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Material: B U I L D I N G B O A R D S
Description: − a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl,
suitable for use as a finished surface on walls, ceilings, etc.
− this group of boards are all flat, relatively thin in section and have been
made to standard sizes, usually 4ft by 8ft
− made with the mixture of the non-organic minerals, fiber mesh
composites, and bonders
− used for the constructional purpose are complete free of toxins and also
comprises of silica, formaldehyde, heavy metals, organic solvents and
asbestos

• Kinds of Building Boards:

− made by bonding together thin layers of
wood in a way that the grain of each layer is
at right angles to the grain of each adjacent
layer
− each layer of plywood is called a veneer
commonly made by rotary cutting, a method
of cutting wood veneer in which a log is
fixed in a lathe and rotated against a knife
so that the veneer is peeled from the log in
1. PLYWOOD
a continuous sheet; waterproof glue is
applied by machine to the face plies, core,
and cross bonds
− they are assembled into plywood form and
placed in hot presses which compress the
veneers into solid sheets of approximately
the proper thickness; at the same time the
heat cures the glue, a process which takes
from 2-20 minutes
− made from processed wood chips of
controlled size subjected to high-pressure
steam in pressure vessels
− when the pressure is released the chips
"explode" and the cellulose and lignin are
separated from the unwanted elements and
2. HARDBOARD then mixed into a homogenous mass and
formed into a continuous board which is cut
up into convenient lengths
− these are pressed into uniform, hard, grain
less sheets in heated presses
− they are smooth on one side and with an
overlap-like impression on the other side
Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 1
 − made from three types of fiber and binder,
formed into a board:
(a) Wood Fibers
− produced by pressing logs against a
grindstone which breaks down the
wood into fibers or by making 5/8" chips
from logs and charging them into
pressure vessels where they are
3. INSULATING softened with live steam; they are then
FIBERBOARD sheared to break chips down into fibers
(b) Cane Fiberboards
− made by shredding cane and
processing the fibers in much the same
way as wood fibers
(c) Mineral Fiberboard
− made from asbestos fibers mixed with
a cementing agent used primarily for
fireproofing and acoustical purposes
− a large class of building board made from
wood and particles and a binder often faced
with veneer
− made by binding phenolic resin or urea
formaldehyde glue in the form of a 4ft wide
board, from 8ft to 16ft long with and with
thicknesses of 1/4", 5/ 16", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8",
and 3/4"
− used both for interior and exterior which
include sheathing for walls, roof,
subflooring, fence paneling, and
4. CHIPBOARD commercial exteriors and interiors
− the board lends itself to a range of stain and
paint finishes, an advantage for interior use;
its weather resistance makes it valuable as
an outdoor material
− panels are made in two types
(a) Plain Panels
− may be unsanded, sanded on one side,
or sanded two sides
(b) Patterned Panels
− have one grooved surface, either
evenly spaced or random

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 2

 − a hardboard made from relatively small
particles that are graduated from coarse at
the center of the board to fine at the surface
to help produce a product with a smooth,
dense surface
− both surfaces are sanded, and one surface
and the edges may be filled to provide a still
smoother dense surface for particular uses
− common uses are floor underlay, using
polyvinyl acetate adhesive, divergent point
5. PARTICLE BOARD staples or annular-grooved underlay
flooring nails for fastening
− also used for shelving with fined edges, as
core stock in millwork and furniture
manufacturing, and as a base to which may
be applied wood veneers, plastic laminates,
printed wood grain patterns, and
chalkboard coating
− sizes are 4ft by 8ft, 2ft by 4ft, and 4ft by 4ft;
thickness includes 1/4", 5/16", 3/8", 1/2",
5/8", 1 1/16", 3/4" and 1"

− a wall board having a gypsum core

(a) a board with a special paper face
− a variety of wood-grain patterns may be
printed
− such a board may be nailed with special-
colored nails, or glue laminated to an
6. GYPSUM BOARD interior surface to produce a wood-grain
effect
(b) a gypsum board faced with a vinyl
sheet
− made to imitate a textile surface
− this is either glued in place or held by
aluminum or plastic moldings

