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Wideband Dual-Layer Huygens’ Metasurface for
High-Gain Multibeam Array Antennas
Ji-Wei Lian, Yong-Ling Ban, and Y. Jay Guo

Abstract—A wideband dual-layer Huygens’ unit cell based on
offset electric dipole pair (OEDP) is proposed. Different from
traditional designs with a combination of electric and magnetic
polarizabilities, the proposed Huygens’ unit cell employs electric
polarizabilities exclusively. By doing so, it practically avoids the
unbalanced resonant frequencies between two polarizabilities,
thereby achieving wideband transmission. Based on the proposed
unit cell, a wideband and high-gain multibeam array antenna is
developed. Firstly, a Rotman lens is designed by using a substrate
integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Then a parallel-fed slot
antenna array is connected to the Rotman lens to generate multi-
ple beams. Without using a series-fed slot antenna array, the
multibeam array antenna based on Rotman lens can operate
within a relatively wide bandwidth (28 GHz to 32 GHz). Secondly,
a wideband dual-layer Huygens’ metasurface is developed that
serves as a superstrate of the multibeam array antenna for in-
creasing the antenna gain further. A wideband and high-gain
multibeam array antenna is finally realized, which is comprised of
a Rotman lens, a parallel-fed slot antenna array, and a Huygens’
metasurface. To verify the performance of this design, a prototype
is fabricated and its measured results are compared to the simu-
lated counterparts.
Index Terms—Wideband, dual-layer, Huygens’ metasurface,
high-gain, multibeam, Rotman lens, slot antenna array, substrate
integrated waveguide (SIW).
I. INTRODUCTION
I N recent years, using engineered surfaces to tailor electro-
magnetic wavefront has been widely applied to the design of
microwave and millimeter-wave devices. These include
metasurfaces [1]-[5], transmitarrays [6]-[9], and frequency
selective surfaces (FSS) [10]-[12], just to name a few. By in-
dividually designing every unit cell of the engineered surface to
Manuscript received ** **, 2021. This work was supported in part by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61971098 and
Grant U19A2055, in part by the National Key Research and Development
Project under Grant 2020YFB1805003, and in part by the Fund of Science and
Technology on Electromagnetic Scattering Laboratory under Grant
61424090410. (Corresponding author: Yong-Ling Ban).
J.-W. Lian is with the School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nan-
jing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China. He was
with the School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Elec-
tronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China, and also
with the Global Big Data Technologies Centre, University of Technology
Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
Y.-L. Ban is with the School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Uni-
versity of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731,
China (e-mail: byl@uestc.edu.cn).
Y. J. Guo is with the Global Big Data Technologies Centre, University of
Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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1
obtain desired phase and magnitude response, one can manip-
ulate the electromagnetic wavefront, for example, to generate
high-gain radiation patterns.
Generally speaking, the phase shift range of the unit cell is
expected to cover 360ºwhile the transmission loss is expected
to be less than 3 dB. It has been demonstrated that FSS unit
cells typically require at least triple layers to achieve 360ºphase
coverage, and as a contrast, a dual-layer FSS unit cell can only
provide 228.5ºwhen |S21|≤3 dB [12]. But dual-layer structures
are highly desirable for certain applications, such as conformal
transmitarray designs [8]. Confronting with this issue, serious
attentions have been paid to dual-layer engineered surfaces
with full phase coverage recently [13]-[25].
As a special case, a dual-layer circularly polarized unit cell
can achieve 360ºphase coverage by only rotating the unit cell
itself. Nevertheless, such an approach is not feasible for linearly
polarized applications due to the polarization mismatch when
rotating the unit cell [13]-[14].
In [15], a dual-layer 1-bit transmitarray is proposed, which is
composed of two types of unit cells, i.e., 0ºand 180ºunit cells.
A synthesized distribution of these two types of unit cells is
used to generate a pencil beam. A dual-layer transmitarray
operating at terahertz frequency is designed in [16], the unit cell
of which can provide 360ºphase coverage with a maximum
transmission loss of 3.52 dB at 250 GHz. In [17], three different
unit cells are combined to build a transmitting metasurface,
which is used for orbital angular momentum generation. The
designs in [16]-[17] provide 360ºphase coverage with either
increased transmission loss [16] or multiple unit cells [17];
therefore the unit cells in [16]-[17] do not essentially remove
the phase shift limit of dual-layer structure.
One workable approach to augment the phase shift range of
the dual-layer unit cell is to insert vias, as demonstrated in
[18]-[19]. After introducing several vertical vias between two
identical metallic microstrip patches, the phase shift range is
greatly increased from 175ºto 305º, and in the meantime, the
maximum magnitude loss is reduced from 8 dB to 1.75 dB.
Later in [20], a similar unit cell with two degrees of freedom is
developed to extend the phase shift range to 360º. Although
inserting vias does lead to satisfactory unit cell performance, it
complicates the design process and makes the substrate fragile
and difficult to bend.
Another alternative approach to provide nearly 360ºphase
coverage is to employ a dual-layer Huygens’ unit cell [21]-[26],
which successfully extended the phase range of dual-layer unit
cells. It should be noted that traditional Huygens’ unit cell
designs, including those reported in [20]-[26], take advantage
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of the cooperation of electric and magnetic polarizabilities. Et, Ht

