chapter 4

serious students
executive
what is an executive?
legislature, executive and judiciary are the most important organs of the government. any
organisation whether it is private or public requires a group or body of people that will take
everyday decisions and look after the working and functioning of the organisation.  they
coordinate with different departments and carry out proper functioning of its organisation. for
example: your school. it has principal which looks after day to day functioning. she looks after
whether the teacher takes the class everyday. she sees to it that which teacher needs to be
given the responsibility for preparing the students for a competition. she sees that best teaching
should be provided to students. therefore, she takes everyday decisions and implements it.
The same happens in the government too.  executive takes decisions and sees that it is
implemented well.  there are two types of executive, that is, political executive which changes
after every election and second is permanent executive which includes civil servants.
Political Executive which includes heads of government and their ministers frames policy while
permanent executive is responsible for day to day administration.
questions and answers   
ques1. what are the three organs of government?
ans 1 executive, legislature and judiciary are the three organs of government.
ques2. what is an executive?
ans 2. The organ of government that looks after the implementation and administrationof
government.
ques3. what are the functions of executive? 
ans 3.  the functions of executive are:
a.  responsible for implementation of laws and policie adopted by legislature.
b. political executive is involved in framing the policy
c.  responsible for day to day administration
ques4. what are the types of executive?
ans 4. there are two types of bureaucracy:
a.  permanent executive : civil servants who are responsible for day to day administration
b. political executive:  presidents, prime ministers and ministers who are responsible with framing
of policy.
ques 5.  what is political executive? 
ANS 5. executive which looks after framing of policy and implementation of laws and policies is
called political executive. they change after every eletion and is not permanent like the civil
servants.
ques6. what is permanent executive?
ans 6. executive which takes decisons and looks affter day to day administration is called
permanent executive. and they do not change with every election.   
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXECUTIVE
Different countries have different types of executives(political). in india. president is a ceremonial
head and prime ministers is the head of government taking major decisions. whereas in USA ,
president is the head of government and he takes major decisions. he is not a mere ceremonial
head.
so there are different types of executive:
a.  parliamentary form of executive
b.  semi presidential formof executive
c. presidential form of executive
these types are discussed below in next topics.
questions and answers
ques1. what are the different types of executive?
ans 1.   There are different types of executive:
a.  parliamentary form of executive
b.  semi presidential formof executive
c. presidential form of executive
ques 2. do all the countries have same type of executive?
ans 2. no different countries have different type of executive.  in india. president is a ceremonial
head and prime ministers is the head of government taking major decisions. whereas in USA ,
president is the head of government and he takes major decisions. he is not a mere ceremonial
head. 
presidential system of executive
USA has presidential system in india. executive powers are in the hands of president.  president
is the head of government and head of country. his office is powerfu in theory as well as in
practice because he takes major decisions. unlike our indian president who simply signs on the
decisions taken by the ministers. He is directly elected by the people. and is not accountable to
legislature. it is the system which is based on individual leadership.
questions and answers
ques1.  give some features of presidential system of executive?
ans 1.  features of presidential system of india are:
a.   president is the head of government and head of country.
b.   his office is powerfu in theory as well as in practice
c.   president is directly elected by the people.
d.  president is not accountable to legislature.
ques2. give an example of  presidential system of executive?
ans 2. USA
semi presidential system of executive
In  this system, president is the head of state and prime minister is the head of government. PM
and council of ministers are responsible to legislature. example: france. in france, president
appoints the prime minister but cannot dismiss them as they are responsible to parliament. here
president may possess day to day powers.  and sometimes, the president and prime minister
may belong to the same party or they may belong to different parties.
Russia is another example.
questions and answers
ques1. what is semi presidential system of executive?
Ans 1.   In  this system, president is the head of state and prime minister is the head of
government.
ques 2. give examples of semi presidential system of executive?
ans 2.  france, sri lanka and russia
ques 3.  give some features of semi presidential system of executive?
ans 3.  features of semi presidential system of executive are:
a.   president is the head of state and prime minister is the head of government.
b.  PM and council of ministers are responsible to legislature.
parliamentary system of executive
prime minister is the head of government. there is a president or a monarch who is the head of
State. please note that here State is used interchangeably with country. State means country
only. here, the role of president is ceremonial.  and prime minister alongwith cabinet weilds
power. prime minister is accountable to the legislature.
example: india. here prime minister takes all the decisions and president is a rubber stamp ,
having the only power of signing the decisions.
questions and answers
ques1. what is the parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 1. parliamentary system of executive means the system where prime minister is the head of
government and president or a monarch is the head of State.
ques2. give some features of parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 2. features of parliamentary system of executive ?
a.  prime minister is the head of government.
b. president or a monarch  is the head of State.
c.  prime minister alongwith cabinet weilds power.
d. prime minister is accountable to the legislature.
ques3. give an example of parliamentary system of executive ? 
ans 3. india, canada and italy.
PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA
This topic will deal with the parliamentary system of executive  in india. india adopted the
parliamentary system of executive . The reason was that in parliamentary system, executives are
controlled by the representatives of people. the constitution makers wanted the system which
would be sensitive to the needs of public and would be accountable and responsible. but in
presidential system, the president would be head of State and head of government. this would
have allowed president to become the sole authority. it would have led to personality cult.
moreover president is not accountable to legislature. so thats why parliamentary system of
executive was adopted at both national and at state levels.
in this system, president is the head of State and prime minister and council of ministers run the
government at national level. at state level, executive is governor,  ministers and chief minister.
questions and answers
ques1. Why did India adopt parliamentary system of executive?
ans1.   The reason was that in parliamentary system, executives are controlled by the
representatives of people. The constitution makers wanted the system which would be sensitive
to the needs of public and would be accountable and responsible to them.
ques2. why india didnot adopt presidential system of executive?
ans 2. in presidential system, the president would be head of State and head of government. this
would have allowed president to become the sole authority. it would have led to personality cult.
moreover, president is not accountable to legislature, so he/she might not have been responsible
to needs of public.
ques3.  who is the executive at the state level?
ans 3. At the state level, the executive comprises of governor, chief minister and council of
ministers.
ques 4.  who is the executive at the national level?
ans 4.  at the national level, executive comprises of president, prime minister and council of
ministers.
Powers of President 
constitution has formally given the executive power of the union to the president of india. in
reality, president exercises the powers through council of ministers which is headed by prime
minister. that means, the president cannot act without the advice of council of ministers.
Article74(1) says that there shall be a council of ministers with PM at head to aid and advice the
president who will then act according to the advice given. but if the president wants that council
of ministers should reconsider their advice, then president will act according to the advice given
after such reconsideration. this means even if the council of ministers does not change that
advice which president has told them, the president still has to act according to the advice given
by council of ministers.  the reason the president has to act according to council of ministers is
that prime minister and council of ministers are the real executive. they are chosen directly by
people. whereas, president is indirectly elected. 
president is elected for five years. he is not elected by people. but indirectly elected by elected
MPs and MLAs. this election takes place according to proprtional representation  with single
transferrable vote as discussed in chapter 3.
question and answers
ques1.  who are the real executive?
ans 1.  prime minister and council of ministers are the real executive .
ques2. why is prime minister and council of ministers called the real executive?
ans 2. they are called the real executive because they are directly elected by people and are
responsible and accountable to them.
ques3.  why is president not the real executive?
ans3.  president is not the real executive because he/she is indirectly elected by the elected MP
and MLA .
ques4.  wit whom the executive power formally vests?
ans 4.  president
ques5.  how does president exercises his power?
ans5. president exercises his power through the council of ministers.
ques6. what does article 74(1) says ?
ans 6. article 74(1) says that president has to act according to the advice given by council of
ministers . and if president sends it for reconsideration, then the president will act in accordance
iiwth the advice tendered after such reconsideration.
ques7.  How is the president of india elected?
ans 7.  president of india is elected by proprtional representation with single transferrable vote. 
discretionary powers of the president
after reading about article 74(1) , we may be of this opinion that if the president hasto act on the
advice of council of ministers, then why to have  a president at first place. there are discretionary
powers of president available in which h/she(president) can act without taking the advice of
council of ministers.
the  powers of president are:
a.  he/se has the right to be informed on all matters of council of ministers
b.  prime minister should bring all information that president has asked for.
c. president writes to the prime minister and expresses his opinion on matters of the country.
besides these powers , president also has discretionary powers. discretionary powers are those
powers where president does not require council of miniters to give him advice. president can act
on his own self without being dependent on council of ministers for advice.
the discretionary powers of president are:
first: we have already read that in article 74(1) president can send back the advice given by
council of ministers and ask them to reconsider it. although , the council can send back the same
advice and president would be bound by the same advice. but still, president has the discretion
to send back the advice.
second: president has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the assent of the bill
passed by the parliament. but if the parliament passes the same bill again and sends it to
president, then the president has to give assent to that bill. but the power wiith president here is
that he/she can keep the bill pending with him for unlimited time. this called"pocket veto".