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 3

 − a hardboard made of compressed wheat
straw, processed at 350°F to 400°F and
covered with a tough kraft paper
− two grades:
(a) Structural Board
− manufactured in 2" thick, 4ft wide and
6ft, 7ft, 8ft, 9ft, and 10ft long
− used for nonbearing partitions as a
plaster base for insulating purposes
7. STRAWBOARD
− exterior sheathing, roof decking, and as
an inner form face for concrete
basement
− wall forms
(b) Insulation Grade
− also 2" thick and 4ft wide but comes in 5
ft lengths only
− intended primarily for roof deck
insulation
− a dense, rigid board containing a high
proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with
Portland cement
− resistant to fire, flame, and weathering, and
has low resistance to heat flow
− used as a building material in sheet form
and corrugated sheeting
8. ASBESTOS -
− flat boards are made 1/8", 1/4', 3/8", and
CEMENT BOARD
1/2". thick, 4ft wide, and from 6ft to 12 feet
long
− various types of corrugated sheets are
made from the same material
− all types of asbestos-cement boards must
be drilled for the insertion of screws, bolts,
or other fasteners
− cork granules are mixed with synthetic resin
from the outer bark of the cork oak tree,
compressed and formed into sheet from 1"
to 6" thick and baked under pressure into
9. CORKBOARD rigid boards
− standard board length is 36" and widths are
12", 18", 24", and 36"
− used almost exclusively for thermal
insulating material and vibration control

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 4

 − made into two different types
(a) a paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16"
or 1/4" thick, 4ft wide, and 6ft, 7ft or 8 ft
long; usually one surface is primed for
10. PAPERBOARD easier finishing
(b) a layer of stiff paper folded into
corrugated from and faced on both sides
with a thick paper backing, cemented to the
core
− thick mats of mineral fibers, usually glass
or rock wool are covered with a backing of
stiff paper on one or both sides to form rigid
boards
11. MINERAL
− ranging in thickness from 1/2" to 2" with
FIBERBOARD
size of 24" by 48"
− these units are used for roof deck
insulation and are cemented to the deck
with asphalt adhesive

− polystyrene and polyurethane plastics are

formed by a patented process to about 40
times their original volume
− this foamed material is molded into boards
from 1/2" to 3" thick, 12" or 24" wide, and
from 4ft to 12ft long
12. PLASTIC
− used for perimeter insulation for concrete
FOAMBOARDS
floor slabs, wall and roof-deck insulation,
and roof decks when properly supported
− these plastic boards have high insulation
value and relatively high compressive
strength and are flexible enough to fit over
curved surface

• Grades of Boards:

− flexible to be quite easily bent and is light

brown in color
− produced in thicknesses of 1/8", 3/16",
1/4", and 5/ 16" and are 4ft wide, available
1. STANDARD
in lengths of 4ft, 6ft, 8ft, 10ft and 12ft and
16ft
− this grade of hardboard is not suitable for
exterior work

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 5

 − made by impregnated standard board with
a tempering compound of oils and resin
and baking it to polymerize the tempering
material
− dark brown in color and is available in
2. TEMPERED
thicknesses of 1/8", 3/16", 1/ 4", 5/16" and
HARDBOARD
3/8"
− this board is brittle and stiff, has improved
machining qualities and much greater
resistance to water penetration, making it
suitable for exterior use

3. LOW-DENSITY − not as strong and durable as standard

HARDBOARD hardboard

• Types of Plywood:
− varnished with water-resistant exterior glue
that helps it repel water and can stand up to
moderate moisture
− made of western larch or douglas fir wood
1. MARINE
and is one of the highest quality types of
PLYWOOD
plywood available
− ideal for outdoor furniture
− e and decorative elements, like planters or
benches
− also known as decorative plywood made of
precious tree species, cut veneer and
imported matt paper of various colors
− usually decorated with beautiful hardwood
veneers such as red oak, ash, white oak,
birch, maple, teak, saponin, cherry, beech,
2. FANCY PLYWOOD walnut and more
− uses a fine wood surface that combines the
technical features of plywood to combine
the beauty of fine wood at a more affordable
price
− it has the characteristics of realistic texture,
uniform density, small thickness error,

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 6

 smooth surface, pollution resistance and
aging resistance
− it is suitable for indoor wall, cylinder, wall
skirt, decorative surface decoration and
furniture making

