October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

LEARNING
MODULES
IN
Pre-Calculus
First Quarter
M4

Name:

Prepared by:
Roche Anne R. Francisco
Instructor

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Table of Contents
Title Page 1

NCC’s Fair Disclaimer 2

Table of Contents 3

Sequences and Series and Stigma Notation 4

Learning Outcomes 4

Pre-Assessment 4

Illustrate Series 5

Activity 9-10

Assessment 11-12

Sigma Notation 13

SAQ 13

ASAQ 14

Activity 17-18

Assessment 18-19

References 20

Online Links 20

Reflection 21

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Sequences and Series and Stigma Notation

Learning Outcomes:

 Illustrate sequence and series

 Differentiate a series from a sequence
 Use the stigma notation to represent a series
 Apply series and sequences to appropriate problems
 Use stigma notation to represent a series

Pre-Assessment

Directions: AYES or NAYS! Write AYES if the terms or statement determines a

pattern or not, otherwise write NAYS

1. 2,7,16.23,30, …
2. 81, 27, 9, 3, …
3. 4.7, 5.6, 6.5, 7.4, 6. 3, …42
4. 27,19,11, …
1 1 1 1 1 1
5. 1,4 , 42 43 , 44 , 45 , 46,…

6. 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 8, 13, ….
7. 0.5,5.0, 50. 0, …
8. -1, 4, -9,16, …
1 2 4 8 16
9. , , , , ,…
5 7 9 11 13

10. −2𝑥, 4𝑥 2 , -8x3, … ,-2,048x11,4,096x12

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Lesson

1 Illustrate Series

A. Sequence and Series

1. A sequence is a list of numbers (separated by commas). It is a function

whose domain is the set of positive integers or the set {1, 2, 3, …, n } of
positive integers and whose range is the set of real numbers.

For convenience, in a function value at n is denoted by an, which is also

called nth term of the sequence. In this instance, the sequence is denoted
by {an}.

2. A series represents the sum of the terms of the sequence.

If a sequence is finite, we will refer to the sum of the terms of the sequence
as the series associated with the sequence. If the sequence has infinitely
many terms, the sum is defined more precisely in calculus.

Given a sequence {an }, the expression a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6+… +an

called a series.

B.1 Sequence and its Associated Series.

1. The sequence with nth term an is usually denoted by { an }

a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 , a6 ,… an

2. The associated series is

a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6+… +an or

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6+… +an

B.2 Sequence and its Series Sum Formula.

1. Arithmetic Sequence
 An arithmetic Sequence is a sequence is a sequence in which each term
after the first is obtained by adding a constant (called the common
difference) to the preceding term.
 Series Sum Formula

2. Harmonic Sequence

3. Geometric Sequence
 A geometric sequence is a sequence to which each term after the first is
obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a constant. {called the
common ratio}
 Series Sum Formula

4. Fibonacci Sequence
The sequence {an} defined by an = an-1 + an-2 for n ≥ 3, when a1 = a2 = 1.
Its terms are 1,1,2,3,5,8,13, …

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Examples1:

Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence, and give their
associated series.

(1) {2-n}

(2) {1 + 2n + 3n2}

(3) {(-1)n}

(4) {1 + 2 + 3 + … + n}

Solutions: We denote the nth term of a sequence by 𝑎𝑛, and S = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4

+ a5.

(1) an = 2 – n
First five terms: a1 = 2 – 1 = 1, a2 = 2 – 2 = 0, a3 = 2 – 3 = -1, a4 = -2, a5 = -3

Associated Series: S = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5. = 1 + 0 – 1 -2 -3 = -5

(2) an = {1 + 2n + 3n2}
First five terms: a1 = 1 + 2 · 1 + 3·12 = 6, a2 = 17, a3 = 34, a4 = 57, a5 = 86
Associated Series: S = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 = 6 + 17 + 34 + 57 + 86 = 200

(3) an ={(-1)n}
First five terms: a1 = (-1)1 = -1, a2 = (-1)2 = 1, a3 = -1, a4 = 1, a5 = -1
Associated Series: S = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 = -1 + 1 – 1 + 1 -1 = -1

(4) an = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n
First five terms: a1 = 1, a2 = 1 + 2 = 3, a3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, a4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
= 10, a5 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
Associated Series: S = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 = 35

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

More Solved Problems:

1. How many terms are there in an arithmetic sequence with first term 5,
common difference -3 and last term -76?

Solution: a1 = 5, d -3, an = -76. Find n.

an = -5 + (n – 1) ( -3) = -76
−76−5
n–1= = 27 → n = 27 + 1 = 28
−3

2. List the first three terms of the arithmetic sequence if the 25th term is 35
and the 30th term is 5.

Solution: a24 = a1 + 24d = 35 and a30 = a1 + 29d =5

Estimating a1 by subtraction, 5d = -30, or d =-6
This implies that a1 = 179, and the first three terms are 179, 173, 167.