These two polarizabilities are tuned to the same frequency to Huygens' unit cell
Electric element 1
achieve full transmission, which is usually a technical chal- Electric element 2
lenge. Also, the dispersion difference between these two po- Region 2
larizabilities will result in relatively narrow bandwidth [27]. d Huygens' metasurface
One solution to solve this problem is to create a Huygens’ unit Region 1
cell employing only electric or magnetic polarizability. To z
demonstrate this, Feng et al in [27] have designed a Huygens’ y
metasurface of silicon dual nanodisks, operating at the optical Ei, Hi Er, Hr
spectrum (with a wavelength of 1.2 μm). Nevertheless, the
Fig. 1. Schematic of Huygens’ metasurface.
possibility and feasibility of employing only electric or mag-
netic polarizability at microwave or millimeter-wave spectrum
remain unproven. where Er, Et, and Ei denote the reflected wave, the transmitted
The main contribution of this paper is to propose a dual-layer wave, and incident wave, respectively, ˆ ee and ˆ mm are the
Huygens’ unit cell based on offset electric dipole pairs (OEDP)
effective electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the Huygens’
working at millimeter-wave. Using electric polarizability ex-
unit cell, ω is the angular frequency, S represents the area of the
clusively, such a unit cell displays a wide passband from 20.9
array unit cell, and η0 is the wave impedance in free space.
GHz to 52.7 GHz (86%) when transmission loss is less than
In [27], it has been demonstrated that using a dipole pair with
1dB. By varying one parameter, the proposed Huygens’ unit
an offset along the propagation direction of the incident wave
cell can provide over 300ºphase shift range from 28 to 44 GHz
can create a Huygens’ unit cell. Fig. 1 displays the schematic
(44%) with the transmission loss less than 3dB. Compared with
diagram of a Huygens’ surface employing only electric ele-
other dual-layer Huygens’ unit cells, the proposed one exhibit
ments. Each blue arrow represents an electric element. This
widest passband bandwidth and widest bandwidth to provide
Huygens’ surface contains two layers of electric elements. It is
adequate phase coverage without the complication of employ-
noted that the spacing between two electric elements along the
ing vias. Another contribution of the paper is the design of a
propagation direction is d, which will bring about an extra
high-gain wideband multibeam array antenna. The aforemen-
propagation path difference between two electric elements.
tioned Huygens’ unit cells are employed to design a metasur-
Taking the propagation path difference between two electric
face as a superstrate to increase the gain of a multibeam array
elements into account and substituting the magnetic polariza-
antenna. Such a topology can effectively increase the gain of
bilities with electric polarizabilities in (1a)-(1b), the reflected
multibeam array antenna without sacrificing the bandwidth.
wave Er and transmitted wave Et reads
The structure of this paper is organized as follows. Section II
i0 (1)
introduces the operation principle of the dual-layer Huygens’ Er 
2S
ˆee  ˆee(2) e jkd  Ei (2a)
unit cell employing only the electric response. Derived from
this theory, a dual-layer Huygens’ unit cell composed of OEDP  i0 (1) 
is therewith proposed. Based on the proposed Huygens’ unit
Et  1   ˆ ee  ˆ ee(2) e jkd   Ei (2b)
 2S 
cell, a dual-layer Huygens’ metasurface as a superstrate is
where ˆ ee(1) and ˆ ee(2) are the effective electric polarizabilities of
developed in Section III. The designed metasurface enables the
gain enhancement of a multibeam array antenna, whose details two electric elements, and k is the wave number. To obtain a
are shown in Section III. A comparison between the simulated Huygens’ surface with total transmission and zero reflection,
and experimental results of the final prototype is conducted in the following conditions are required
Section IV, verifying the design concept. After that, a brief Er  0 (3a)
conclusion is given in Section V. Et  Ei (3b)
To satisfy conditions (3a)-(3b), we have
II. HUYGENS’ UNIT CELL DESIGN
ˆ ee(1)  ˆ ee(2) e jkd  0 (4a)
A. Operation Principle of Huygens’ Unit Cells Using Electric
Polarizability  ˆ e ˆ (1)
ee 0 (2)  jkd
ee (4b)
In conventional Huygens’ design, the unit cells are both Denoting the phase difference between two effective electric
electrically and magnetically polarizable, whose electromag- polarizabilities as φ, conditions (4a)-(4d) are rewritten as
netic response can be described as the functions of electric and 1  ˆ ee(2) ˆ ee(1) e jkd  j  0 (5a)
magnetic polarizabilities [28]:
1  ˆ ee(2) ˆ ee(1) e  jkd  j  0 (5b)
i  1 
Er  0ˆ ee  ˆ mm  Ei (1a) when ˆ (2)
ˆ (1)
is equal to 1, the solutions to conditions
2S  0 
ee ee

(5a)-(5b) are
 i  1 
Et  1  0ˆ ee  ˆ mm   Ei (1b)   kd  2n ,( n  0,1, 2,...) (6a)
 2S  0     kd  (2n  1) ,( n  0,1, 2,...) (6b)