why does a bill requires the assent of president? every bill which is passed by parliment requires
the assent(sign) of the president before the bill becomes a law. 
third : the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. when the party has won by clear
majority, then the president has no problem. he simply calls the leader who has   majority
support. but in situations where there is no clear majority, and two or three leaders claim that
they have majority , so the president uses his discretion to call the leader and appoint him as the
prime minister. he uses his discretion to see which leader can actually form and run the
government.
fourth: in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are dependent on support of
majority of legislature. and if at any time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority  ,
then the president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time
president symbolically represents the country.
questions and answers
ques1. what are the discretionary powers of presidentt? 
ans1.  the discretionary powers of president are:
a.  under Article 74(1), President can send back the advice given by council of ministers and ask
them to reconsider it.
b.  president has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the assent of the bill passed by
the parliament.
c.   the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. in situations where there is no clear
majority, and two or three leaders claim that they have majority , so the president uses his
discretion to call the leader and appoint him as the prime minister.
d.  in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are dependent on support of
majority of legislature. and if at any time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority  ,
then the president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time
president symbolically represents the country. 
ques2. what is pocket veto?
ans 2. to withhold the assent to the bill, president has the power to keep the bill pending with him
for unlimited time. this is called"pocket veto".
Ques3. Why does the bill requires the assent of the presidentt?
Ans3. It is within the constitution provision that any bill can  become the law only if it has the
assent of the president.
Ques4. How does president withhold the ssent of the bill?
Ans 4. President with hold the assent of the bill by refusing to sign on it and keep the bill with
himself for unlimited period of time.
Ques 5. What are the powers of president?
Ans 5. The powers of president are:
the  powers of president are:
a.  he/se has the right to be informed on all matters of council of ministers 
b.  prime minister should bring all information that president has asked for.
c. president writes to the prime minister and expresses his opinion on matters of the country.  
d. under Article 74(1), President can send back the advice given by council of ministers and ask
them to reconsider it.
e.  president has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the assent of the bill passed by
the parliament. 
f.   the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. in situations where there is no clear
majority, and two or three leaders claim that they have majority , so the president uses his
discretion to call the leader and appoint him as the prime minister. 
g.  in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are dependent on support of
majority of legislature. and if at any time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority  ,
then the president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time
president symbolically represents the country.  
Vice president of india
He is elected for five years. His election is same as that of president. He is elected by
proportional representation with single transferrable vote. The only difference between his
election and that of president's election is that state legislatures are not included in election of
vice president.
Vice president is removed from his office by a resolution of rajya sabha passed by majority and
accepted by lok sabha. The vice president acts as ex officio chairman of rajya sabha and takes
over as president when there is a vacancy by reasons oof death, resignation , removal by
impeachment or otherwise. The vice president acts as the president only until a new president is
elected. BD Jatti acted as president on the death of fakruddin ali ahmed until a new president
was elected.
Questions and answers
Ques1. How is the vice president elected?
Ans 1. Vice president is elected by proportional representation with single transferrable vote.
Ques2.  What is the difference between presidents' election and vice president' s election?
Ans2. State legislatures are not part of electoral college
Ques3.  How can vice president of india be removed?
Ans 3. He may be removed by a resolution of rajya sabha passed by majority and accepted by
lok sabha.
Ques4. When can vice president act as president ofindia?
Ans 4. vice president act as president of India when there is a vacancy due to death, resignation
or removal by impeachment.
PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Prime minister is an important functionary of government in our country because he/she is the
head of government. It is important for the PM to have the majority in lok sabha. If majority is lost,
then PM loses his office. For many years after independence, the congress party had majority in
lok sabha and its leader became PM. Since 1989, there have been occasions that there have
been no majority in lok sabha. So in this case, coalition government is coming to power.a leader
who is acceptable to most partners forms a coalition government.
Functions of PM:
 He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet minister
of state or deputy minister  
Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
When PM dies, council of ministers are dissolved.
Act as a link between council of ministers on one hand and president and parliament on other
hand.
PM should communicate to president all decisions of council of ministers.
Involved in all crucial decisions of government and decides policies
In short, PM is leader of lok sabha, has control over council of ministers, command over
bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection as national leader during international
summits and foreign visits.
The power of PM depends on the prevailing political conditions. With the coming of coalition
government, office of PM has undergone a drastic change. The government is formed after
gaining support from many parties. The changes which have come are:
It resulted in increasing discretionary role of president in selection of prime minister
Led to more consultation between political parties, leading to erosion of prime ministerial
authority
Brought restrictions on various prerogatives of PM like choosing the ministers and deciding their
ranks and portfolios.
