MARGES, AIRA SHANE C.

BSN 2D

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE FOR EACH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT

Developmental milestones are actions or physical abilities that newborns and toddlers
exhibit as they grow and develop. Milestones include rolling over, crawling, walking, and
talking. Each age group has its own set of milestones. Each milestone has a reasonable
range within which a child can attain it. Walking, for example, can begin as early as 8
months in certain toddlers. Others walk at 18 months and it is still deemed normal.
Following your child's development is one of the reasons for well-child visits to the health
care provider in the early years. Most parents are also on the lookout for various
developmental milestones. If you are concerned about your child's development, speak
with his or her provider. If a child is not developing normally, parents may be troubled by
closely monitoring a "checklist" or calendar of developmental milestones. At the same
time, milestones can assist in identifying a youngster who requires additional assistance.

Infant -- birth to 1 year

Able to drink from a cup
Able to sit alone, without support
Babbles
Displays social smile
Gets first tooth
Plays peek-a-boo
Pulls self to standing position
Rolls over by self
Says mama and dada, using terms appropriately Understands "NO" and will stop activity
in response Walks while holding on to furniture or other support

Toddler -- 1 to 3 years
Able to feed self neatly, with minimal spilling Able to draw a line (when shown one)
Able to run, pivot, and walk backwards
Able to say first and last name
Able to walk up and down stairs
Begins pedaling tricycle
Can name pictures of common objects and point to body parts Dresses self with only a
little bit of help
Imitates speech of others, "echoes" word back
Learns to share toys (without adult direction)
Learns to take turns (if directed) while playing with other children Masters walking
Recognizes and labels colors appropriately
Recognizes differences between males and females
Uses more words and understands simple commands Uses spoon to feed self

Preschooler -- 3 to 6 years

Able to draw a circle and square

Able to draw stick figures with two to three features for people Able to skip
Balances better, may begin to ride a bicycle
Begins to recognize written words, reading skills start Catches a bounced ball
Enjoys doing most things independently, without help Enjoys rhymes and word play
Hops on one foot
Rides tricycle well
Starts school
Understands size concepts
Understands time concepts

School-age child -- 6 to 12 years

Begins gaining skills for team sports such as soccer, T-ball, or other team sports Begins
to lose "baby" teeth and get permanent teeth
Girls begin to show growth of armpit and pubic hair, breast development Menarche (first
menstrual period) may occur in girls
Peer recognition begins to become important
Reading skills develop further
Routines important for daytime activities
Understands and is able to follow several directions in a row Adolescent -- 12 to 18 years
Adult height, weight, sexual maturity
Boys show growth of armpit, chest, and pubic hair; voice changes; and testicles/penis
enlarge
Girls show growth of armpit and pubic hair; breasts develop; menstrual periods start Peer
acceptance and recognition is of vital importance
Understands abstract concepts

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD- 2 MONTHS

-This article discusses the abilities and growth goals of 2-month-old newborns.
Physical and motor skill markers:
- closing of soft spot at the back of the head (posterior fontanelle)
- Several newborn reflexes, such as the stepping reflex (baby appears to dance or step
when placed upright on solid surface) and grasp reflex (grasping a finger), disappear
- Less head lag (head is less wobbly on the neck)
- When on stomach, able to lift head almost 45 degrees
- Less flexing of the arms and legs while lying on the stomach Sensory and cognitive
markers:
- Beginning to look at close objects.
- Coos.
-Different cries mean different things.
-Head turns from side to side with sound at the level of the ear.
-Smiles.
-Responds to familiar voices.
- Healthy babies can cry up to 3 hours per day. If you are worried that your baby cries too
much, talk to your health care provider.
Play recommendations:
-Expose your baby to sounds outside those of the home.
-Take your baby for rides in the car or walks in the neighborhood.
-The room should be bright with pictures and mirrors.
-Toys and objects should be bright colors.
-Read to your baby.
-Talk to your baby about objects and people in their environment.
-Hold and comfort your baby if they are upset or crying. DO NOT worry about spoiling
your 2-month-old.
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD- 4 MONTHS

- Certain physical and mental skills are predicted to develop in typical 4-month-old
newborns. These abilities are referred to as milestones.
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR SKILLS
The typical 4-month-old baby should:
-Slow in weight gain to about 20 grams (almost two thirds of an ounce) per day -Weigh 2
times more than their birth weight

-Have almost no head droop while in a sitting position -Be able to sit straight if propped
up
-Raise head 90 degrees when placed on stomach -Be able to roll from front to back
-Hold and let go of an object
-Play with a rattle when it's placed in their hands, but won't be able to pick it up if dropped
-Be able to grasp a rattle with both hands
-Be able to place objects in the mouth
-Sleep 9 to 10 hours at night with 2 naps during the day (total of 14 to 16 hours per day)
SENSORY AND COGNITIVE SKILLS
A 4-month-old baby is expected to:
-Have well-established close vision
-Increase eye contact with parents and others
-Have beginning hand-eye coordination
-Be able to coo
-Be able to laugh out loud
-Anticipate feeding when able to see a bottle (if bottle-fed)
-Begin to show memory
-Demand attention by fussing
-Recognize parent's voice or touch
PLAY
You can encourage development through play: -Place the baby in front of a mirror.
-Provide bright-colored toys to hold.
-Repeat sounds the infant makes.