− a three-layer or multi-layered plate-like

material which is formed by cutting a
3. ORDINARY
wooden section into a veneer or by cutting
PLYWOOD
into a thin wood by wood, and then bonding
with an adhesive

− a structural plywood that is combined with a

special plywood lamination process that
gives it enhanced qualities
4. FORM PLYWOOD
− use a high-density overlay of phenolic resin
impregnated paper, which is then bonded to
the Plywood core

− plywood that is supplied fully coated and

ready to install to save time on installation
and maintenance while delivering long-
lasting aesthetic appeal to the installation
(a) Paper0
5. PRE-FINISHED
− overlaid
PLYWOOD
(b) Print
PANELING (Brand
− comes in 14 color tones, no need to
Danarra)
varnish or paint
− nailed through V-grooves or glued
− comes in three pre-cut sizes and two
series - the morocco aeries and
papyrus series

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 7

 Material: W O O D P U L P
Description: − a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or
mechanically separating cellulose fibers from wood, mixed with water
and other chemical or plant-based additives
− the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial
production of other paper products
− coniferous trees are preferred source for pulp-making because the
cellulose fibers in the pulp of these species are longer, and therefore
make stronger paper
− wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main
components: cellulose fibers (desired for papermaking), lignin (a three-
dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibers together) and
hemicelluloses (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers)

• Types of Wood Pulp:

− also called groundwood, produced by

grinding blocks of wood against a revolving
abrasive stone or by grinding steamed
wood chips in a grinding mill
− a very high percentage (85-95%) of the
1. MECHANICAL
original wood components are retained in
PULP
the final product
− this offers obvious economic advantage;
however, the process is such that damage
to the wood fibers is inevitable, resulting in
a lower strength pulp

− produced by digesting wood chips in

various chemicals to free the cellulose
fibers from the liquid binding
− remove as much as possible of the lignin
and extractives that results in a much lower
2. CHEMICAL PULP yield (40%-55%) and, therefore, a much
higher cost than that associated with
mechanical methods
− the pulps produced are substantially
stronger, easier to bleach (whiten) and less
likely to lose their brightness over time

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 8

 − wood chips are first subjected to a mild
chemical treatment and then mechanically
disintegrated in rotating disk refiners
3. SEMI-CHEMICAL − usually stiffer and have a higher yield than
PULP kraft pulping
− the main end-uses for semi-chemical
market pulp are containerboard and
corrugated medium

Material: B U I L D I N G P A P E R S
Description: − paper used for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt
shingles, laminated and corrugated building products, and concrete
form materials,
− it is also used as a moisture and vapor barrier, a cushioning material,
wall-paper, an envelope or
− sheathe for other materials, and a fireproofing material.
− most paper is made from cellulose fibers which comes from wood pulp,
but wastepaper. jute waste, Manila hemp, rags, straw and bagasse
(cane and corn stalks) are also utilized

• Types of Building Papers:

− paper used to provide an airtight barrier
over walls, floors etc.
− two types:
(a) Plain Paper
− either a low-cost paper made from a
mixture of semi-chemical pulp and
waste paper or a tough paper made from
kraft pulp
1. SHEATHING
(b) Asphalt Impregnated / Coated Felt /
PAPER
Kraft Paper
− various amounts of asphalt are used per
hundred square feet of paper so that
papers of various weights are made (4-
10 lb/sq)
− these are what is known as breather
papers, impervious to water but not to
water vapor

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 9

 (a) Roofing Felts
− used in making a built-up roof and are
usually produced in 36in wide rolls, in
various weights from 3-20 lb/sq
2. ROOFING PAPER
(b) Relled Roofing
− a heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as
a final roof covering, made 18 and 36 in.
wide, in various weights from 45-20 lb/sq

− the primary objective in the production of

this type of paper is to secure bulk and
entrapped air with as much strength as
possible.
− made both from:
(a) Weed Fiber
− made from groundwood or bagasse with
some wastepaper pulp added
− usually gray, produced in 36" wide rolls,
weighing about 9 lb/sq
− used for insulating walls, ceilings and
3. INSULATING
floors
PAPER
(b) Asbestos Fibers
− a soft, pliable paper used for insulating
p1pes carrying steam, boilers, and
other vessels with high temperatures
− it is produced in various weights from 5-
10 lb/sq; a heavier asbestos-felt paper
is produced for use as a built-up roofing
material
− it is saturated with asphalt and
produced in rolls 36" wide weighing
approximately 15 lb/sq