Even policies and programmes cannot be decided by PM: political parties come together to form
coaltition government. So lot of negotiations take place to form policies. Therefore, PM act as a
negotiator than leader ofgovernment

Size of counncil of ministers

91st amendment was introduced which said that the council of ministers will not exceed
15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states). Before
this there was no restriction on the number of council of ministers. And also when no party had
clear majority, then ministerial positions were given as temptation to win over the support of
members of parliament.
Questions and answers
Ques1. What is 91st amendment?
Ans 1. 91st amendment put a limit on the size of council of ministers. This amendment gave that
the council of ministers will not exceed 15percent of total number of members of house of
people(or assembly in case of states).
Ques 2. Why was 91st amendment introduced?
Ans 2. 91st amendment was introduced which said that the council of ministers will not exceed
15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states). Before
this there was no restriction on the number of council of ministers. And when no party had clear
majority, then ministerial positions were given as temptation to win over the support of members
of parliament.
Ques3. What are the functions of PM?
Ans 3. Functions of PM:
 He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet minister
of state or deputy minister
Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
When PM dies, council of ministers are dissolved.
Act as a link between council of ministers on one hand and president and parliament on other
hand.
PM should communicate to president all decisions of council of ministers.
Involved in all crucial decisions of government and decides policies
In short, PM is leader of lok sabha, has control over council of ministers, command over
bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection as national leader during international
summits and foreign visits.
Ques 4. What changes have come in the office of PM with coming of coalition politics?
Ans 4. With the coming of coalition government, office of PM has undergone a drastic change.
The government is formed after gaining support from many parties. The changes which have
come are:
It resulted in increasing discretionary role of president in selection of prime minister
Led to more consultation between political parties, leading to erosion of prime ministerial
authority
Brought restrictions on various prerogatives of PM like choosing the ministers and deciding their
ranks and portfolios.
Even policies and programmes cannot be decided by PM: political parties come together to form
coaltition government. So lot of negotiations take place to form policies. Therefore, PM act as a
negotiator than leader ofgovernment

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS 
They are collectively responsible to lok sabha. If it loses the confidence of lok sabha, it has to
resign. They collectively govern on behalf of parliament. Collective responsibility is based on
solidarity of cabinet. It implies that vote of no confidence even against a single minister leads to
resignation of entire council of ministers. If a minister does not agree with policy or decision of
cabinet, then he must either accept the decisionor resign. Council of ministers cannot exist
without PM. PM holds a very important place. Council comes into existence after PM has takn
oath. Death or resignation of PM brings dissolution of council of ministers.
PERMANENT EXECUTIVE : BUREAUCRACY
Executive organ of government includes PM, the ministers and bureaucracy. Bureaucracyis
described as civil service. Service which is rendered for the civilians is called civil service. They
are trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of government and are
assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies and implementing them. For
eaxmple: a bureaucrat knows what is required in his district. He will inform his ministers and will
formulate accordingly. And after formulation will implement it so as to achieve desired results.
In a democracy, elected representatives and ministers are in charge of government and
administration is under the control of ministers. This is because representatives have been
elecetd directly by people and these representatives know the needs of people. So the civil
servants/administrators have to work under ministers. Since we have parliamentary system,
legislature also exercises control. Administrative officers cannot act against legislature because
legislature is elected directly by people. But this does not mean that they have to take sides of
political parties. They are made politicaly neutral by giving them permanency in their jobs so that
no minister can cancel their job. In a democracy, there are situations when new partiescome to
power and there is a change in policies and programmes. At this time, bureaucracy has to draft
policies efficiently and faithfully.
Bureaucracy was introduced because our constitution makers wanted an impartial and
professional service that will help in the development of the country. Therefore, they wanted
bureaucracy to be selected on the basis of merit. Union Public Service Commission is entrusted
with the task of conducting the process of recrutiment of civil servants. Public service
commissions have alos been provided for states. Members of public service commission are
appointed for fixed term and their removal is through an enquiry conducted by a judge of
Supreme Court.
Our constitution has also ensured that weaker sections are made part of this bureaucracy. They
have provided reservation in services for dalits, adivasis and other backward classes. This
ensures that bureaucracy will be more representative and social inequalities in osciety will be
removed when these bureaucrats will frame policies for them.
Question and answers
Ques1. What is bureaucracy?
Ans 1. Bureaucracy is a service which has trained and skilled officers who work as permanent
employees of government and are assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies
and implementing them.
 Ques2. What does executive organ of government comprises of ?