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD - 6 MONTHS

Physical and motor skill markers:

Able to hold almost all weight when supported in a standing position
Able to transfer objects from one hand to the other
Able to lift chest and head while on stomach, holding the weight on hands (often occurs
by 4 months)
Able to pick up a dropped object
Able to roll from back to stomach (by 7 months)
Able to sit in a high chair with a straight back
Able to sit on the floor with lower back support
Beginning of teething
Increased drooling
Should be able to sleep 6 to 8 hour stretches at night
Should have doubled birth weight (birth weight often doubles by 4 months, and it would
be cause for concern if this hasn't happened by 6 months)
Sensory and cognitive markers:
Begins to fear strangers
Begins to imitate actions and sounds
Begins to realize that if an object is dropped, it is still there and just needs to be picked
up
Can locate sounds not made directly at the ear level
Enjoys hearing own voice
Makes sounds (vocalizes) to mirror and toys
Makes sounds resembling one-syllable words (example: da-da, ba-ba) Prefers more
complex sounds
Recognizes parents
-Help the infant roll over.
-Use an infant swing at the park if the baby has head control. -Play on the stomach
(tummy time).

Vision is between 20/60 and 20/40

Play recommendations:
Read, sing, and talk to your child
Imitate words such as "mama" to help baby learn language
Play peek-a-boo
Provide an unbreakable mirror
Provide large, bright-colored toys that make noise or have moving parts (avoid toys with
small parts)
Provide paper to tear
Blow bubbles
Speak clearly
Start pointing to and naming parts of the body and the environment Use body movements
and actions to teach language
Use the word "no" infrequently

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD - 9 MONTHS

- At 9 months, a typical infant will have certain skills and reach growth markers called
milestones.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR SKILLS
A 9-month-old has most often reached the following milestones:
Gains weight at a slower rate, about 15 grams (half an ounce) per day, 1 pound (450
grams) per month
Increases in length by 1.5 centimeters (a little over one-half inch) per month Bowel and
bladder become more regular
Puts hands forward when the head is pointed to the ground (parachute reflex) to protect
self from falling
Is able to crawl
Sits for long periods
Pulls self to standing position Reaches for objects while sitting
Bangs objects together
Can grasp objects between the tip of the thumb and index finger
Feeds self with fingers
Throws or shakes objects
SENSORY AND COGNITIVE SKILLS
The 9-month-old typically:
Babbles
Has separation anxiety and may cling to parents
Is developing depth perception
Understands that objects continue to exist, even when they are not seen (object
constancy)
Responds to simple commands Responds to name
Understands the meaning of "no" Imitates speech sounds
May be afraid of being left alone
Plays interactive games, such as peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake
Waves goodbye
PLAY
To help the 9-month-old develop:
Provide picture books.
Provide different stimuli by going to the mall to see people, or to the zoo to see animals.
Build vocabulary by reading and naming people and objects in the environment.
Teach hot and cold through play.
Provide large toys that can be pushed to encourage walking.
Sing songs together.
Avoid television time until age 2.
Try using a transition object to help decrease separation anxiety.

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD - 12 MONTHS

The typical 12-month-old child will demonstrate certain physical and mental skills. These
skills are called developmental milestones.
Information
All children develop a little differently. If you are concerned about your child's
development, talk to your child's health care provider.
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR SKILLS
A 12-month-old child is expected to:
Be 3 times their birth weight
Grow to a height of 50% over birth length
Have a head circumference equal to that of their chest
Have 1 to 8 teeth
Stand without holding on to anything
Walk alone or when holding one hand
Sit down without help
Bang 2 blocks together
Turn through the pages of a book by flipping many pages at a time
Pick up a small object using the tip of their thumb and index finger
Sleep 8 to 10 hours a night and take 1 to 2 naps during the day SENSORY AND
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
The typical 12-month-old:
Begins pretend play (such as pretending to drink from a cup)
Follows a fast moving object
Responds to their name
Can say momma, papa, and at least 1 or 2 other words
Understands simple commands
Tries to imitate animal sounds
Connects names with objects
Understands that objects continue to exist, even when they can't be seen

Participates in getting dressed (raises arms) Plays simple back and forth games (ball
game) Points to objects with the index finger
Waves goodbye
May develop an attachment to a toy or object
Experiences separation anxiety and may cling to parents
May make brief journeys away from parents to explore in familiar settings PLAY
You can help your 12-month-old develop skills through play:
Provide picture books.
Provide different stimuli, such as going to the mall or zoo.
Play ball.
Build vocabulary by reading and naming people and objects in the environment. Teach
hot and cold through play.
Provide large toys that can be pushed to encourage walking.
Sing songs.
Have a play date with a child of a similar age.
Avoid television and other screen time until age 2.
Try using a transitional object to help with separation anxiety.