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-2
h z

S21 (dB)
y -4
x
-6
Proposed Huygens'
(a) unit cell
d4
d1 -8

d5 θ_ele 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
0.25 λ0

d3
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
10
d2 0.5 λ0

(b) 5

Fig. 2. (a) Simulated models of the proposed Huygens’ unit cells, and (b) top

Yes  Yes 
(2)
view of the proposed Huygens’ unit cell. (d1=2.50, d2=5.00, d3=2.10, d4=2.40, 0
d5=0.10. Unit: mm)

(1)
(1) (1)
Im(Yes ) Re(Yes )
Surface current distribution ( A/m ) -5
(2) (2)
400 200 0 Im(Yes ) Re(Yes )

-10
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Frequency (GHz)
(b)
t=0 t=T/4 Fig. 4. (a) Simulated transmission coefficient, and (b) simulated sheet im-
pedance of the proposed Huygens’ unit cells.

TABLE I
PHASE AND MAGNITUDE RESPONSES OF THE HUYGENS’ UNIT CELL
Frequency 22 GHz 24 GHz 26 GHz 28 GHz
t=T/2 t=3T/4 Phase cover.* 285º 327º 339º 344º
Max. tran. loss* 9.4 dB 6.1 dB 4.3 dB 3.0 dB
Fig. 3. Surface current distribution of the proposed Huygens’ unit cell at 40
GHz. Frequency 30 GHz 32 GHz 34 GHz 36 GHz
Phase cover.* 346º 347º 347º 346º
Max. tran. loss* 2.2 dB 1.7 dB 1.6 dB 1.8 dB
By choosing   kd  0 and   kd   , we have solutions
Frequency 38 GHz 40 GHz 42 GHz 44 GHz
to conditions (6a)-(6b). In summary, the conditions of a Phase cover.* 343º 339º 331º 316º
Huygens’ unit cell design using electric dipole pair read: Max. tran. loss* 1.5 dB 1.9 dB 1.0 dB 1.5 dB
   2 (7a) Frequency 46 GHz 48 GHz 50 GHz 52 GHz
d  d 4 (7b) Phase cover.* 279º 160º 89º 70º
ˆ ee(2) ˆ ee(1)  1 (7c) Max. tran. loss* 2.7 dB 6.4 dB 10.3 dB 7.1 dB

where λd is the wavelength in substrate used to build the Huy- Phase cover.*: Phase coverage; Max. tran. loss*: Maximum transmission loss.
gens’ unit cell.
B. Huygens’ Unit Cell Design and generate equal electric polarizabilities according to condi-
tion (7c). The top view of the proposed Huy gens’ unit cell is
According to the design conditions (7a)-(7c), a y-polarized
shown in Fig. 2(b) including some design dimensions. The
Huygens’ unit cell is proposed in this paper, as shown in Fig.
electric dipole used in this design is Egyptian Axe Dipole (EAD)
2(a). The size of the Huygens’ unit cell is 0.25 λ0*0.5 λ0, where
[29].
λ0 is the wavelength in free space at 30 GHz. The unit cell is
According to the condition (7b), the thickness of the sub-
composed of an electric dipole pair printed on the top and
strate is decided by the operating frequency and the dielectric
bottom surfaces, respectively. For clarity, they are denoted in
constant of the substrate. The used substrate for building the
blue or red color. The dipole pair are moved toward opposite
Huygens’ unit cell is Arlon Cuclad 250GX with a dielectric
directions to achieve some offset. By doing so, the dipole pair
constant of 2.5. Taking 40 GHz as an example, the calculated
in one Huygens’ unit cell can fairly receive an incoming wave
thickness is 1.19 mm. In this design, the thickness of the used

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TABLE II
COMPARISONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT UNIT CELLS
Reference Principle Structure layer Vias Operation band (GHz) Phase coverage (º) Transmission loss (dB)
[18] FSS 2 Yes 20 305 1.75
[19] FSS 2 Yes 17-19 (11%) >360 2
[20] FSS 2 Yes 20-22 (9%) >360 4
[21] Huygens 2 No 13 360 1.54
[22] Huygens 2 No 10 Quantized 360 1.67
[23] Huygens 2 No 28 318 1.63
[24] Huygens 2 No 9.3 360 About 5
[26] Huygens 2 No 24-28 (15%) >405 2.3
[27] Huygens Not planar No 2.3×10 (1.3 μm)
5
About 330 About 1.5
[31] N. A. 2 Yes 30 396 1
This work Huygens 2 No 28-44 (44%) >300 3