Ans 2. executive organ of government comprises of PM, ministers and bureaucracy.
Ques3. Who controls bureaucracy?
Ans 3. Bureaucracy is controlled by legislature, elected representatives and ministers.
Ques4. How is bureaucracy's political neutrality established?
Ans 4. They are given permanency in their jobs. And are recruited on the basis of merit
Ques5. Who recruits bureaucracy?
Ans5. Union public service commission recruits bureaucracy and in states there are separate
public service commissions.
Ques6. How are the members of public service commission removed?
Ans6. They are removed by an inquiry made by judge of supreme court.
Ques7. What has constitution done to remove inequalities in bureaucracy?
Ans 7. Constitution has introduced reservation in  jobs for dalits, adivasis and other backward
classes.
Ques8. What does bureaucracy consists of?
Ans 8. Bureaucracy consists of all india services, state services, employees of the local
governments, and technical and managerial staff running public sector undertakings.
Classification of civil services
They are classified as:
All india services which includes indian administrative services and indian police services
Central services: which includes indian foreign service and indian revenue service
State services: which includes sales tax officers
IAS and IPS are the backbone of higher level of bureaucracy in states. A district collector is an
IAS officer. IAS/IPS is given a particular state where he works under the supervision of state
government. It is the central government that take disciplinary action against them. Apart from
IAS/IPS states also appoint officers through state public service commission. Bureaucracy
strengthens the control of central government over administration of states.

Role of bureaucracy 
It is through Bureaucracy that welfare policies reach public.
Criticism of bureaucracy 
People are afraid of approaching bureaucracy. There is too much of political interference in
bureaucracy.
Solution suggested for improving bureaucracy.
Bureaucracy needs to be protected from political interference. Right to information will make
bureaucracy more strong.
Questions and answers
Ques1. Give the classification of bureaucracy?
Ans1. They are classified as:
All india services which includes indian administrative services and indian police services
Central services: which includes indian foreign service and indian revenue service
State services: which includes sales tax officers 
Ques2. What is the Criticism offered to bureaucracy?
Ans 2. People are afraid of approaching bureaucracy. There is too much of political interference
in bureaucracy.
 NON SERIOUS STUDENTS CHAP 4 EXECUTIVE 
what is an executive?
legislature, executive and judiciary are the most important organs of the government. any
organisation whether it is private or public requires a group or body of people that will take
everyday decisions and look after the working and functioning of the organisation.  they
coordinate with different departments and carry out proper functioning of its organisation. for
example: your school. it has principal which looks after day to day functioning. she looks after
whether the teacher takes the class everyday. she sees to it that which teacher needs to be
given the responsibility for preparing the students for a competition. she sees that best teaching
should be provided to students. therefore, she takes everyday decisions and implements it. 
The same happens in the government too.  executive takes decisions and sees that it is
implemented well.  there are two types of executive, that is, political executive which changes
after every election and second is permanent executive which includes civil servants. 
Political Executive which includes heads of government and their ministers frames policy while
permanent executive is responsible for day to day administration. 
questions and answers   
ques1. what are the three organs of government?
ans 1 executive, legislature and judiciary are the three organs of government.
ques2. what is an executive?
ans 2. The organ of government that looks after the implementation and administrationof
government.  
types of executive
Different countries have different types of executives(political). 
so there are different types of executive:
a.  parliamentary form of executive
b.  semi presidential formof executive
c. presidential form of executive 
these types are discussed below in next topics. 
questions and answers
ques1. what are the different types of executive?
ans 1.   There are different types of executive:
a.  parliamentary form of executive
b.  semi presidential formof executive
c. presidential form of executive 
ques 2. do all the countries have same type of executive?
ans 2. no different countries have different type of executive.  in india. president is a ceremonial
head and prime ministers is the head of government taking major decisions. whereas in USA ,
president is the head of government and he takes major decisions. he is not a mere ceremonial
head.   
presidential system of executive
USA has presidential system in india. executive powers are in the hands of president.  president
is the head of government and head of country. his office is powerfu in theory as well as in
practice because he takes major decisions.
questions and answers
ques1.  give some features of presidential system of executive?
ans 1.  features of presidential system of india are:
a.   president is the head of government and head of country. 
b.   his office is powerfu in theory as well as in practice
c.   president is directly elected by the people. 
d.  president is not accountable to legislature.
ques2. give an example of  presidential system of executive?
ans 2. USA
parliamentary system of executive
prime minister is the head of government. there is a president or a monarch who is the head of
State. please note that here State is used interchangeably with country. State means country
only. here, the role of president is ceremonial.  and prime minister alongwith cabinet weilds
power. prime minister is accountable to the legislature.
