Chapter 4 Beam Design 4.1 INTRODUCTION In order to understand the loads acting on a beam, one needs to understand the layout of the beams. The following figures show typical beam layout that are normally iused in construction. (@). Beam layout (b). Beam layout with steel decking on top of the beams as seen from the bottom view. 4442 4.2 ANALYSIS Load Distribution Loads from slab are normally defined in ‘q’ kN/m?, These loads are transferred to supporting beams’ KN/m or 'W' KN. Loads From Reirfilimagimpncrete Solid Slab: Loads from reinforced concrete solid slab may be distributed to the supporting beams depending on the ratio of long side / short side of the slab, i.e. the ratio of Ly/Lx. 4). One-way spanning slab , when Ly/Lx > 2.0 If the ratio Ly/Lx is > 2, then the slab is categorized as one-way spanning slab. For one way spanning slab, the loads from the slab are distributed to the supporting beams as shown in the following figure. In the following case only beams AB and CD carry the loads. ‘One-way distribution of loads from slab to beams. + Common notation of one way spanning slab (the one-way arrow)43 2). Two-way spanning slab , when Ly/Lx < 2.0 If the ratio of Ly/Lx is < 2, then the slab is two-way spanning. In two-way spanning slab, loads are distributed in two directions as shown in the following figure. In this case, all the four beams supporting the slab carry the loads, ‘Common notation of two way slab (the two-way arrow)44 Loads From Precast Concrete Slab: Loads from precast concrete solid slab may be distributed to the supporting beams in one direction only and not depending on the ratio of Ly/Lx. This is because precast concrete slabs are one-way spanning as they are supported by beams at the ends of the slab only, In other words, regardless of Ly/Lx S 2 or lyiLx > 2, the loads are transferred to the supporting beams in one direction only. Precast concrete hollow core slabs supported by steel beams Beams can be analysed using a standard table shown in Figure ... subjected that the beams have the following criteria: 1. Carrying triangular and trapezoidal load 2. The loads are symmetry 3. The beams are simply supported45 Floor Layout 42 H H hy H Ream-to-heam FLOOR PLAN Beam-to-column connection Main heam Cobian Beam-to-beam connection Main beam4-6 Example 4.1: Load distribution and beam analysis The following figure shows a floor plan of a steel building. The floor consists of precast concrete hollow core slabs. Loads carried by the slab are as follows: Unfactored dead load from selfweight of precast slabs, selfweight of steel beams and finishing = 5.0 KN/m? Unfactored imposed load 0 kN/m? Determine the maximum shear force and moment in beam 1/A-B. HO 4.0m ‘Solution: Load distributi Ratio Ly/Lx = 5m / 4m = 1.25< 2.0, Eventhough the Ly/Lx ratio is less than 2, the precast slab is still considered as one-way spanning as it is supported by beams AB and CD. Hence, loads will be transferred in one direction to beams AB and CD only.47 2.0m Analysis Design load, n = 1356k + 15Qk = 1.35 (5 kN/m?) + 1.5(4.0 kN/m?) = 12.75 kN/m? Total design load, w = nx width of load transferred to beam 1/A-B = 12.75 kN/m* x (2m) = 25.5 kN/m w, KN/m. MT Hl WAS 5.0m A A B FvSince beam AB is simply supported and loads are symmetry, then, Maximum shear force, Fy = (wL)/2 = (25.5KN)(5m)/ 2 = 63.75 kN Maximum moment, Mmax = (w?)/8 = (25.5kN/m x (Sm)?/8 = 79.7 kN Load distribution and beam analysis Example. The following figure shows the plan of a building. The slab is cast in-situ reinforced concrete, Unfactored dead and imposed loads are shown on the drawing. In addition, beam 2/A-B also carries 4m high brick wall of 3 kN/m?. Determine the maximum shear force and moment of beam 2/A-B, I ® Gk = 5.0 kN/m? 4.0m Qk = 2.0 KN/m? Gk = 5.0 kN/m? 3.0m Qk =3.0 kN/m? i cc 7.0m |49 Solution: Load distribution on reinforced concrete solid slab : Slab 1: Ly/Lx = 7m / 4m = 1,75 < 2.0, two-way spanning slab. Slab 2: Ly/Lx = 7m / 3m = 2.3 > 2.0, one-way spanning