.
substrate is 1.2 mm, which enable the designed unit cell to electric sheet admittance and magnetic sheet impedance are
satisfy condition (7b). The surface current distribution of the equal and purely imaginary, the unit cell become fully trans-
dipole pair at 40 GHz is displayed in Fig. 3. The surface current missive and its phase can be varied from ‒π to π [30]. In this
of the left electric dipole alters its flowing direction at the times case, the passband is usually decided by two resonant fre-
t=0 and t=T/2. In the meantime, at the times t=T/4 and t=3T/4, quencies, at which Yes  Z ms  is satisfied. For example,
the current flowing direction of the right electric dipole changes.
the Huygens’ unit cell designed in [26] is resonant at 27.3 GHz
Therefore, 90ºof phase difference occurs between two electric
and 31.1 GHz, and they together forms a 13% passband. In the
dipoles, which satisfies condition (7a).
proposed Huygens’ unit cell, a much wider passband is ex-
The transmission coefficient of the proposed Huygens’ unit
pected because only electric polarizability is utilized. The sheet
cell is shown in Fig. 4 (a). A wide passband is observed from
impedances of the proposed Huygens’ unit cell are plotted in
20.9 GHz to 52.7 GHz (86%) with the transmission loss less
Fig. 4 (b). The real part of electric sheet admittances are near 0
than 1dB. This phenomenon is related to the Huygens’ reso-
from 20 GHz to 52 GHz, which is one of the conditions for total
nances. The Huygens’ metasurface can be characterized by
transmission. The first resonant frequency occurs at 22.7 GHz
electric sheet admittance tensor ( Yˆes  jˆ ee ) and magnetic with
sheet impedance tensor ( Zˆ ms  jˆ mm ). Assuming that the Yes(1)  (0.007  0.50 j )  (11a)
sheet impedance is isotropic, we have Yes(2)  (0.002  0.49 j )  (11b)
Yes  Y xx
es Y yy
es Y zz
es (8a) Starting from 22.7 GHz, although the second resonant fre-
Z ms  Z xx
ms Z yy
ms Z zz
ms (8b) quency did not appear, the imaginary parts of Yes(1) and Yes(2)
The electric sheet admittance and magnetic sheet impedance of are very close, thus the Huygens’ unit cell achieves near-total
the Huygens’ unit cell can be expressed by the complex re- transmission, until the electric sheet admittances are not purely
flection coefficient (R) and complex transmission coefficients imaginary at around 52 GHz. In conclusion, a passband from
(T) as follows [30]: 20.9 GHz to 52.7 GHz is formed when the transmission loss is
2(1  T  R) less than 1 dB. Operating within this passband, the proposed
Yes  (9a) unit cell can be manipulated to achieve full phase coverage.
 (1  T  R) Here, we choose d3=1.9 mm. Corresponding to different
2 (1  T  R) values of θ_ele (theta_ele), the magnitude and phase responses of
Z ms  (9b) the proposed Huygens’ unit cell are plotted in Fig. 5 (a) and (b),
(1  T  R) respectively. The maximum loss and phase coverage range at
Again, by substituting the magnetic polarizabilities with elec- different frequencies are summarized in Table I. From 28 GHz
tric polarizabilities in (9a)-(9b), one obtains to 46 GHz, the maximum transmission loss is less than 3 dB.
2(1  T  R) From 24 GHz to 44 GHz, the phase coverage is over 300º. In
Yes(1)  (10a) conclusion, with different values of θ_ele, the proposed Huy-
 (1  T  R)
gens’ unit cell can provide over 300º phase coverage when
2(1  T  R) |S21|≤3 dB from 28 GHz to 44 GHz with a bandwidth of 44%.
Yes(2)  (10b)
 (1  T  R) Taking other parameters into account, the transmission loss can
be reduced and the phase coverage can be increased within the
For traditional Huygens’ unit cell design, if the normalized
passband.

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2 Integrated load
Unit: GHz #1 Location hole
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 #2
0
Magnitude (dB)

#3

#4 y
-2
x
#5

#6
-4
#7
Slot antenna
30 60 90 120 150 #8
Connector
theta_ele (deg)
(a) (a)
Unit: GHz d6
450 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 0
38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52
360 d7 -5
Phase (deg)

d9 d13 -10

270
180
90
0 y d11
30 60 90 120
theta_ele (deg)
(b)
Fig. 5. Simulated (a) magnitude responses and (b) phase response of the pro-
posed Huygens’ unit cell.
. The comparison between the proposed Huygens’ unit cell
and other similar designs are summarized in Table II. Com-
pared with traditional FSS-type unit cell [18]-[20], the pro-
posed Huygens’ unit cell can provide sufficient phase shift
range without introducing metallic vias. It can be seen that
other Huygens’ unit cell can only control the magnitude and
phase responses at a specific frequency [21]-[24]. When the
frequency changes, the performance of these unit cells may be
greatly deteriorated and, therefore, the bandwidth is narrow.
The proposed Huygens’ unit cell employs an offset configura-
tion, similar with [26] and [31]. Compared with [31], however,
the proposed design removes the needs for metallic vias, which
would result in lower cost and ease of fabrication. Compared
with [26] and [31], such a design displays a much wider
bandwidth of 44%.
III. WIDEBAND AND HIGH-GAIN MULTIBEAM ARRAY
ANTENNA DESIGN
Multibeam array antennas can generate multiple directive
beams pointing at different angles and become promising can-
didates for MIMO systems, especially working at millime-
ter-wave frequencies [32]-[37]. In some high-gain multibeam
designs, a series-fed antenna array, such as a substrate inte-
grated waveguide (SIW) slot array, is used to further increase
the gain [38]-[39]. Due to the long-line effect, however, the
gain of the slot array antenna increases at the expense of a
reduced bandwidth [40]. On the contrary, series-fed antenna
array is abandoned in some wideband designs to obtain max-
S11 (dB)
-15
d10
d8 -20
-25
d12
-30
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
150 x Frequency (GHz)
(b)
Fig. 6. (a) Simulated model of the multibeam array antenna, and (b) simulated
model and reflection coefficient of SIW slot antenna. (d6=4.80, d7=0.80,
d8=0.93, d9=4.13, d10=3.15, d11=0.84, d12=5.55, d13=0.40. Unit: mm)
imum bandwidth [41]-[42]. In conclusion, there is a tradeoff
between higher gain and broader bandwidth when employing a
series-fed antenna array.
Using metasurface or transmitarray is another alternative
method to increase the gain of antennas [43]-[45]. Such a
method is applied in enhancing the gains of a multibeam array
antenna, a phased array, and a frequency-scanning slot-
ted-waveguide antenna in [43]-[45], respectively. The band-
width of these designs, however, is relatively narrow, which is
limited by the bandwidth of the used metasur-
face/transmitarray.
Based on the proposed Huygens’ unit cell, a wideband and
high-gain multibeam array antenna is developed in this Section,
the design process of which is elaborated in the following
contents.
A. Wideband Multibeam Array Antenna Design
The designed multibeam array antenna based on the SIW
Rotman lens is displayed in Fig. 6(a). This multibeam array
antenna is comprised of a SIW Rotman lens with 8 input ports
and a parallel-fed slot antenna array with 12 elements. The
Rotman lens designed here is similar to that in [46]-[47];
therefore, the details of the design process are omitted here. A
vague point is the difference between integrated loads and slot
antennas shown in Fig. 6(a). Essentially speaking, integrated
loads and slot antennas are both radiators. Slot antennas are
printed on the top surface and used for multibeam generation.