3. Find the sum of all positive three-digit odd integers.

Solution: Find Sn if a1 = 101 + 50(2), an = 999 = 1 + 499(2).

There are 450 terms a1 to an, hence n = 450.

450(101+999)
Sn = 2
= 247 500.

32
4. Insert three numbers (called geometric means) between 6 and , so that
27

the five numbers form a geometric sequence.

32
Solution: If a1 = 6 and there are three terms between a1 and , then a5 =
27
32
27

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

32 32 16 2
a5 = = 6(r)4= →r4 = →r=±
27 27 81 3

5. A ball dropped from the top of a building 180 m high always rebounds
three-fourths the distance it has fallen. How far (up and down) will the
ball have travelled when it hits the ground for the 6th time?

3
Solution a1 = 180, r = 4, n = 6

3 6
180[ 1−( )
S6 = 3
4
1−
4

The ball travelled 2𝑠6 – 180 ≈ 1003.71 meters.

Activity 1: Sequence and flashback: Write the corresponding series of the

following.

1. 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33

2. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13

3. 4, 12, 36, 108, 324

1 1 1 1 1
4. 3, , ,
6 9 12 15
,

3 6 6 3
5. , , 1, ,
2 5 7 4

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Activity 2: Sequence and Its Associated Series

Directions: Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence, and give
their associated series.

1. {2n - 1}

2. {2n2 – n}

3. {8 • 2n}

4. {1 + 2n + 3n2}

5. {(-1)n)

Assessment

Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer among choices.

1. Look carefully on the pattern, and then choose what comes next.

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42,40,38,35,33,31,28
A. 25,22 C. 26,24
B. 26,23 D. 25,23

2. Which of the following is not an Arithmetic series?

A. 6, 3, 0, -3, … C. 12,8,4,0, …
B. 1,2,3,4, … D. 3,6,12,36, …

3. A brick wall has 60 bricks in the first row, but each row has 3 fewer
bricks than the previous one. How many bricks are in the 12th row?
A. 24 B. 27 C. 33 D. 34

4. The term of an Arithmetic Series is 13 and the difference between

subsequent number is 13. What is the second term in the series?
A.13 B. 26 C.29 D. 31

5. The first term of an Arithmetic Series is 6 and the third term is 12.
What is the second term in the series?
A. 8 B. 9 C. 15 D. 18

6. The first term of an Arithmetic Series is 2 and the difference between

subsequent number is 3, What is the 30th term in the series?
A. 55 C. 61
B. 59 D. 63

7. What is the sum of the first 9 terms in this series 8,6,4,2,?

A. 10 C. 0
B. -5 D. -15

8. 1 + 2 + 3 + …+ 1000 = S
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A. 4900 C. 5050
C. 5000 D. 5959

9. The 6th term in geometric sequence 2,4,8,16,32 is _______. What is it?

A. 43 C. 44
B. 64 D. 128

10. What is the sum of the first ten terms of the geometric series 2, 4,
8, 16, 32, …?
A. 1 024 C. 3 072
B. 2 046 D. none of the above

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Lesson

2 Sigma Notation

If we add up the terms in a sequence, we obtain what we call series. If we

only sum up a finite amount of terms, we get a finite series. We use the symbol
Sn to mean the sum of the first n terms of a sequence {a1; a2;a3;…;an}

Sn = a1 + a2 +a3 +… +an
To represent this series, mathematicians used what we call sigma notation.
We will see the power of this notation in computing sum of numbers as well as
algebraic expression.

History Matters!

The Σ is the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet pronounced sigma. It is the
Greek equivalent of the English letter S, which is the first letter of the word
“sum”. This sigma notation was first used 1755 by Leonhard Euler which
indicates “the sum of” which is very much related to the previous lesson on
series.
Mathematicians use the sigma notation to denote a sum. The notation
consists of several components or parts.

mathematics.org
Photo credit:

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Writing and Evaluating Sums in Sigma Notation

Let’s have some examples on how to apply the definition of sigma
notation by expanding the following summation.