slab. m 3m 2m + © fee Gk = 5.0 KN/m? 4.0m Qk = 2.0 kN/m? 3.0m Analysis LOADS FROM SLAB 1, Beam 2/A-B Design load, ny = 1.356k + L5Qk = 1.35 (6 KN/m?) + 1.5(2.0 kN/m?) = 9.75 kN/m? WikN A A aL=2m m 3m aL=2m m_ eee Total design load W: 1 X trapezoidal area ofload from slab 1 = 9.75 kN/m? x [(3m + 7m)/2 x 2m] = 97.5 KN4-10 Since the beam is simply supported and all loads are symmetry, then Maximum shear force, Fa = Wi/2 = 97.5KN/2 = 48.75 kN From the bending moment diagram: a= 2m a = (2m/7m)= 0.286 Bea Hac beng mone. tas =( Str - 4(0.286) =| 80289)" Vor sen (Geom I 7m) = 106.5 kNm LOADS FROM SLAB 2, Beam 2/A- B Factored load, nz = 1,356k + 15Qk = 1.35 (5 KN/m’) + 1.5(3.0 kN/m?) = 11.25 kN/m? w., KN/m. 7.0m 2 x lebar beban papak 2 = 11.25 kN/m? x 15m 6.9 kN/m Unifrom distributed load, wz Loads from beam selfweight and brick wall Selfweight of beam, say 100 kg/m = = 1 kN/m Weight of brick wall per meter length = weight of brick wall x height of the wall = 3kN/m? x 4m. = 12 kN/m44 Uniform distributed load (u.d.!) = selfweight of beam + weight of wall = 1412 =13kKN/m Factored u.d.| load Wheat Wwot! = 1.35 (13kN/m) = 17.55 kKN/m Total factored u.d.| loads from the slab, selfweight of beam and brick wall we £17.55 + 16,9 = 34.5 KN/m Wo = 34.5KNim TTT fp A B Fyo=120.751 F,o=120.75KN Ne Mmai2 = 211.3KNm_4-12 Load combination from slabs 1 and 2 The maximum shear force and moment from beam 2/A-B is obtained by combining the loads from slab 1 and slab 2 together, as follows. 102 KN aL=2m m Maximum shear force, Fy ut Fre }8.75 + 120.75 = 169.5 kN Maximum moment, Mmak = Maks + Mmake4.3 DESIGN Beam Design Section Classification Any steel beam sections that are subject to compression due to bending or an axial force should be classified. The purpose of the classification is to determine whether local buckling influences the capacity of the beams. Flange buckling failure The occurrence of local buckling of compressed elements of a cross-section prevents the development of full section capacity. The classification of a section is carried out by comparing the width-to-thickness ratio of the element, i.e. Cit of the flange element and Cit of the web element against the limit of C/tof the flange and C/t of the web respectively given by Table 5.2 EC3.Table 5.2 (sheet # of 3): Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression parts, Intsrnel compression parts (EM) pasar 4 EO} tenang Ty thon when =. 0s t es8 Re ests 33e when 5 0.5: whan > 0,5 2 tS 83e oft S38 ixban S05: Sour Scitation inp cogression pots) | 3 ofts Me sisal : whan y 3-1": ots ae -wWeW) [35 as 35 20 80 2 | he O32 ast O75 oi *) yl eppline whore dther he compassion eros aS & or &s easila stain ep > GE Classification of web based on Table 5.2 EC3 EN1993 Part 1-1Table 5.2 (sheet 2 of 3}: Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression parts Outstand flanges ¢. c t Rolled sections Welded sections Css | Pareabject compression | Pease end and eomresioe Sue = as distibution sate ind = inpars Vf = cconmries| —\[F-* ane rte) | 1 eft 59 cits Pe ada 7 We 2 eft S10e ons Sires distribution fa [et E a 2 in pars Meee ] b {uaa (compression || | —_ positive) 3 eft ide cits defies For ke 200 EN 1993-15 i 235 7S 355, 420, 460 1,00) O92 81 O75 or 4154-16 Example 3: Determine the classification of a 406 x 140 x 46 UB in grade S275 Solution: Design strength Steel grade $275 t<40mm } f=275 N/mm? , f= 430 N/mm? Section classification = V(235/fy) = 0.92 Flange : cht, = 6.35 <9e = 9(0.92) = 8.28 Flange is Class 1 Web: ty = 53.0 < 72e = 72(0.92) = 66.2 Web is Class 1 Since flange and web are class I, the section is classified as Class 1Restrained and Unrestrained Beams Steel beams may be designed as either 1. Restrained or 2. Unrestrained. Beam 417 Restrained beam Unrestrained beam Compression flange is unrestrained ‘Compression flange is restrained against lateral movement Compression flange is NOT restrained against lateral movement4-18 If a beam has full lateral restraint to its compression