− similar to wood-fiber insulating paper but

4. CUSHIONING less attention is paid to strength
PAPER − its chief use is for cushioning under
linoleum, carpets, or slate roofing

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 10

 − these papers are intended to prevent the
passage of moisture vapor through
− walls, ceilings and floors
− it is made in three different types:
(a) Waxed Paper
− made from strong light kraft in three
grades commonly known as x, xx, xxx
(b) two thicknesses of paper laminated
5. VAPOR-BARRIER
together with a film of asphalt
PAPER
− two kinds of paper are used - a kraft
paper and a mixture of ground wood
pulps, treated by the sulfite and the kraft
methods
(c) a sheet of kraft paper laminated to
copper foil by an asphalt film
− this is a heavy-duty material used for
vapor barrier and for flashing

− this is a special, high strength kraft paper

made for use in the production of plastic
laminates
6. LAMINATING
− the thin, strong paper is impregnated with
PAPER
liquid plastic resin and several sheet are
laminated together under heat and pressure
to form the base for the plastic sheet

(a) Spiral Tube Form

made from strong kraft paper
− these are used as column forms and as
ducts and core forms in concrete floors
(b) Boxlike Form
7. CONCRETE FORM − this is unbleached kraft paper made
PAPER from corrugated container paper
− sized with resin and coated with wax
sizing and starch to make it abrasion
resistant
− these forms are used in forming ribbed
concrete slabs

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 11

 − paper from which decorative wallpaper is
made
− this is produced in two grades:
(a) No. 1 Hanging
− made from bleached sulfite or bleached
soda pulp, mixed with not more than
20% high-quality groundwood
− talc is used as a filler, rosin and
− sodium silicate as sizing
8. WALLPAPER − the paper is coated with a clay film
bound to the paper with case in, and the
design is printed over the clay coating
(b) No.2 Hanging
− from 72% - 90% ground wood and the
rest unbleached sulfite
− little filler is used, but the paper must be
sufficiently sized to stand the application
of water paste without wetting or
breaking through
− paper is used as an outer covering or
envelope for a number of building materials
− one of these is gypsum board, composed
of a layer of calcined gypsum covered in
9. ENVELOPE PAPER
both sides by a sheet of kraft paper
− a number of insulating materials are
enveloped in a kraft paper cover,
sometimes plain or asphalted
− made from asbestos fibers since this is an
incombustible material
− the material maybe in the form of matted
10. FIRE PROOFING
paper, similar to asbestos insulating or
PAPER
roofing paper, or it may be in the form of a
bloth woven from thread spun from
asbestos fibers

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 12

 • Use
• Method of Installation: • Equipment/Tools Used
(Interior/Exterior)

tape measure
Plywood Sheathing saw
Step 1: Getting the panels ready putty knife
Both
Step 2: Prepping the walls level
Step 3: Attaching the paneling caulking gun
hammer

Wall Paper
hammer stapler
Step 1: Install bottom piece
utility knife
Step 2: Drive staples and trim
hammer
Step 3: Unroll paper
chalkline
Step 4: Seal seams Both
ladders and/or scaffolding
Step 5: Run and secure paper
building paper or felt
Step 6: Make cuts
cap nails and/or staples
Step 7: Wrap side pieces
sealing tape
Step 8: Cut and attach flashing

Paper Roofing
measuring tape
Step 1: Measure the size of the
ladder
roof
scissors / utility knife Exterior
Step 2: Tack the tar paper in place
hammer tack
Step 3: Overlap strips
roof safety harness

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 13

 • Brand of Building Boards & • Sizes of Building Boards &
• Unit Prices:
Papers Available to Market: Papers:

MDF Board
(25mm x 1ft x 2ft, 8 pcs) 4,050.00
(25mm x 2ft x 4ft, 4 pcs) 2,025.00
(25mm A3, 11 pcs) 1,410.00
(25mm A2, 10 pcs) 4,050.00
(25mm A1, 5 pcs) 4,050.00
(25mm A0, 2 pcs) 4,050.00

