useful insights. Here the computing plays a vital role to per-
form analytics in a short interval of time so that it provides fire
alerts and other updates instantly. Few studies have integrated
cloud computing for storing and performing analytics, however,
there is a limitation in cloud computing that the decision transmis-
sion to the authority takes some delay. Inorder of overcoming all
these limitations we have integrated low power and long-range
transmission communication protocol i.e LoRa and also we are
employing the vision node to captures image and computing the
data at the vision node for detecting the fire and suggesting the
occurrence and spread of the fire through LoRa and internet con-
nectivity to the cloud server.
6.2. Sensitivity analysis of the proposed model
Sensitivity Analysis (SA) explores forms in which input varia-
tions can be due to output variations in the performance of the
numerical model (Kumar et al., 2015). SA is increasingly used in
environmental modeling for uncertainty evaluation, the dominant
study of controls, and a strong decision-making model, calibration,
and diagnostic assessment for several purposes (Sensitivity
Analysis, 2021). SA is beneficial because it increases or decreases
model estimation by evaluating the model’s response to changes
in input variables qualitatively and/or quantitatively or by under-
standing the phenomena examined by observing the relationships
between variables (Pichery, 2014). During performing the SA, the
following settings such as ranking, screening, and mapping. The pur-
pose of the Ranking (or Factor Prioritization) is to order the input
factors x1, x2,. . . xM based on their relative contribution to the
variability of output. Screening tends to classify input factors, to
check if there is any factor that is an insignificant influence on
the output variability. The function of mapping is to define the part
of the input variability that generates significance. In (DeJonge
et al., 2015) a local sensitivity analysis (LSA) and morris global sen-
sitivity analysis (GSA) is performed for evaluating the total error
range of the sensors for calculating the evapotranspiration (ET) in
the agriculture regions. In (Jhaveri et al., 2018), the sensitivity anal-
ysis is performed for a trusted routing scheme with pattern discov-
ery (TRS-PD) by changing the values of distinct parameters in the
existence of three different packet dropping attacks. A variance-
based sensitivity analysis in which all survey parameters will be
routinely modulated to determine variables that affect precise
and reliable measurements (Roberts et al., 2020). The sensitivity
of ambient PM2.5 to distinct fire and meteorological parameters
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 11. Instant Detect 2.0 system (Detect, 2020).

Fig. 12. TrailGuard AI (Trail guard - RESOLVE, 2020).

is evaluated and the result shows that PM2.5 shows a positive sen- national, and global levels via an advanced digital network. How-
sitivity to humidity, temperature, and wind direction ever, the implementation of digitalization in forest sectors is chal-
(Balachandran et al., 2017). In the LSA evaluation of the outputs lenging due to the following factors.
of each sensor in the quoted precision range of each input. All reg-
ular values in the interest input parameter were modified and eval-
7.1. Connectivity
uated with this the following equation

ERRi = jETos (imax ) - ETos (imin )j ð1Þ Connectivity is an important factor for implementing the digital
network. Connectivity enables the establishment of communica-
ERRi means error range obtained by evaluating ETos at a mini- tion between the sensor node and the server. In the case of a forest
mum and maximum value of input parameter i, leaving all other scene, a connectivity challenge arises due to terrain and uneven
inputs unchanged. land. In the previous studies IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee and IEEE
802.11 g Wi-Fi module for transmitting the sensory data of the for-
7. Discussion and recommendations est. From the Table1, it is clear that the Zigbee and Wi-Fi module
transmission range is limited to 50–100 m. Implementation of
Digitalization in the forest sector is an innovative way in which the Wi-Fi module requires continuous internet connectivity and
all the information related to the forest is integrated at the local, it is challenging in the forest.
12
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Comparison of previous studies with our studies.

Author Objective Acquisition technology Communication Computing Limitations

(Sannigrahi et al., 2020) Examining Remote sensing Satellite Google Costly infrastructure
effects of Earth
forest fire Engine
(Tsipis et al., 2020) Wildfire Temperature & humidity Digi XBee ZigBee Fog/ cloud Limited range connectivity
forecasting sensor module protocol
(Kaur, 2019) Early Wind speed, humidity, and Zigbee Cloud/fog Short-range transmission
prediction of temperature sensor unit.
wildfire
(Sarojadevi et al., 2019) Real-time fire Light & smoke sensor Wi-Fi NA Connectivity range is the
& tree cuts challenging
(Niranjana, 2018) Detect fire Fire sensor, rain sensor, GSM NA High power consumption by
incident temperature sensor & GSM
smoke sensor
(Kadir et al., 2018) Detecting Smoke & temperature LoRa NA
land and sensor
forest fire
(C. Engineering IOT Based Forest Fire Detection And Detecting Smoke sensor, Camera GSM NA Processing and alerting are
Early Warning System Using Raspberry Pi And true fire delay due to low power
GSM 13, 2020) incident processing
(Gaitan and Hojbota, 2020) Fire detection Temperature & flame LoRa NA Early detection of fire is
sensor challenging due to lack of
computing unit
(Marcu et al., 2019) Fire detection CO & temperature sensor MQTT NA MQTT protocol data
transmission
(Dubey et al., 2019) Detection of Flame, temperature & gas GSM Centralized High power consumed
fire sensor server connectivity
(Ahlawat and Chauhan, 2020) Fire detection NA ESP 8266 Wi-Fi Webserver The system is limited to the
internet connectivity area.
(Sungheetha and D.R. Sharma R, , 2020) Fire detection Temperature, humidity, NA Cloud Unmanned aerial vehicles
flame & smoke infrastructure is expensive

7.2. Real-time sensing 7.5. Energy harvesting of sensor nodes

Real-time sensing assists the forest authorities to detect the
activities like poaching animals, illegal logging of trees, fire acci-
dent, and changes in the forest cover. An only a limited number
of entities are implementing real-time sensing technologies for
protecting the wildlife from poachers and endangerment. In the
case of forest monitoring the real-time, sensing technology needs
to be implemented widely for gathering the environmental infor-
mation of forest so that it will be useful for predicting the variation
in the vegetation and forest cover.
Sensor nodes are generally powered by a battery source for
sensing and transmitting the data. However, it is a hectic task
and drawback, as the forest authorities must visit the nodes for
evaluating the battery life of the node. Solar energy harvesting is
one possible solution for overcoming the challenge of energy defi-
ciency to the sensor nodes. Solar energy harvesting acts as a
backup energy source for the sensor node for avoiding data loss
and connection interruption.