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20 TABLE III
#1 #2 #3 #4
GAINS OF THE MULTIBEAM ARRAY ANTENNA WITH AND WITHOUT
#5 #6 #7 #8
HUYGENS’ METASURFACE FROM 28-32 GHZ
Without Huygens’ metasurface
Realized Gain (dBi)
10
Ports #1 #2 #3 #4
0 Max. Gain 13.2 dB 15.2 dB 15.9 dB 15.6 dB
Min. Gain 8.8 dB 12.5 dB 13.2 dB 13.5 dB

-10 Ports #5 #6 #7 #8
Max. Gain 15.5 dB 15.5 dB 14.7 dB 13.0 dB
Min. Gain 13.4 dB 12.9 dB 12.0 dB 9.9 dB
-20
With Huygens’ metasurface
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90
Ports #1 #2 #3 #4
Theta (deg)
Max. Gain 19.6 dB 23.3 dB 24.0 dB 24.4 dB
Fig. 7. Simulated radiation pattern of the multibeam array antenna at 30 GHz.
Min. Gain 16.1 dB 19.9 dB 20.7 dB 20.2 dB

18
Ports #5 #6 #7 #8
Max. Gain 24.3 dB 24.2 dB 22.7 dB 19.2 dB
16
Min. Gain 19.7 dB 20.3 dB 19.7 dB 15.9 dB
14
Realized Gain (dBi)

12
10
8 jective of employing the Huygens’ metasurface is to generate
6 #1
4
#3
#5
2 #7
0
27 28 29 30
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 8. Simulated gain of the multibeam array antenna.
Integrated loads, on the contrary, are printed on the bottom
surface and covered by absorbing material in measurement.
By doing so, the integrated loads functions as matching loads
and excessive matching connectors are avoided.
To avoid the long-line effect and achieve the maximum
bandwidth, a slot antenna, instead of a series-fed slot array, is
connected to each output port. The simulated model and its
simulated reflection coefficient are shown in Fig. 6(b), in-
cluding some design dimensions. From 28.03 GHz to 32.07
GHz, the simulated S11 is less than –10 dB. The simulated
radiation pattern at 30 GHz is plotted in Fig. 7. The realized
gains for ports #1-#8 are 11.6 dBi, 12.8 dBi, 14.1 dBi, 14.2
dBi, 14.0 dBi, 14.5 dBi, 13.2 dBi, and 11.4 dBi, respectively.
The corresponding directions are 32º,22º,14º,6º, –6º, –14º, –
24º, and –32º, respectively. The simulated gains related to
ports #1-#8 from 28 GHz to 32 GHz are plotted in Fig. 8.
Operating from 28 to 32 GHz, the maximum and minimum
gains for all the input ports are listed in Table II. Taking the
result for port #4 as an example, the maximum and minimum
gains within 28-32 GHz are 15.6 dBi and 13.5 dBi, respec-
tively.
B. Huygens’ Metasurface Design
The schematic of the multibeam array antenna employing a
Huygens’ metasurface as a superstrate is shown in Fig. 9. Based
on the coordinate system, the designed multibeam array an-
tenna is capable of generating 8 beams aiming at different
directions in xoz plane while the beam is relatively wide in yoz
plane without using a series-fed antenna array. The main ob-
#2 narrower beam in yoz plane and not to change the multibeam
#4 property in xoz plane. By doing so, the gain of the multibeam
#6 array antenna is increased without scarifying the bandwidth. To
#8
this end, the unit cells along x direction are the same and the
31 32 33 unit cell along y direction are adjusted to modulate the phase
distribution according to Huygens’ Principle [45].
It has been introduced in [44] that two methods are applica-
ble for calculating the phase distribution, which is denoted by
blue and red lines in Fig. 9, respectively. It should be mentioned
that the phase center is located at the center of the efficient
radiation area, i.e., slot antenna array. The first method focuses
on the central beam, as denoted by blue lines. A1 is chosen as
the reference point. The unit cell at point A2 requires a com-
pensated phase of
 