example: india. here prime minister takes all the decisions and president is a rubber stamp ,
having the only power of signing the decisions. 
questions and answers
ques1. what is the parliamentary system of executive ?
ans 1. parliamentary system of executive means the system where prime minister is the head of
government and president or a monarch is the head of State.
ques2. give some features of parliamentary system of executive ? 
ans 2. features of parliamentary system of executive ? 
a.  prime minister is the head of government.
b. president or a monarch  is the head of State. 
c.  prime minister alongwith cabinet weilds power. 
d. prime minister is accountable to the legislature. 
ques3. give an example of parliamentary system of executive ?  
ans 3. india, canada and italy. 
PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA
This topic will deal with the parliamentary system of executive  in india. india adopted the
parliamentary system of executive . The reason was that in parliamentary system, executives are
controlled by the representatives of people. the constitution makers wanted the system which
would be sensitive to the needs of public and would be accountable and responsible.
questions and answers
ques1. Why did India adopt parliamentary system of executive?
ans1.   The reason was that in parliamentary system, executives are controlled by the
representatives of people. The constitution makers wanted the system which would be sensitive
to the needs of public and would be accountable and responsible to them.
ques2. why india didnot adopt presidential system of executive?
ans 2. in presidential system, the president would be head of State and head of government. this
would have allowed president to become the sole authority. it would have led to personality cult.
moreover, president is not accountable to legislature, so he/she might not have been responsible
to needs of public.  
Powers of President 
a.  he/se has the right to be informed on all matters of council of ministers 
b.  prime minister should bring all information that president has asked for.
c. president writes to the prime minister and expresses his opinion on matters of the country.
besides these powers , president also has discretionary powers. discretionary powers are those
powers where president does not require council of miniters to give him advice. president can act
on his own self without being dependent on council of ministers for advice. 
the discretionary powers of president are:
first: we have already read that in article 74(1) president can send back the advice given by
council of ministers and ask them to reconsider it.
second: the power wiith president here is that he/she can keep the bill pending with him for
unlimited time. this called"pocket veto".
why does a bill requires the assent of president? every bill which is passed by parliment requires
the assent(sign) of the president before the bill becomes a law.  
third : the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. when the party has won by clear
majority, then the president has no problem. he simply calls the leader who has   majority
support. but in situations where there is no clear majority, and two or three leaders claim that
they have majority , so the president uses his discretion to call the leader and appoint him as the
prime minister. he uses his discretion to see which leader can actually form and run the
government. 
fourth: in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are dependent on support of
majority of legislature. and if at any time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority  ,
then the president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time
president symbolically represents the country. 
Ques 1. What are the powers of president?
Ans 1. The powers of president are:
the  powers of president are:
a.  he/se has the right to be informed on all matters of council of ministers 
b.  prime minister should bring all information that president has asked for.
c. president writes to the prime minister and expresses his opinion on matters of the country.  
d. under Article 74(1), President can send back the advice given by council of ministers and ask
them to reconsider it.
e.  president has veto power by which he can refuse or withhold the assent of the bill passed by
the parliament. 
f.   the president has the power to appoint a prime minister. in situations where there is no clear
majority, and two or three leaders claim that they have majority , so the president uses his
discretion to call the leader and appoint him as the prime minister. 
g.  in parliamentary system as in india, the council of ministers are dependent on support of
majority of legislature. and if at any time, the council of ministers lose the support of majority  ,
then the president who has a fixed term appoints the new prime minister and in the mean time
president symbolically represents the country.
functions oF PM
Functions of PM:
A.  He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
B. Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
C. Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet
minister of state or deputy minister  
D. Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
E. When PM dies, council of ministers are dissolved.
F. Act as a link between council of ministers on one hand and president and parliament on other
hand.
G. PM should communicate to president all decisions of council of ministers.
H. Involved in all crucial decisions of government and decides policies
In short, PM is leader of lok sabha, has control over council of ministers, command over
bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection as national leader during international
summits and foreign visits. 
Ques3. What are the functions of PM?
Ans 3. Functions of PM:
A.  He decides who will be ministers in council of minister
B. Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
C. Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet
minister of state or deputy minister 
D. Council of ministers come into existence when PM is appointed
E. When PM dies, council of ministers are dissolved.
F. Act as a link between council of ministers on one hand and president and parliament on other
hand.
