Introduction to Linguistics II

BS English (Semester II)

Prepared by
Dr. M. Athar Khurshid

Govt. College Model Town, Lahore

 Syllabus

I. Scope of Linguistics: An Introduction to Major Branches of Linguistics

II. Schools of Linguistics (Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism,
Mentalism, Generativism)
III. Discourse Analysis (Difference between Spoken and Written discourse,
conversational structure, coherence/cohesion)
IV. Stylistic variation
Born: November 26, 1857, Geneva, Switzerland
Died: February 22, 1913, Vufflens-le-Châtea, Switzerland,
Influenced by: Émile Durkheim, Henri Bergson, Carl Jung,
Influenced: Noam Chomsky, Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida,
Structuralism
Prescription and Description
Diachrony and Synchrony
Saussure / də səʊsuːə /, by analyzing language synchronically, frames
a linguistic structure and finds a system, mechanism or structure in which a language
works. Hence his approach to linguistics for which he laid the ground work came to
be known as structuralism.

An example of structuralism is describing an apple. An apple is crisp, sweet, juicy,

round, and hard. Another example of structuralism is describing your experience at
the ocean by saying it is windy, salty, and cold, but rejuvenating.

In the same way, words and sentences can be describes in terms of their basic
elements.
Functionalism

André Martinet's [ɑ̃.dʁe maʁ.ti.nɛ] Functional Syntax, with two major books,
A functional view of language (1962) and Studies in Functional Syntax
(1975). Martinet is one of the most famous French linguists and can be
regarded as the father of French functionalism.

Functionalism “holds that linguistic structures can only be understood and

explained with reference to the semantic and communicative functions
of language, whose primary function is to be a vehicle for social interaction
among human beings.”

Agent, Operator, Predicator, Patient,

 André Martinet's [ɑ̃.dʁe maʁ.ti.nɛ]
Born: April 12, 1908, France
Died: July 16, 1999, Châtenay-Malabry, France
Nationality: French
Books: Elements of general linguistics,

Michael Halliday
Born: April 13, 1925, Leeds, United Kingdom
Died: April 15, 2018, Uniting Wesley Heights Manly, Manly, Australia
Full name: Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday
Spouse: Ruqaiya Hasan (m. ?–2015)
Education: Peking University, University of London
Ruqaiya Hasan was a professor of linguistics who held visiting
positions and taught at various universities in England. Her last
appointment was at Macquarie University in Sydney, from which she
retired as emeritus professor in 1994. Wikipedia
Born: July 3, 1931, Uttar Pradesh, India
Died: June 24, 2015, Sydney, Australia
Spouse: Michael Halliday (m. ?–2015)
Education: St John's Land, The University o Edinburgh, University
of the Punjab, University of Allahabad
Edited works: Continuing Discourse on Language: A Functional
Perspective,
Structuralism vs Functionalism

Structuralism studies the human mind and the basic units that
can be identified through introspection. Functionalism focuses
on more objective forms of study and argues that it's necessary to
study aspects of the mind and behavior in terms of function.
So Long