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD - 18 MONTHS

- The typical 18-month-old child will demonstrate certain physical and mental skills. These
skills are called developmental milestones.
Information
All children develop a little differently. If you are concerned about your child's
development, talk to your child's health care provider.
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR SKILL MARKERS
The typical 18-month-old:
Has a closed soft spot on the front of the head
Is growing at a slower rate and has less of an appetite compared to the months before
Is able to control the muscles used to urinate and have bowel movements, but may not
be ready to use the toilet
Runs stiffly and falls often
Is able to get onto small chairs without help
Walks up stairs while holding on with one hand
Can build a tower of 2 to 4 blocks
Can use a spoon and cup with help to feed self
Imitates scribbling
Can turn 2 or 3 pages of a book at a time
SENSORY AND COGNITIVE MARKERS
The typical 18-month-old:
Shows affection
Has separation anxiety
Listens to a story or looks at pictures
Can say 10 or more words when asked
Kisses parents with lips puckered
Identifies one or more parts of the body
Understands and is able to point to and identify common objects
Often imitates
Is able to take off some clothing items, such as gloves, hats, and socks
Begins to feel a sense of ownership, identifying people and objects by saying "my" PLAY
RECOMMENDATIONS
Encourage and provide the necessary space for physical activity.
Provide safe copies of adult tools and equipment for the child to play with.
Allow the child to help around the house and participate in the family's daily
responsibilities.
Encourage play that involves building and creativity.
Read to the child.
Encourage play dates with children of the same age.
Avoid television and other screen time before age 2.
Play simple games together, such as puzzles and shape sorting. Use a transitional object
to help with separation anxiety.

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD - 2 YEARS

Physical and motor skill markers:

Able to turn a door knob.
Can look through a book turning one page at a time.
Can build a tower of 6 to 7 cubes.
Can kick a ball without losing balance.
Can pick up objects while standing, without losing balance. (This often occurs by 15
months. It is a cause for concern if not seen by 2 years.)
Can run with better coordination. (May still have a wide stance.)
May be ready for toilet training.
Should have the first 16 teeth, but the actual number of teeth can vary widely.
At 24 months, will reach about half final adult height.
Sensory and cognitive markers:
Able to put on simple clothes without help. (The child is often better at removing clothes
than putting them on.)
Able to communicate needs such as thirst, hunger, need to go to the bathroom.
Can organize phrases of 2 to 3 words.
Can understand 2-step command such as, "Give me the ball and then get your shoes."
Has increased attention span.
Vision is fully developed.
Vocabulary has increased to about 50 to 300 words, but healthy children's vocabulary
can vary widely.
Play recommendations:
Allow the child to help around the house and take part in the daily family chores.
Encourage active play and provide enough space for healthy physical activity.
Encourage play that involves building and creativity.
Provide safe copies of adult tools and equipment. Many children like to mimic activities
such as cutting the grass or sweeping the floor.
Read to the child.
Try to avoid television watching at this age (recommendation of the American Academy
of Pediatrics).
Control both the content and quantity of television viewing. Limit screen time to less than
3 hours per day. One hour or less is better. Avoid programming with violent content.
Redirect the child to reading or play activities.
Control the type of games the child plays.