G. PM should communicate to president all decisions of council of ministers.
H. Involved in all crucial decisions of government and decides policies
In short, PM is leader of lok sabha, has control over council of ministers, command over
bureaucratic machine, access to media, projection as national leader during international
summits and foreign visits. 
Ques 4. What changes have come in the office of PM with coming of coalition politics?
Ans 4. With the coming of coalition government, office of PM has undergone a drastic change.
The government is formed after gaining support from many parties. The changes which have
come are:
a. It resulted in increasing discretionary role of president in selection of prime minister
b. Led to more consultation between political parties, leading to erosion of prime ministerial
authority
c. Brought restrictions on various prerogatives of PM like choosing the ministers and deciding
their ranks and portfolios.
d. Even policies and programmes cannot be decided by PM: political parties come together to
form coaltition government. So lot of negotiations take place to form policies. Therefore, PM act
as a negotiator than leader ofgovernment

Ques1. What is 91st amendment?

Ans 1. 91st amendment put a limit on the size of council of ministers. This amendment gave that
the council of ministers will not exceed 15percent of total number of members of house of
people(or assembly in case of states).
Ques 2. Why was 91st amendment introduced?
Ans 2. 91st amendment was introduced which said that the council of ministers will not exceed
15percent of total number of members of house of people(or assembly in case of states). Before
this there was no restriction on the number of council of ministers. And when no party had clear
majority, then ministerial positions were given as temptation to win over the support of members
of parliament.
PERMANENT EXECUTIVE : BUREAUCRACY   
Executive organ of government includes PM, the ministers and bureaucracy. Bureaucracyis
described as civil service. Service which is rendered for the civilians is called civil service. They
are trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of government and are
assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies and implementing them. For
eaxmple: a bureaucrat knows what is required in his district. He will inform his ministers and will
formulate accordingly. And after formulation will implement it so as to achieve desired results.   
Bureaucracy was introduced because our constitution makers wanted an impartial and
professional service that will help in the development of the country. Therefore, they wanted
bureaucracy to be selected on the basis of merit.
Our constitution has also ensured that weaker sections are made part of this bureaucracy. They
have provided reservation in services for dalits, adivasis and other backward classes. This
ensures that bureaucracy will be more representative and social inequalities in osciety will be
removed when these bureaucrats will frame policies for them.
Question and answers 
Ques1. What is bureaucracy?
Ans 1. Bureaucracy is a service which has trained and skilled officers who work as permanent
employees of government and are assigned the task of assisting ministers in formulating policies
and implementing them. 
Ques2.  What does executive organ of government comprises of ?
Ans 2. executive organ of government comprises of PM, ministers and bureaucracy.
Ques3.  Who controls bureaucracy?
Ans 3. Bureaucracy is controlled by legislature, elected representatives and ministers.
Ques4.  How is bureaucracy's political neutrality established?
Ans 4. They are given permanency in their jobs. And are recruited on the basis of merit
Ques5. Who recruits bureaucracy?
Ans5. Union public service commission recruits bureaucracy and in states there are separate
public service commissions.
Ques6. How are the members of public service commission removed?
Ans6. They are removed by an inquiry made by judge of supreme court.
Ques7. What has constitution done to remove inequalities in bureaucracy?
Ans 7. Constitution has introduced reservation in  jobs for dalits, adivasis and other backward
classes.
mcqs chap4 executive
1.  which one is not the organ of the government?
a.  Constitution
b.  executive
c. legislature
d. judiciary
ans A 
2.  one of them is not the function of executive?
a.  day to day administration
b. framing of policy
c. implementation of laws and policies
d.  interpretation of laws
ans D. because that is the work of judiciary
3.  political executive includes:
a.  prime ministers
b. civil servants
c. presidents
d. ministers
ands B
4.  what are the types of executive?
a. presidential 
b.  parliamentary
c. semi presidential
d. constitutional
ans d
5.   which country has presidetial system of executive?
a. USA
b.   india
c. japan
d. pakistan
ans A
6.  which one of these is not a feature of  presidential system of executive? 
a.  he is accountable to legislature
b. head of government
c. head of State
d.  pesident is elected by people
ans A
7.  which one of these is not a  feature of semi presidential system of executive?
a. president is head of State
b. prime minister is head of government
c.  PM is accountable to legislature
d.  president is directly elected by people. 
ans D 
8. which one of these does not have a parliamentary system of executive?
a. japan
b. canada
c. italy
d. USA
ans D
9.  which system is based on individual laedership?
a.  semi presidential
b. presidential
c. parliamentary
d. constitutional
ans B
10.  which one of these do not have semi presidential system of executive?
a.  russia
b. italy
c. sri lanka 
d. france
ans B
11. which one of these is not feature of parliamentary system of executive ?
a. they are not accountable to legislature
b.  president appoint prime minister
c.  council of ministers take decisions
d. president is the rubber stamp.
ans A
12.  which country has a  parliamentary system of executive ?
a.  germany
b. japan
c. russia
d. India
ans D 
13.  why did india adopt parliamentary system in india?
a. india wanted prime minister and president
b.  wanted ceremonial president
c.  wanted executive to be accountable and responsible to public
d. wanted no clash between president and prime minister
ans C.