    k OA2  OA1 (8)
where    is the compensated phase and k is the propaga-
tion constant. The second method focus on the edge beam, as
denoted by red lines. θ is the angle between normal direction
and the edge beam direction. The required compensated phase
is expressed as

     k OB 2  OB1  (9)
The first method can achieve higher gain while the second
method help reduce gain drop. In this design, the first method is
used. The simulated model of the Huygens’ metasurface in-
cluding the zoom-in view is shown in Fig. 10. This metasurface
is printed on a single substrate and composed of 73*35 unit
cells. The size of the Huygens’ metasurface is 17.5 λ0*18 λ0.
Some location holes are added for mounting the multibeam
array antenna.
The simulated model of the whole design, including a Rot-
man lens based multibeam array antenna on the bottom and a
Huygens’ metasurface on the top, is shown in Fig. 11. A sup-
porting board is added to mount the Huygens’ metasurface. The
focal distance of the Huygens’ metasurface is 7 λ0. The size of

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30
W/O Huygens' metasurface
With Huygens' metasurface
y
B1
20

Radiation Pattern (dB)

B2 A2
A1

10

β x
z θ
y α
0
x
O
Phase center -10

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90

Theta (deg)
Fig. 9. Schematic of the Huygens’ metasurface design.
Fig. 12. Simulated pattern of the multibeam array antenna with and without
Huygens’ metasurface at 30 GHz.
dx=17.5λ0

18
#1 #2 #3 #4
15 #5 #6 #7 #8

Gain difference (dB)

12
dy=18λ0

0
Zoom-in view
y -3
x Location hole
28 29 30 31 32
Fig. 10. Simulated model of the Huygens’ metasurface. Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 13. Simulated gain difference from 28 to 32 GHz.

18λ
0
dy=

z
dx=
y 17.5
λ 0 f=7λ0
x
Location hole

Fig. 14. Photos of the fabricated prototype.

#1'
#8'
Fig. 11. Perspective view of the multibeam array antenna with a Huygens’
metasurface.
the Huygens’ metasurface is 17.5 λ0*18 λ0. The advantage of
such a design method is that the radiation properties in xoz
plane and yoz plane are manipulated independently by the
Rotman lens and the Huygens’ metasurface, respectively.
What’s more, using the proposed Huygens’ metasurface, in-
stead of series-fed slot array, the gain of the multibeam array
antenna can be enhanced and the bandwidth is hardly deterio-
rated. In order to observe the gain enhancement effect, the
simulated radiation patterns of the multibeam array antenna
with or without using the Huygens’ metasurface are plotted in
Fig. 12. After employing the proposed Huygens’ metasurface,
the gains at 30 GHz are increased to be 11.6+6.8 dBi, 12.8+8.1
dBi, 14.1+7.8 dBi, 14.2+8.1 dBi, 14.0+7.8 dBi, 14.5+6.9 dBi,
Supporting board
13.2+6.8 dBi, and 11.4+6.3 dBi related to ports #1-#8 excita-
tions, respectively, where the second number represents gain
enhancement. The maximum and minimum gain from 28 to 32
GHz for all the input ports of the whole design are included in
Table II for comparison. To verify the gain enhancement effect
within the operation frequency spectrum, the gain difference
between the cases with and without Huygens’ metasurface is
plotted in Fig. 13. It can be observed that the gain difference is
stable from 28 to 32 GHz.
IV. EXPERIMENT AND DISCUSSION
A. Comparison between Simulation and Measurement
The fabricated prototype is shown in Fig. 14. The Rotman
lens based multibeam array antenna is built in single Rogers
RT/duroid RO5880 laminate, whose thickness is 0.508 mm and
dielectric constant is 2.2. A laminate (Arlon Cuclad 250GX)

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0 0
S1'1' S2'2' S3'3' S4'4' S2'1' S3'1' S4'1' S5'1'
-5 S5'5' S6'6' S7'7' S8'8' S6'1' S7'1' S8'1'
-10
S-parameters (dB)

S-parameters (dB)
-10

-15 -20

-20
-30
-25

-30 -40
28 29 30 31 32 28 29 30 31 32
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
(a) (a)
0 0

S1'1' S2'2' S3'3' S4'4' S2'1' S3'1' S4'1' S5'1'

-5
S5'5' S6'6' S7'7' S8'8' S6'1' S7'1' S8'1'
-10
S-parameters (dB)

S-parameters (dB)
-10

-15 -20

-20
-30
-25

-30 -40
28 29 30 31 32 28 29 30 31 32
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

(b) (b)
Fig. 15. (a) Simulated reflection coefficients, and (b) measured reflection Fig. 16. (a) Simulated isolation coefficients, and (b) measured isolation coef-
coefficients. ficients.