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD - 3 YEARS

-This article describes the skills and growth markers that are relevant to 3-year-olds.
Information
-These milestones are typical for children in their third year of life. Always keep in mind
that some differences are normal. If you have questions about your child's development,
contact your child's health care provider.
Physical and motor milestones for a typical 3-year-old include: Gains about 4 to 5 pounds
(1.8 to 2.25 kilograms)
Grows about 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters)
Reaches about half of his or her adult height
Has improved balance
Has improved vision (20/30)
Has all 20 primary teeth
Needs 11 to 13 hours of sleep a day
May have daytime control over bowel and bladder functions (may have nighttime control
as well)
Can briefly balance and hop on one foot
May walk up stairs with alternating feet (without holding the rail)
Can build a block tower of more than 9 cubes
Can easily place small objects in a small opening
Can copy a circle
Can pedal a tricycle
Sensory, mental, and social milestones include:
Has a vocabulary of several hundred words
Speaks in sentences of 3 words
Counts 3 objects
Uses plurals and pronouns (he/she)
Often asks questions
Can dress self, only needing help with shoelaces, buttons, and other fasteners in
awkward places
Can stay focused for a longer period of time
Has a longer attention span
Feeds self easily
Acts out social encounters through play activities
Becomes less afraid when separated from mother or caregiver for short periods of time
Fears imaginary things
Knows own name, age, and sex (boy/girl)
Starts to share
Has some cooperative play (building tower of blocks together)
At age 3, almost all of a child's speech should be understandable.
Temper tantrums are common at this age. Children who have tantrums that often last for
more than 15 minutes or that occur more than 3 times a day should be seen by a provider.
Ways to encourage a 3-year-old's development include:
Provide a safe play area and constant supervision.
Provide the necessary space for physical activity.
Help your child take part in -- and learn the rules of -- sports and games. Limit both the
time and content of television and computer viewing.
Visit local areas of interest.
Encourage your child to help with small household chores, such as helping set the table
or picking up toys.
Encourage play with other children to help develop social skills. Encourage creative play.
Read together.
Encourage your child to learn by answering their questions. Provide activities related to
your child's interests.
Encourage your child to use words to express feelings (rather than acting out).

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD - 4 YEARS

- The typical 4-year-old child will demonstrate certain physical and mental skills. These
skills are called developmental milestones.
Information
- All children develop a little differently. If you are concerned about your child's
development, talk to your child's health care provider.
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR
During the fourth year, a child typically:
Gains weight at the rate of about 6 grams (less than one quarter of an ounce) per day
Weighs 40 pounds (18.14 kilograms) and is 40 inches (101.6 centimeters) tall
Has 20/20 vision
Sleeps 11 to 13 hours at night, most often without a daytime nap
Grows to a height that is double the birth length
Shows improved balance
Hops on one foot without losing balance Throws a ball overhand with coordination Can
cut out a picture using scissors
May still wet the bed
SENSORY AND COGNITIVE
The typical 4-year-old:
Has a vocabulary of more than 1,000 words
Easily puts together sentences of 4 or 5 words
Can use the past tense
Can count to 4
Will be curious and ask a lot of questions
May use words they do not fully understand
May begin using vulgar words
Learns and sings simple songs
Tries to be very independent
May show increased aggressive behavior
Talks about personal family matters to others
Commonly has imaginary playmates
Has an increased understanding of time
Is able to tell the difference between two objects, based on things like size and weight
Lacks moral concepts of right and wrong
Rebels if too much is expected of them
PLAY
As the parent of a 4-year-old, you should:
Encourage and provide space for physical activity.
Show your child how to participate in and follow the rules of sporting activities. Encourage
play and sharing with other children.
Encourage creative play.

Teach your child to do small chores, such as setting the table.

Read together.
Limit screen time (television and other media) to 2 hours a day of quality programs.
Expose your child to different stimuli by visiting local areas of interest.

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RECORD - 5 YEARS

-This article describes the expected skills and growth markers of most 5-year-old children.
Information
Physical and motor skill milestones for a typical 5-year-old child include:
Gains about 4 to 5 pounds (1.8 to 2.25 kilograms)
Grows about 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters)
Vision reaches 20/20
First adult teeth start breaking through the gum (most children do not get their first adult
teeth until age 6)
Has better coordination (getting the arms, legs, and body to work together) Skips, jumps,
and hops with good balance
Stays balanced while standing on one foot with eyes closed
Shows more skill with simple tools and writing utensils
Can copy a triangle
Can use a knife to spread soft foods
Sensory and mental milestones:
Has a vocabulary of more than 2,000 words
Speaks in sentences of 5 or more words, and with all parts of speech Can identify different
coins
Can count to 10
Knows telephone number
Can properly name the primary colors, and possibly many more colors Asks deeper
questions that address meaning and purpose
Can answer "why" questions
Is more responsible and says "I'm sorry" when they make mistakes
Shows less aggressive behavior
Outgrows earlier childhood fears
Accepts other points of view (but may not understand them)
Has improved math skills
Questions others, including parents
Strongly identifies with the parent of the same sex
Has a group of friends
Likes to imagine and pretend while playing (for example, pretends to take a trip to the
moon)
Ways to encourage a 5-year-old's development include:
Reading together
Providing enough space for the child to be physically active
Teaching the child how to take part in -- and learn the rules of -- sports and games
Encouraging the child to play with other children, which helps develop social skills Playing
creatively with the child
Limiting both the time and content of television and computer viewing Visiting local areas
of interest
Encouraging the child to perform small household chores, such as helping set the table
or picking up toys after playing