14.  who is not the executive at the state level.
a. governor
b. president
c. ministers
d.  chief minister
ans B. because he is the executive at national level not at state level. 
15.  who is the executive at national level?
a.  chief minister
b. president
c.. council of minister
d.  governor
ans A
16.  for how many years is the president of india elected ?
a. 5
b. 4
c. 3
d.2 
ans a
17. how is the president of india elected?
a.  direct election
b. proportional representation
c.   list system
d.  plurality system 
ans B
18.  who exercises executive powers formally?
a.  prime minister
b. governor
c.  president
d.  council of minister
ans C
19.  which one of these i snot a discretionary power of president?
a.  keeping the bill for unlimited period of time
b.  appointing prime minister when there is no clear majority
c.   sending the advice for reconsideration
d.  acting on the advice of coouncil of ministers
ans d
20.  what is pocket veto?
a.  veto in the pocket
b.  keeping the bill without assent for unlimited period of time
c.  giving back advice for reconsideration
d.  carrying powers in th epocket
ans B 
21.  a bill cannot become a law when?
a.  when president does not give assent to it.
b.  when council of ministers send it back from reconsideration
c.  when passed by parliament 
d.  when accepted by council of ministers 
ans A
22. which is not the power of president?
a.  asking information from president
b.  asking information from council of ministers
c.  refusing to sign the bill even after reconsideration
d.  writing on important issues that matter the country
ans C   
23.  for how many years vice president of india is elected?
a.  5
b. 4
c. 3
d. 6
ans a
24.  how is vice president of india elected?
a. proportional representation
b. plurality system
c.  list system
d.  first past the post system
ans A
25.  which vice president acted as president on the death of fakruddin ali ahmed?
a.  shankar dayal sharma
b. rajendra prasad
c.  BD Jatti
d.  abdul kalam 
ans C
26.   91ST amendment is:
a.   to amend fundamental rights
b. to limit the sizeof council of ministers
c.  to stop  horse trading
d.   to increase size of council of ministers
ans B 
27.  which one is not the function of PM?
A. decides who will be ministers in council of minister
B. Allocates ranks and portfolios to ministers
C. Depending upon seniority and political importance, ministers are given ranks of cabinet
minister of state or deputy minister 
d.  signs and give assent to bill to become a law.
ans D
28.  changes which have not come in theoffice of PM with coming of coalition politics?
a.  negotiator in policies and programmes
b.  president gained importance
c. PM has more say in governance
d.  coalitional partners have greater say in matters
ans C 
29.  executive organ of parliament?
a. bureaucracy
b. council of ministers
c.  governor
d.  chief ministers
ans B
30.  executive organ of government?
a. bureaucracy
b. council of ministers
c.  governor
d.  chief ministers
ans A
31.  who recruits civil servants?
a. constitution
b. UPSC
c.  supreme court
d.ministers
ans B
32. What has constitution done to remove inequalities in bureaucracy? 
a.  selection on basis of purely merit
b.  given them higher salaries
c. reservations
d.  recruited by ministers
ans C
33. the members of public service commission are removed?
a. judge of supreme court
b. judge of high court
c.  judgeof local court
d. retired judge of supreme court
ans  A
34. who controls bureaucracy?
a.  legislature
b. executive
c. judiciary 
d. media
ans A
35.  what does bureaucracy does not include?
a. central services
b. all india services
c.  state services
d.  local government services
ans D
36. what does all india services include?
a. IAS
b. IFS
c. IRS
d. sales tax officers 
ans A
37.  what doe state services include in bureaucracy?
a. IAS
b. IFS
c. IRS
d. sales tax officers 
ans D
38. what does central services include in bureaucracy? 
a. IAS
b. IFS
c. IpS
d. sales tax officers 
ans IFS
39. what does central services include in bureaucracy? 
a. IAS
b. IpS
c. IRS
d. sales tax officers 
ans C
40. what does all india services include?
a. IPS
b. IFS
c. IRS 
d. sales tax officers
ans A