with a dielectric constant of 2.5 and a thickness of 1.2 mm is
used for fabricating the Huygens’ metasurface. A plastic sup-
porting board and some plastic screws are used for mounting
the design. Eight 2.40 mm End Launch Connectors are used for
connection with cables.
Fig. 15 reports the simulated and measured reflection coef-
ficients regarding ports #1-#8. From 28 to 32 GHz, the reflec-
tion coefficients are lower than –9.9 dB in both simulation and
measurement. Taking port #1 as an example, the isolation co-
efficients between different input ports are exhibited in Fig. 16.
From 28 to 32 GHz, isolation coefficients in the simulation are
less than –9 dB while the measured counterparts are below –11
dB. Verified by the reflection and isolation coefficients, the
designed metasurface based multibeam array antenna can
achieve a wide impedance-matching bandwidth, i.e., 28-32
GHz.
The simulated pattern at 30 GHz and the measured patterns
at 30.6 GHz are plotted in Fig. 17 (a) for comparison. The
measured patterns agree well with the simulated cased in term
of main lobes. The realized gains in measurement for ports
#1-#8 are 18.1 dBi, 21.2 dBi, 23.4 dBi, 23.1 dBi, 23.1 dBi, 23.1
dBi, 21.4 dBi, and 19.2 dBi, respectively. The corresponding
directions are 29º, 21º, 12º, 2º, –7º, –16º, –26º, and –34º, re-
spectively. Some minor differences occur between the simu-
lated and measured beam directions, which mainly attributes to
the calibration in measurement. Simulated and measured gains
versus different frequencies are included in Fig. 17 (b) and (c).
The maximum and minimum gains in the simulation are added
to Table III for comparison. It can be predicted from the
measured gain that the operation frequency of the fabricated
prototype shifts to higher frequency due to the fabrication tol-
erance.
B. Discussion
This design can finally generate eight directive beams con-
trolled by eight input ports. The maximum gain for one single
beam reaches 24.4 dBi, which corresponds to an aperture effi-
ciency of 7%. However, it should be noted that the aperture
efficiency is relatively low because only a fraction of the
Huygens’ metasurface is effectively illuminated to enhance the
gain for each beam, and different beams utilize different parts
of the metasurface. This phenomenon also happens in other
similar antennas reported in [43]-[45]. The operation frequency
is from 28 GHz to 32 GHz. Three factors in this design have
impact on the bandwidth. The first one is the bandwidth of SIW
Rotman lens because of the dispersion property of SIW tech-
nology. Out of 28-32 GHz, the phase and amplitude error of the
SIW Rotman lens would be dramatically deteriorated. The
second one is the bandwidth of the used slot antenna in this
design, whose bandwidth is difficult to exceed 28-32 GHz. The
last one would be the bandwidth of the proposed Huygens’
metasurface. Although the proposed Huygens’ unit cell can

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Simulated Measured
30 25 25
#1'-#8'
Radiation Pattern (dB)

20 20 20

Gain (dBi)
Gain (dBi)
15 15
10
10 10

0 5 5
#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
#5 #6 #7 #8 #5 #6 #7 #8
-10 0 0

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Theta (deg) Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 17. (a) Simulated patterns at 30 GHz and measured patterns at 30.6 GHz, (b) simulated gains and (c) measured gains.

TABLE IV
COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE MULTIBEAM ANTENNA DESIGN AND SIMILAR REFERENCES
Frequency Beam Superstrate Aperture effi- 3-dB Gain Maximum
Ref. Configuration
(GHz) number size (λ^2) ciency (%) Bandwidth (%) Gain (dBi)
[38] 16 Butler matrix + Slot antenna array 4 - - About 4 22.7
[39] 24.15 Rotman lens + Slot antenna array 5 - - <4 22.6
Rotman lens based multibeam antenna + Trans-
[43] 10 7 12*17 15 6 16.5
mitarray lens
[44] 26 Digital phased array + 1-D lens - 28*14 6 N.A. 24.8
Slotted-waveguide antennas + Huygens'
[45] 34.4 - 40*15 4 About 5 About 25
metasurface lens
[48] 9 Multiple feeds + FSS 7 6.6*6.6 23 22 About 21
Multiple feeds + Metamaterial-based thin planar
[49] 28 7 9.5*9.5 24.5 12 24.2
lens
[50] 42 Multiple feeds + Folded reflectarray 19 20*15 11 10 25.9
[51] 26 Multiple feeds + Berry-phase transmitarrays 5 N.A. 37 About 20 22.2
[52] 5.6 Multiple feeds + Metasurface lens N.A. 10*10 14 About 10 22.4
Rotman lens based multibeam antenna + Huy-
This work 30 8 18*17.5 7 15 24.4
gens' metasurface lens

