WEEK 8-9

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
 At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain biogeochemical cycles
2. List examples of biogeochemical cycles
3. Determine how human activities cause damage to the
OBJECTIVES

ecosystems and the environment.

 What is BIOGECHEMICAL Cycle?
The process of recycling of inorganic matter
involving living organisms and the nonliving
environment.
6 COMMON ELEMENTS

• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Hydrogen
• Phosphorus
• Oxygen
• Sulfur
 GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES

• Erosion
• Weather
• Water drainage
• Movement of continental plates
 THE WATER CYCLE

Water movement and storage occurs in the form of liquid water on the
surface coming from rivers, lakes, oceans; beneath the surface or
groundwater or ice, polar ice caps and glaciers, and as water vapor in the
atmosphere in the area of Earth called hydrosphere.
 Freshwater

Humans found a way to develop technology to increase the availability of

water for human usage like desalination, digging wells and storing rainwater.
The issue of having fresh water or having access to drinkable water has been
a growing concern.
THE WATER CYCLE

Processes:
1. Evaporation
2. Sublimation
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Surface Runoff
6. Transpiration
7. Evapotranspiration
 THE CARBON CYCLE

Carbon exists in all organic molecules it also plays an important role in the
structure of biomolecules.
Energy is present in Carbon compounds and these compounds usually come
from dead plants and algae that have fossilized over millions of years—these
are called fossil fuels.
 THE CARBON CYCLE

The Carbon Cycle has two interconnected sub cycles:

1. One that deals with rapid carbon exchange among organisms

2. Connected to the long-term cycle of carbon through geologic

processes.
THE BIOLOGICAL CARBON CYCLE

Organisms are interconnected in different

ecosystems. With this interconnection is
the exchange of carbon between
heterotrophs and autotrophs by means of
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
THE CARBON CYCLE

Long-term storage of organic

carbon occurs when matter
from living organisms is buried
deep underground and
becomes fossilized. Volcanic
activity and, more recently,
human emissions bring this
stored carbon back into the
carbon cycle
THE NITROGEN CYCLE

Nitrogen enters the living

world from the atmosphere
via nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
This nitrogen and nitrogenous
waste from animals is
then processed back into
gaseous nitrogen by soil
bacteria, which also supply
terrestrial food webs with the
organic nitrogen they need
 THE NITROGEN CYCLE

This can be altered because of human activity:

1. Fuel combustion which causes the release of various

nitrogen oxides.
2. Use of artificial fertilizer which has nitrogen and
phosphorus compounds.
 THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Phosphorus is a primary component of nucleic acids and

phospholipids that makes up the supportive mechanism of
our bones. Phosphorus is identified as a restrictive nutrient
that is necessary for growth certain aquatic ecosystems.
THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

In nature, phosphorus exists as the

phosphate ion (PO43-).
Weathering of rocks and volcanic
activity releases phosphate into the soil,
water, and air, where it becomes
available to terrestrial food webs.
Phosphate enters the oceans in surface
runoff, groundwater flow, and river
flow. Phosphate dissolved in ocean
water cycles into marine food webs.
Some phosphate from the marine food
webs falls to the ocean floor, where it
forms sediment
THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Dead zones occur when

phosphorus and nitrogen from
fertilizers cause excessive growth
of microorganisms, which
depletes oxygen and kills fauna.
Worldwide, large dead zones are
found in coastal areas of high
population density.
 Founder of the KKK

● “The Great Plebeian”

● Born in Tondo on November 30, 1863 to a poor
family.
● Named after St. Andrew the patron saint of Manila.
● He had three brothers and two sisters:
–Ciriaco
–Procopio
–Espiridiona
–Troadio
–Maxima

Andres Bonifacio
 Founder of the KKK

● Andres Bonifacio’s parents died when he was just 14.

● He supported his siblings by selling bamboo canes

and paper fans in the city streets.
● He also worked as a warehouse keeper in a mosaic
tile factory in Sta. Mesa.

● He worked first as a messenger and was promoted as

an agent in Fleming and Company but he transferred
to Fressell and Company for a higher wage.

Andres Bonifacio
 Founder of the KKK

● He was a self trained writer.

● His pen name was Agapito Bagumbayan

Some of Bonifacio’s literary contributions included:

● Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan – a patriotic poem

● Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan – a

Katipunan Decalogue

● Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog – a politico-

historical essay.
Andres Bonifacio
 Founder of the KKK

● He started his education in the school of Guillermo

Osmeña, a private primary school in Tondo.

● He educated himself by extensive reading of good

books and learning Spanish by self-study.

● Monica – first wife of Bonifacio who died because of

leprosy
● Gregoria de Jesus – second wife of Bonifacio whom
he had a son named Andres who died because of
smallpox.