Marine Plywood (3/4") 430.00

Laminated Waterproof Marine 590.00
Plywood (3/4")
Fancy Plywood (3-30mm) 1,067.00

Marine Plywood
380.00
(1/4" x 4ft x 8ft)
410.00
(3/16" x 4ft x 8ft)
860.00
(1/2" x 4ft x 8ft)
1,160.00
(3/4" x 4ft x 8ft)

Vinyl Wallpaper (53cm x 10m) 2,200.00

Vinyl Wallpaper (27"x 10m) 3,500.00
Vinyl Wallpaper (1.06m x 10m) 5,000.00

Note: Currency unit is Philippine Peso

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 14

• References:

Burlungan, R. (n.y.). ARBT01_REF_AR_BURLUNGAN. Microsoft Teams.

EONCRED GROUP. (2019). What is fancy plywood?. Retrieved from
https://www.eoncredgroup.com/What-is-fancy-plywood-id8356673.html.
https://www.bhg.com/home-improvement/exteriors/siding/how-to-apply-felt-or-building-paper/
Meredith. (2018). How to Apply Felt or Building Paper. Retrieved from
Numera Analytics. (n.y.). Overview of Wood Pulp. Retrieved
fromhttps://numeraanalytics.com/overview-wood-pulp/.
Salvan, G.S. (n.y.). Architectural Building Materials (Third Edition). JMC PRESS, INC.
Wikipedia. (n.y.). Pulp (paper). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#Wood_pulp.

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 15

Recycled Waste Products Building, Boards and Papers | 16
 Material: B I T U M E N
Description: − a non-crystalline solid or viscous material having adhesive properties,
derived from petroleum either by natural or refinery process
− it is either a liquid, in which case it will be sticky, black and highly
viscous, or adopts a semi-solid form
− used for the construction of roads, preserving timber, and for
waterproofing stone walls
− majority of bitumen used is obtained from crude oil and forms as a
residue after the distillation process
− the process removes lighter crude oil materials such as diesel and
gasoline, and leaves the heavier bitumen behind, and often repeated
several times to get the finished product

• Components of a Bitumen:

− bitumen material contains a complex composition of hydrocarbons and elements such as

calcium, iron, sulphur, and oxygen

• Types of Bitumen:
− viscous, dark-brown to black substances
obtained by the destructive distillation of
coal, wood, petroleum, peat, and certain
other organic materials
− the heating or partial burning of wood to
make charcoal yields tar as a byproduct and
1. TAR AND PITCH is an ancient method for the production of
both tar and pitch; by the application of heat,
tar is separated into several materials, one
of which is pitch
− tar is used to saturate felt paper and to coat
kraft paper to render it waterproof
− coal-tar pitch is used in making pitch and
gravel built-up roofs
− a mixture of asphalt cement and aggregates,
hot-mixed in an asphalt plant and then laid
hot to form the surface course of a flexible
pavement. Asphalt paving provides a stable,
2. ASPHALT safe and durable road surface
− characterized with flexibility as it distributes
any imposed load by deflecting it slightly
without cracking or deforming
−
Bituminous Materials | 1
 − it is skid-resistant and allows quick drainage
of water from its surface, and durable that
becomes denser over time, with the use of
traffic
− specifically designed to carry the loads
without any shear and primarily used in road
construction

• Use of Bitumen:

− refined asphalt is graded for specific

engineering properties and can be liquefied
by blending it with a light petroleum solvent
(cutback)
− some are thin enough to be used as prime
oil or tack, while others must be heated for
1. LIQUID PAVING
use
ASPHALT
− uses include dust control, pavement
maintenance, construction (chip seal) and
cold mix patching
− also used for road mixing operations,
stockpiling mixes, and spray applications
such as prime

− a highly viscous liquid form of petroleum

typically composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen
cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand,
2. ASPHALT PAVING and gravel)
CEMENT − used as binders for more expensive asphalt
pavements such as airport, highway,
parking lots, and the core of embankment
dams
• Asphalt Products:
− solid and semi-solid bitumen which is
directly produced through distillation from
petroleum or by additional operations such
1. CUTBACK
as air blowing
ASPHALT
− compared with the other types, they are
more commonly used and have more
applications