provides over 300ºphase coverage from 28 to 44 GHz, its The proposed Huygens’ unit cell can provides over 300ºphase
phase shift slope changes with different frequency. In other coverage from 28 to 44 GHz. Derived from the proposed
words, the specific unit cell would bring extra phase error when Huygens’ unit cell, a wideband and high-gain multibeam array
it is not working at central frequency. antenna is finally realized, which consists of a SIW Rotman
Table IV summarizes the details of the final design compared lens, a parallel-fed slot antenna array, and a Huygens’
with other designs. It is shown that traditional multibeam array metasurface. The main idea is to design a wideband multibeam
antennas using series-fed antenna array suffer from narrow array antenna and utilize Huygens’ metasurface as a superstrate
bandwidth, although the gain may be higher [38]-[39]. Using to enhance the gain without scarifying the bandwidth. The
the proposed Huygens’ metasurface as a superstrate, this design designed multibeam array antenna works from 28 GHz to 32
GHz. The achieved maximum gain is 24.4 dBi.
obtains gain enhancement without deteriorating the bandwidth.
Compared with similar designs in [43]-[45], this design exhib-
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0018-926X (c) 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Western Sydney University. Downloaded on June 14,2021 at 22:05:10 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2021.3076669, IEEE
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2021.3076669, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
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ter-wave massive MIMO applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., for over nine years. Before joining CSIRO, he held various senior technology
vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 6875–6882, Dec. 2018. leadership positions in Fujitsu, Siemens and NEC in the U.K.
[51] Z. H. Jiang, Y. Zhang, J. Xu, Y. Yu, and W. Hong, “Integrated broadband Prof Guo has chaired numerous international conferences and served as guest
circularly polarized multibeam antennas using berry-phase transmitarrays editors for a number of IEEE publications. He is the Chair of International
for K a-band applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no. 2, Steering Committee, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation
pp. 859–872, Feb. 2020.
(ISAP). He was the International Advisory Committee Chair of IEEE
[52] S. Li, Z. N. Chen, T. Li, F. H. Lin, and X. Yin, “Characterization of
metasurface lens antenna for sub-6 GHz dual-polarization full-dimension VTC2017, General Chair of ISAP2022, ISAP2015, iWAT2014 and
massive MIMO and multibeam systems,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., WPMC'2014, and TPC Chair of 2010 IEEE WCNC, and 2012 and 2007 IEEE
vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 1366–1377, Mar. 2020. ISCIT. He served as Guest Editor of special issues on “Low-Cost Wide-Angle
Beam Scanning Antennas”, “Antennas for Satellite Communications” and
Ji-Wei Lian was born in Guangdong, China. He “Antennas and Propagation Aspects of 60-90GHz Wireless Communications,”
received the B.S. degree in electronic science and all in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Special Issue on
technology from Hunan University, Changsha, China, “Communications Challenges and Dynamics for Unmanned Autonomous
in 2015, and the Ph.D. degree in electromagnetic Vehicles,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), and
field and microwave technology from the University Special Issue on “5G for Mission Critical Machine Communications”, IEEE
of Electronic Science and Technology of China Network Magazine.
(UESTC), Chengdu, China, in 2020
From October 2018 to October 2020, he was a
Visiting Student with the Global Big Data Technol-
ogies Centre, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, Australia. He is currently an Associate
Professor with the School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China. He has au-
thored/coauthored 20 papers in peer reviewed international journals and con-
ference proceedings. His current research interests include beam-forming
networks, multibeam antennas, and metasurface technologies.
Dr. Lian is serving as a reviewer for several international journals, including
the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE Access, and Microwave and
Optical Technology Letters.

Yong-Ling Ban was born in Henan, China. He re-

ceived the B.S. degree in mathematics from Shandong
University, the M.S. degree in electromagnetics from
Peking University, and the Ph.D degree in microwave
engineering from the University of Electronic Science
and Technology of China (UESTC), in 2000, 2003,
and 2006, respectively. In July of 2006, he joined the
Xi'an Mechanical and Electric Information Institute as
a microwave engineer. He then joined Huawei Tech-
nologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China. At Huawei, he
designed and implemented various terminal antennas
for 15 data card and mobile phone products custom-
ized from leading telecommunication industries like Vodafone. From Sep-
tember 2010 to July 2016, he was an associate professor with UESTC and is
currently professor with UESTC. From May 2014 to April 2015, he visited
Queen Mary University of London as a scholar visitor. His research interests
include wideband antennas for 5G devices, MIMO antenna, and millimeter
wave antenna array. He is the author of over 110 referred journal and confer-
ence papers on these topics. Prof. Ban holds 20 granted and pending Chinese
and overseas patents.

Y. Jay Guo (Fellow’2014) received a Bachelor De-

gree and a Master Degree from Xidian University in
1982 and 1984, respectively, and a PhD Degree from
Xian Jiaotong University in 1987, all in China. His
research interest includes antennas, mm-wave and
THz communications and sensing systems as well as
big data technologies. He has published four books
and over 550 research papers including 280 journal
papers, most of which are in IEEE Transactions, and
he holds 26 patents. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Engineering
and Technology, a Fellow of IEEE and a Fellow of IET, and was a member of
the College of Experts of Australian Research Council (ARC, 2016-2018). He
has won a number of most prestigious Australian Engineering Excellence
Awards (2007, 2012) and CSIRO Chairman’s Medal (2007, 2012). He was
named one of the most influential engineers in Australia in 2014 and 2015,
respectively, and one of the top researchers in Australia in 2020.
He is a Distinguished Professor and the Director of Global Big Data Tech-
nologies Centre (GBDTC) at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS),
Australia. Prior to this appointment in 2014, he served as a Director in CSIRO

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