cluster

1) In a computer system, a cluster is a group of servers and other resources that act like a single
system and enable high availability and, in some cases, load balancing and parallel processing.
See clustering.

2) In personal computer storage technology, a cluster is the logical unit of file storage on a hard
disk; it's managed by the computer's operating system. Any file stored on a hard disk takes up
one or more clusters of storage. A file's clusters can be scattered among different locations on the
hard disk. The clusters associated with a file are kept track of in the hard disk's file allocation
table (FAT)

The difference between symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing:

Asymmetric multiprocessing - In asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP), the operating

system typically sets aside one or more processors for its exclusive use. The
remainder of the processors run user applications. As a result, the single processor
running the operating system can fall behind the processors running user applications.
This forces the applications to wait while the operating system catches up, which
reduces the overall throughput of the system. In the ASMP model, if the processor
that fails is an operating system processor, the whole computer can go down.

Symmetric Multiprocessing - Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) technology is used to

get higher levels of performance. In symmetric multiprocessing, any processor can run
any type of thread. The processors communicate with each other through shared
memory.

SMP systems provide better load-balancing and fault tolerance. Because the operating
system threads can run on any processor, the chance of hitting a CPU bottleneck is
greatly reduced. All processors are allowed to run a mixture of application and
operating system code. A processor failure in the SMP model only reduces the
computing capacity of the system.

SMP systems are inherently more complex than ASMP systems. A tremendous amount
of coordination must take place within the operating system to keep everything
synchronized. For this reason, SMP systems are usually designed and written from the
ground up.

All processors of symmetric multiprocessing are peers; the relationship between

processors of asymmetric multiprocessing is a master-slave relationship. More
specifically, each CPU in symmetric multiprocessing runs the same copy of the OS,
while in asymmetric multiprocessing, they split responsibilities typically, therefore
each may have specialized (different) software and roles.

distributed operating system

A Dictionary of the Internet | 2001 | DARREL INCE | 676 words | Copyright

distributed operating system An OPERATING SYSTEM which manages a number of

computers and hardware devices which make up a DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM. Such an operating
system has a number of functions: it manages the communication between entities on the system,
it imposes a security policy on the users of the system, it manages a DISTRIBUTED FILE
SYSTEM, it monitors problems with hardware and software, it manages the connections
between application programs and itself, and it allocates resources such as file storage to the
individual users of the system. A good distributed operating system should give the user the
impression that they are interacting with a single computer.

network topology
What is a network topology? In communication networks, a topology is a usually schematic
description of the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines. There are
two ways of defining network geometry: the physical topology and the logical (or signal)
topology.

The physical topology of a network is the actual geometric layout of workstations. There are
several common physical topologies, as described below and as shown in the illustration.

 
In the bus network topology, every workstation is connected to a main cable called the bus.
Therefore, in effect, each workstation is directly connected to every other workstation in the
network.

In the star network topology, there is a central computer or server to which all the workstations
are directly connected. Every workstation is indirectly connected to every other through the
central computer.

In the ring network topology, the workstations are connected in a closed loop configuration.
Adjacent pairs of workstations are directly connected. Other pairs of workstations are indirectly
connected, the data passing through one or more intermediate nodes.

If a Token Ring protocol is used in a star or ring topology, the signal travels in only one
direction, carried by a so-called token from node to node.

The mesh network topology employs either of two schemes, called full mesh and partial mesh. In
the full mesh topology, each workstation is connected directly to each of the others. In the partial
mesh topology, some workstations are connected to all the others, and some are connected only
to those other nodes with which they exchange the most data.
The tree network topology uses two or more star networks connected together. The central
computers of the star networks are connected to a main bus. Thus, a tree network is a bus
network of star networks.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int a[2][2],b[2][2],c[2][2];

int i,j;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the number of matrix=\n");

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

for(j=0;j<2;j++)

scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)

scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

for(j=0;j<2;j++)

c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];

printf("after matrix addition=\n");

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

for(j=0;j<2;j++)

printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);

}
getch();