Bituminous Materials | 2
 − comes from hot air blown to pure bitumen in
the last stage of refining
2. OXIDIZED / BLOWN − compared with pure bitumen, it has a low
ASPHALT penetration rate and a high softness point
− this kind of bitumen is used in making roof
sheets, automobile battery, and coating

− produced by mixing bitumen, water, and an

emulsion making material, usually alkali salt
of an organic acid or ammonium salt which
charges bitumen particles.
3. EMULSION
− the use of such kind of bitumen decreases
ASPHALTS
environment pollution and as oil or
flammable solvents aren’t used the danger
of flaming during transportation is
decreased

− a mixture of bitumen and a suitable liquid

(kerosene or gasoline)
− this bitumen in normal environment
4. MIXED / SOLUTION temperature is liquid or is changed to liquid
ASPHALT with a little heat
− used in different kinds of macadam and
coating asphalts
− the speed of its clotting or hardening
depends on the kind of liquid

− mixtures produced from bitumen polymers

in which the polymers change the visco-
elastic behavior of the bitumen and thus
5. POLYMER make this binder more suitable for different
MODIFIED stresses
BITUMEN (PMD) − although it costs higher than pure bitumen,
they are considered to be more economical
because of economic benefits of lower
costs of road repairs

Bituminous Materials | 3
 • Use
• Method of Application: • Equipment/Tools Used
(Interior/Exterior)

Bituminous Water-Proof Coating mask

Step 1: Surface preparation brushes / roller
Step 2: Prime coating air compressor
Step 3: Application of bituminous empty containers / drums Exterior
protective coating stirrer / rod
Step 4: Curing of protective coating wheel barrow
Step 5: Cleaning spatula

Asphalt Paving
Step 1: Grading and sloping
forklifts / dump trucks
Step 2: Proof Roll, undercutting
automatic motor graders
and sub base repair Exterior
shovel
Step 3: Binder and surface course
roller truck
Step 4: Install new asphalt surface
Step 5: Butt joints and transitions

Note: Currency unit is Philippine Peso

Bituminous Materials | 4
• Brand of Bituminous Products • Sizes / Amount of
• Unit Prices:
Available to Market: Bituminous Products:

Bitumen Membrane (1kg) 1,950.00

Bitumen Membrane (4kg) 2,400.00
Bitumen Membrane (20kg) 11,000.00

Rubberized Liquid Asphalt

(1gal) 925.00

Flintkote No. 3 (3.5 L) 600.00

Flintkote No. 3 (18 L) 3,760.00
Flintkote No. 5 (3.5 L) 800.00
Flintkote No. 5 (18 L) 3,970.00

Oxidized Asphalt 115-15 1,800.00

(25 kg/box)
Coldmix Asphalt (40 kg) 600.00

Bituminous Materials | 5
• References:

Burlungan, R. (n.y.). ARBT01_REF_AR_BURLUNGAN. Microsoft Teams.

Method Statement HQ. (n.y.). Method Statement for Bituminous Protective Coating Water
Proofing. Retrieved from https://methodstatementhq.com/method-statement-for-bituminous-
protective-coating-water-proofing.html
Mrugacz, J. (2020). The Complete 7-Step Process For Asphalt Pavement Installation. Retrieved
from https://www.wolfpaving.com/blog/the-complete-7-step-process-for-asphalt-pavement-
installation
Paspula, P. (2020). Applications & Uses of Bitumen in Construction. Retrieved from
https://www.buildersmart.in/blogs/bitumen/#:~:text=Bitumen%20is%20a%20material%20ob
tained,petroleum%20as%20an%20end%20product.&text=Bituminous%20materials%20wer
e%20used%20for,of%20road%20and%20airport%20pavements.
Salvan, G.S. (n.y.). Architectural Building Materials (Third Edition). JMC PRESS, INC.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. (2012). Tar and pitch. Retrieved from
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/chemistry/organic/tar-and-pitch.
Viva Energy. (2016). Behind the bitumen. Retrieved from
https://www.vivaenergy.com.au/driven/innovation/behind-the-bitumen.

Bituminous Materials | 6