Example 1:

Example 2:

SAQ
1
What is the evaluate of ∑6𝑟=1 2 𝑟 (𝑟 = 1)

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ASAQ

Suppose that we are given a long sum and we want to express it in sigma
notation. How should we do this?

Let us take the two sums we started with. If we want to write the sum

1+2+3+4+5

in sigma notation, we notice that the general term is just f(i) and that there are
5 terms, so we would write 5

1+2+3+4+5=  f (i)
i 1
Example 3

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October 18, 2021-November 5, 2021 Pre-Calculus Q1 M4

Properties of Sigma Notation

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Note: For Property no. 5 and no. 6, these can be used only when lower index is
1.

Solved Examples
Determine the sum using the properties of sigma notation.

Example 4

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Example 5

Activity 1. Expand each summation and simplify if possible.

1. 6

 j
2
j
j 3

2. 5
i

i 1 xi

3. 4

 (1)
k 1
k
k 1

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Activity 2. Write each expression in sigma notation.

1. 1 + 22 + 33 + 44 + … + 1212
2. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + … + 101
3. a1 + a4 + a9 + a16 + … + a81

Assessment

Direction: Read the following questions and write the letter that best represents
your answer before each number.
1. It is a method used to write out a long sum in a concise way. What is it?
A. calligraphy
B. sigma notation
C. scientific notation
D. mathematical induction

𝑛
2. In the expression∑𝑖=𝑚 f(𝑖), what do you call n?
A. index
B. summand
C. upper bound
D. lower bound

8
3. In the expression∑𝑖=3(3i + 5), what is the index of summation?
A. 8 b. 3 c. i d. 3i + 5

8
4. Compute the sum represented by∑𝑖=3(3i + 5).
A. 119 b. 124 c. 129 d. 134

5
5. Find the value of the summation∑𝑖=2(−1)𝑖 𝑥 𝑖−1 . What is it?
A. x + x2 – x3 + x4
B. x – x2 – x3 + x4
C. x – x2 – x3 – x4
D. x – x2 + x3 – x4

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4
6. Which series is represented by∑𝑖=1(4i − 2)?
A. 2 + 6 + 10 + 14
B. -2 + 2 + 6 + 10
C. 4 + 8 + 12 + 16
D. 6 + 10 + 14 + 18

7. Write the expression 1 + 22 + 33 + 44 + … + 2525 in sigma notation.

25 25 25 25
A. ∑𝑖=1(1)𝑖 b. ∑𝑖=1(−𝑖)𝑖 c. ∑𝑖=1(𝑖)𝑖 d. ∑𝑖=1(2𝑖)𝑖

8. Express the series 2, 8, 32, 128…in summation notation.

∞
A. ∑𝑛=1 2(𝑛 − 1)4
∞
B. ∑𝑛=1 2(4)𝑛−1
∞
C. ∑𝑛=1 4(2)𝑛−1
∞
D. ∑𝑛=1 4(𝑛 − 1)2

4
9. Calculate the sum ∑𝑖=1 𝑖 2
A. 20 b. 30 c.40 d. 50

120
10. Evaluate the sum ∑𝑖=1(4i − 15)
A. 2, 740 b. 24, 720 c. 27, 240 d.42, 720

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References

Ascano, Joy P., et.al., (2016) PRECALCULUS Learner’s Material. Philippines.

Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House Inc.

Ascano, Joy P., et.al., (2016) PRECALCULUS Teacher’s Guide. Philippines.

Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House Inc.

Government of the Philippines. Department of Education 2016. Pre-Calculus

Learners Material. Quezon City

Online Links:

For more information, you may click the following links below:

http://blogs.ubc.ca/infiniteseriesmodule/units/unit-1/sigma-notation/

www.mathcentre.ac.uk

https://www.coolmath.com/algebra/19-sequences-series/03-series-sigma-
notation-01

https://www.slideserve.com/havard/12-2

https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSTKyrF9smY0EUNIEDzJ9H
OKBQaSgyPfAlJcg&usqp=C

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Reflection
(Complete the statements)

My best new learning for today is

___________________________________________________________

I have fun with the concept in

_____________________________________________________________

I had difficulty in learning the concept in

_____________________________________________________________

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