Gregoria de Jesus
 How was it organized?
In 1896, Andres Bonifacio, the father of the Philippine Revolution and the
President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, penned the Duties of the
Sons of the People.

This was a list of the duties and responsibilities to be followed strictly by every
member of the organization.

The rules constituted a decalogue, and embodied Bonifacio’s passionate

beliefs.
 What about the Kartilya ng Katipunan?
● One of the most important Katipunan documents.

● Its original title was “Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B” or Lessons
of the Organization of the Sons of Country.

● Its author, Emilio Jacinto, was an 18- year old law student at UST when he
joined the KKK movement and became the secretary of the organization. This
meant he took charge of the organization’s printing press.

● in the year 1896, he wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan.

 Author of the Kartilya ng
Katipunan

● Brains of the Katipunan

● Born in Trozo (Tondo), Manila on December 15,

1875.

● His father died shortly after he was born so he was

adopted by his uncle Don Jose Dizon.

● Obtained the Bachelor of Arts’ degree in Colegio de

San Juan de Letran and became an undergraduate of
Law in UST.

● He died on April 16, 1899 at the age of 24 years old

Emilio Jacinto because of Malaria but remained loyal to Bonifacio
 Author of the Kartilya ng
Katipunan

● He was also youngest and greatest writer of the

Katipunan
● His pen name was Dimas-Ilaw

His literary contributions also included:

● A la Patria – his poetical masterpiece

● Liwanag at Dilim – a series of essays on human

rights, liberty, equality of men, labor, and love of
country.

● Kartilya ng Katipunan – contains the teachings of the

KKK.
Emilio Jacinto
 Publisher of the Kartilya ng
Katipunan

● The physician of the Katipunan.

● He helped Jacinto in putting up the Kalayaan, the

Katipunan’s newspaper.

● Madlang-away (fight of the people) – his pen name.

● Collaborated with his best friend Bonifacio in writing

the manifesto entitled Sa Mga Kababayan.

Dr. Pio Valenzuela

 What about the Kartilya ng Katipunan?
Before the Kartily was published, there was the Decalogue of Bonifacio. He revised it
and named 'Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B. (Duties of the People 's Sons).'

Note: The letters Z. Ll. B. were inscribed inside the white ribbons and they were the Katipunan letter codes which stood for
anak ng bayan ( or sons of the people). While the password of the katipon, (for a kawal) was Gom-Bur-Za or the first
syllables of the names of three Filipino martyrs: Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.

But because Bonifacio thought that Kartilya of Jacinto was superior to what he had
produced, the Kartilya ng Katipunan acted as the guidebook for the organization's new
members, which set out the rules and principles of the party.
 What about the Kartilya ng Katipunan?

As Bonifacio later adopted Jacinto’s Kartilya, it became the official teachings of the
Katipunan. Similar to the Decalogue, the Kartilya was written to introduce new recruits
to the principles and values that should guide every member of the organization.

Today, it serves as a reminder of the nation’s inherent solidarity and of our people’s
strength.
Those who want to join the Katipunan,
he/she must observe the following:

● True love of native land and

genuine compassion for others,
for everyone shall be treated
equal and true brethren. What does it take to be a member of the
● Perforce renounce disorderly
habits and shall submit to the
KKK?
authority of the sacred commands
of the Katipunan
● Originally the KKK recruited new
members by means of TRIANGLE
SYSTEM

● An original member would recruit

two new members who did not
know each other.
What does it take to be a member of the
● They also agreed that they would
KKK?
pay a membership fee amounting
to one real fuerte (twenty-five
centavos) and a monthly due of
media real (twelve centavos).
Every member of the Katipunan adopted a
symbolic name:

–Andres Bonifacio – May Pagasa

–Emilio Jacinto – Pingkian
–Artemio Ricarte – Vibora
–Emilio Aguinaldo – Magdalo
What does it take to be a member of the
Three Grades of the Katipunan Membership:
–Katipun (Associate) – first
KKK?
grade, password was ANAK NG BAYAN
–Kawal (Soldier) – second
grade, password was GOMBURZA
–Bayani (Patriot) – third grade,
password was RIZAL
 What does it take to be a member of
● Wife of a Katipunero the KKK for Women:
● Daughter of a Katipunero
Women were later admitted to preserve peace in the
● Sister of a Katipunero family, because the wives of the Katipuneros were
becoming jealous of the nightly absences of their
● Any close relative of a husbands and the reduction of their monthly earnings.
Katipunero
 DECALOGUE OF THE DUTIES OF THE
SONS OF THE PEOPLE
(Andres Bonifacio’s Decalogue)

This was originally the Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga

Z. LI. B.
(Duties of the Sons of the People).

But again, it was never published because Bonifacio

believed that Jacinto's Kartilya was superior to what he
had made.
TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN OF
THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE
(Andres Bonifacio’s Decalogue)
 Group 2

The rules that will

The rules that will
make the member
guide the way he
an upright Filipino
treats his fellow men

Group 1
 1. A life that is not dedicated to a
great and sacred cause is like a
tree without a shade, or a

TEACHINGS OF THE
poisonous weed.

KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE

1. A good deed lacks virtue if it
springs from a desire for personal
profit and not from a sincere desire
to do good.
Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan
1. True charity resides in acts of
compassion, in love for one’s Written by Emilio Jacinto at 1896
fellow men, and in making true
Reason the measure of every
move, deed and word.

1. Be their skin dark or pale, all men

are equal. One can be superior to
another in knowledge, wealth and
beauty... but not in being.
 5. A person with a noble character

TEACHINGS OF THE
values honor above self-interest,
while a person with an ignoble
character values self-interest
above honor.
KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE
Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan
5. An honorable man’s word is his
bond.

5. Don’t waste time; lost wealth may

be recovered, but time lost is lost
Written by Emilio Jacinto at 1896
forever.

5. Defend the oppressed and fight the

oppressor.
9. An intelligent man is he who takes care
in everything he says and keeps quiet
about what must be kept secret.

10. Along the thorny path of life, the man

leads the way and his wife and children
TEACHINGS OF THE
follow. If the leader goes the way of
perdition, then so do those who are led. KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE
11. Do not regard a woman as a mere
plaything, but as a helpmate and partner
Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan
in the hardships of this existence. Have
due regard to her weakness, and Written by Emilio Jacinto at 1896
remember the mother who brought you
into this world and nurtured you in your
infancy.

9. What you would not want done to your

wife, daughter and sister, do not do to
the wife, daughter and sister of another.
 13. A man’s worth does not come from him
being a king, or in the height of his nose and
the whiteness of his face, or in him being a
priest, a REPRESENTATIVE OF GOD, or in
his exalted position on the face of this earth.
Pure and truly noble is he who, though born
TEACHINGS OF THE
in the forest and able to speak only his own
tongue, behaves decently, is true to his KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE
word, has dignity and honor, who is not an
oppressor and does not abet oppressors, Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan
who knows how to cherish and look after the
land of his birth.
Written by Emilio Jacinto at 1896
14. When these doctrines have spread and the
brilliant sun of beloved liberty shines on
these poor Islands, and sheds its sweet light
upon a united race, a people in everlasting
happiness, then the lives lost, the struggle
and the suffering will have been more than
recompensed.

Adrian E. Cristobal, The Tragedy of the Revolution (Makati City: Studio 5

Publishing Inc., 1997) 46; José P. Santos, Buhay at mga sinulat ni Emilio Jacinto
(Manila: José Paez Santos, 1935), 59–63.
 Indication

Rules
 Factors that could have influenced the author in
the writing of the document:
● Jacinto wanted to help achieve Filipino independence from Spain. For the new
government imagined by Bonifacio, he wanted to set out values.

● The document is needed to be the doctrine and ideology of the Katipunan.

● A vision for an equitable and morally sound Filipino country, is needed to be the
vision of the Katipunan.

● • To show the importance of ideas of Right and Light (Katwiran and Kaliwanagan).
 Give 2 main arguments of the author in
writing this document.

Post your own answers in provided for this question in

the classwork page.
 OUTPUT 2: CRITICAL ANALYSIS ESSAY

Based on the original Kartilya ng Katipunan’s

document written by Emilio Jacinto and the Decalogue
published by Andres Bonifacio, compare the values,
rules, and implications, and relate it on how we adapt
these concepts to you as part of the Filipino Youth
today.
 THANKS!
Does anyone have any questions?

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Please keep this slide for attribution.
 ● Candelaria, J. L. & Alporha, V. (2018).The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan, pp.22.-25. In
Readings in Philippine History. Sampaloc Manila: REX Book Store, Inc.

● Cristobal, A. The Tragedy of the Revolution (Makati City: Studio 5 Publishing Inc., 1997)
46; José P. Santos, Buhay at mga sinulat ni Emilio Jacinto (Manila: José Paez Santos,
RESOURCES

1935), 59–63. http://users.dma.ucla.edu/~lawrencedabu/PROJECT3/kartilya.pdf

● The Office of the Malacanang. (n.d.). Andres Bonifacio’s Decalogue, and the Kartilya ng
Katipunan. http://malacanang.gov.ph/7013-andres-bonifacios-decalogue-and-the-
kartilya-ng-katipunan/

● Rbsra, I. (2020). Topic 2: The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-perpetual-help-system-
dalta/readings-in-philippine-history/lesson-22-kartilya-ng-katipunan/14508774