7.6. Enhancing the livelihood of tribal

7.3. Lack of cost-effective infrastructure
Forest range and authorities require a cost-effective infrastruc-
ture such as a hand-held facility, cloud-based GUI for real-time
tracking of forest operations at their endpoint, without regular vis-
its to the forest. A hand-held device is a portable device that can be
carried easily and also it assists the forest authorities to check the
regular.
7.4. Innovation in developing IoT devices
Many tribal groups in India experience extreme prejudice and
inequality while living in places rich in natural resources. The
transformation of Indian culture and industries has ended in the
extraction of these resources, such as trees, forcing local popula-
tions to the margins. The lives of tribal people can be enhancement
by conducting a skill development program for managing the for-
est and training them in the installation of IoT-based devices in
the forest. In one instance it enhances the skills of the tribal people
towards modern technology and additionally IoT based forest
monitoring system is effectively implemented.

Advanced sensor and wireless communication protocol have

provided an opportunity for innovating new devices for monitoring
the wildlife and forest. However, the innovation in IoT devices is
limited to the private entities that monitor the wildlife on their
premises. Few private entities have developed different IoT-based
devices for real-time monitoring of animal health conditions and
track the real-time location of the animal. Edge-based IoT devices
were also developed for detecting poachers. Hence there is a
requirement for more innovation for developing a cost-effective
and reliable device for forest and wildlife.
13
7.7. Innovative marketing of MFP
The primary marketing methods used by stakeholders were
product presentations, print advertisements, trade shows, and
the Internet. However, these methods will effective only if the
stakeholders perform formal market research for understanding
the necessity and choice of the consumer. Digital surveys and feed-
back also add to the stakeholders for monitoring the requirement
of consumers.
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, S. Vaseem Akram et al.
7.8. Computer vision node
The computer vision node will be working primarily as a cross-
check system whose decisions will be based on vision and ‘‘what it
looks like”, unlike the sensors, which depend on the physical envi-
ronmental parameters and provides information in the form of
electrical packets. For example, in the application of forest fire pre-
diction, the vision node will be incorporating its onboard machine
learning algorithm like support vector machine for precise estima-
tion of water content in the plantations present in the vicinity
(Zahid et al., 2019). Which then can be co-related with the data
received from the sensor nodes like wind speed, temperature
changes, etc. to predict the possibility of fire spread direction. Sim-
ilarly, for the application of flora analysis, the vision node would be
using a similar method like photometric stereo to track and predict
the growth of plants in the corresponding environment (Bernotas
et al., 2019).
7.9. Inclusion of Machine learning and deep learning
Acquisition technology provides a large amount of forest data
on the cloud server. However, the insights can be extracted from
the data by applying deep learning (DL) and machine learning
(ML) algorithms (Vallathan et al., 2020). DL and ML can predict
the occurrence of abnormalities occurring in the forest environ-
ment by analyzing the images that are recorded in the server
(Hamdi et al., 2019). The variation in vegetation, fire prediction,
fire detection, and disease detection are the few possible applica-
tion of integrating ML and DL for forestry (Tehrany et al., 2019).
8. Conclusion
Forest is a vital natural resource that balances the environmen-
tal parameters. Degradation of the forest leads to a spike in the
emission of greenhouse gases in the air. This seriously affects the
living organisms on the earth. Fire accidents and the logging of
trees are the serious cause of degradation of the forest. Wildlife
is another factor that is correlated with the forest. Degradation of
forests and poaching from the hunters led to the endangerment
of the wildlife. The endangerment of wildlife also imbalance the
ecological system. Tribal people who living in the forest are also
facing trouble in terms of livelihood due to the degradation of
the forest. So, in order of enhancing the vegetation, protecting
endangered wildlife, and enhancing the livelihood of tribal people
there is a requirement of real-time technology that senses the real-
time events of the forest environment. IoT is a possible solution for
implementing real-time monitoring by the integration of IoT mod-
ules in the forest. In this, we have addressed the existing IoT archi-
tecture for environmental and fire detection monitoring. An
architecture is proposed for sensing, monitoring for applications
such as forest fire incidents, illegal logging of trees, poaching, etc.
have been discussed briefly. In addition to this, we have explored
the importance of MFP for the livelihood of tribal residing nearby
forests. An IoT-based approach for the MFP cycle is addressed for
transforming the traditional MFP cycle on the digital platform.
IoT approach for the MFP cycle provides an opportunity to the
authorities to evaluate the complete cycle on the digital platform
and it enables them to formulate policy to increase the sales of
the MFP products. The importance of integrating IoT for wildlife
is also discussed. Finally, effective connectivity, sustained deploy-
ment of real-time sensing systems, computer vision node, the
inclusion of DL and ML, and energy harvesting are some of the vital
recommendations included and addressed in this study for aiding
the proper implementation of digital networks in the forest
ecosystem.
14
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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