flange along the span, then the beam is considered fully restrained. Cases where beams can be designed as fully restrained along tlie spans are as follows: 4. Beams carrying in-situ reinforced concrete slabs. The friction of concrete floor to the compression flange of the beam can be assumed to provide full lateral restraint. Ipsitu RC slab 2. Beams with steel decking flooring system, with or without shear studs. The shear studs function as a simple concrete anchor and can be employed to provide a permanent bond between steel and concrete, enabling the two materials to act compositely (i.e steel beam and concrete slab can act as one component) RC sib Steel decking Shear stud Compression flange of the beam i moving sideways by the cast concrete and studs. Steel plate Typical connection between studs Full lateral restraint beam and top flange of beam4-19 Deflection of Restrained Beam As a result of full lateral restraint, the beam is fully prevented from moving sideways, and hence deflection will only take place about the major axis. There is no lateral deflection. @). From plan view, there is no lateral deflection canbe seen ‘Vertical deflection ©. y- ye ay neal I: Deletion about maior xis yy Deflection of a restrained beam Types of Restraint To design a steel beam, one needs to know the condition of lateral restraints provided to the compression flange. A beam, in particular the compression flange, if is not restrained and then is being subjected to bending about y-y axis tends to buckle laterally in the weaker 2-z axis There are two conditions of restraint: 1. Fully restrained along the beam 2. Restrained at particular points only.Design of Restrained Beam The design process for a fully restrained beam is as follows: 4. Analyze the beam and determine the reaction (R); maxinlfligadlllas force (Vea), maximum moment (Mea) and maximum deflection. Select suitable steel! UB section. Classify the section Check shear strength Check bending resistance Check deflection. oar eon Bending moment The design resistance for bending for classes 1 and 2 cross sections M Waify icRd = YMo For class 3 cross section Welmin Mora = Shear For plastic design, shear resistance of the section, Ve, xa = Vp1,Ra Av(fy//3) where Void = Ppl ‘Ymo Shear area, Ay =A~2btr+ (ty + 20)tr Ay,max = NBwtw Shear Buckling Resistance of Web If be <72 : , shear buckling resistance need not be carried out.4-21 mA Rasuk utama Keratan A-A. Main beam ends without notch If, however, the beam ends are notched, then the shear area is taken as 0.9(A = 2btr) Notched at secondary beam ends. So that main and secondary beams have the same top levels for the placement of slab. n ives [e/a t if) E La Secondary beam sec Leese aes (rasuk kedua)) Main beam Notched end (rasuk utama) ‘Secondary beam with notched endsExample 4.4 From the analysis results, the forces in the beams are the maximum external design shear, Vea = 289.9 KN and maximum external design moment Mea = 241.6 KNm. Design beam AB using grade S 275. 2.0m “e mm iH Lo 50m A B Fy2=289.9kN_ Fy2=289.9kN Ne Mmak2= 241.6kNm423 Solution ‘Trial section size, based on moment resistance Required Wa =Mra/fy KN SN tin = 241.6 x 10°/275 Nimm? BNE 878.5 cm? E > 10°Win x 1G mn? DESIGN we Try section 406 x 140 x 46 UB in grade $275 = Woexloe a > JO'x}O" x mm h=402.6 mm d= 360.4 mm to r= 164mm = 10% mm = 10° x 10cm? Iy= 15700 cm* = Pam* ly dmé ‘Wo y= 888 om dity= 53 if E=210000N/mm? G=81000 N/mm? Ler= Design strength Steel grade $275 t<40 mm } f, = 275 N/mm®, fy=430 N/mm? Section classification e= V(235/fy) = 0.92 Flange : Clty = 6.35 <9e = 9(0.92) = 8.28 Flange is Class 1 Web: dity = 53.0 < 72e = 72(0.92) = 66.2 Web is Class 1 Since flange and web are class 1, the section is classified as Class 14-24 Shear Resistance of Section (Maximum external design shear force, Vea — 289.9kN (ii). Shear resistance of the section, Ve, xa = Vpt, ra SCTE ED) where Vpiza = 2° FE ™o Shear area, Ay = A —2bte+ (tw + 2n)tr 860 — 2x142.2x1 1.2 + (6.8 + 2x10.2)11.2 860 — 3189.8 + 304.6 974.8 > 2585 mm? Avymax = Nwtw 0x380.2x 6.8 = 2585 mm? Av= 2974.8 > 2585 mm? Therefore use Ay = 2585 mm? ve Avfy/¥3) PL ee errata YmMo — [2585 )275/V3)] (1x 10%) = 356,6 KN Gii). Design check Vea _ 2899 Vera 3566 0.81 < 1.0, the section is satisfactory Bending Moment Resistance of Section (). Maximum external design moment Meg = 241.6 KNm (ii). Moment resistance for Class 1 cross section Me, ka = Moira Woi(ty) Myira = YMO- = (888 x 10°)(275) (x 10%) = 244.2 KNm (iii). Design check425 Mea _ 241.6 _ Mera 2442 — 0.99 < 1.0 Shear Buckling Resistance of Web If ™<72 E , shear buckling resistance need not be carried out. In this example; hy _ 380.2 e 0.92 Y= = 55.9 < 72 — = 72x = 66.2 tw 68 7 1.0 local web buckling is unlikely to occur and hence shear buckling check needs not be carried out. Combined bending and shear resistance Mea —— <10 Myra (i). Maximum shear force at maximum moment, Vea = 289.9 — (76.13x3) = 61.51 KN (ii). 0.5Ve, ra = 0.5 x 410.4 = 205.2 KN (iii). Since Vea= 61.51 KN < 0.5VeRa = 205.2 KN, the combined bending and shear resistance is OK Unrestrained Beam (Lateral Torsional buckling)4.26 The possibility of lateral-torsional buckling must be taken into consideration when the compression flange of the beam is not fully restrained along the span. The buckling capacity of unrestrained beam depends on the: section type, unrestrained length, restraint conditions and type of applied loading. Example of lateral torsional buckling (LTB) instability of a beam under bending is shown below. ei cot - Cross section twisting and moving laterally4.27 Design of Unrestrained Beam The design of unrestrained beam is quite similar to that of column design. The following are the steps for designing unrestrained beams: 1. Divide the beam into segments between lateral restraints 2. The Moment buckling resistance for each segment is given as f, M = W,— 'b,Rd XLT ana Section modulas, Wy; W, = Wot y , Plastic modulus for Class 1 and Class 2 sections Wy= Wer y , Elastic modulus for Class 3 section The reduction factor xu7 is given by X12 = = Ort VO Mer where Wry fy Non dimensional slenderness, Ayr = [ete cr Buckling parameter, Dr = 0.5[1 + opr( Ayr—0.2) + 0? pr] The critical elastic buckling moment, 2g c,2 ah [+t Ly’ (Te428 Where E,G are material properties Iz, It, Iw are section properties Ler is the buckling length of the member cl is the factor that depends on the shape of bending moment diagram Tf the moment along the beam is not uniform, then Mor is modified by the C; factor ‘The modification factor, C; Momatt arge ‘Y= Megmatt / Miarge, for restrained ends Ci= 1.88 — 1.40¥+ 0.5297Buckling length, L<, for designing unrestrained beams Typical examples of beams without intermediate lateral restraints and their “corresponding buckling lengths 4.29 Conditions of restraints at supports (The symbol represents lateral restraint) Effective Length of beams for normal loading condition Both flanges are fully restrained against rotation on plan. Unrestrained length, Lur Rigid Rigid Semi ‘Compression flange partially restrained against rotation on plan. ‘Ler =O.85Lir | ee I Simple Simple Both flanges are free to rotate on plan Simple ie ‘Simple4-30 Simple beams with intermediate lateral restraints Simply supported beams with intermediate lateral restraints are described as beams where: + Lateral restraints are provided at beam supports and at intermediate of beams lin Lu Lis abe x x support Adjacent © Adjacent-—support retstraint retstraint Where: X = lateral restraint Soe i ie ceiee gat gue PETES eee EEN z z ; For example, Plan view of lateral torsional buckling shape 1.0L, 7; +1.0L, Effective length for segment AB, le LT ALT) 1 OL 2 1.0L p73 + 0.7Lip3 Effective length for segment CD, =0.85Ly73 The C1 factor: Y= Momat / Miarge, for restrained ends Ci= 1.88 — 1.40¥+ 0.5247 Unrestrained length X Restraint point Bending moment diagram of a segment431 Example 4.5 Design of Unrestrained Beam. concrete planks. A simply supported primary beam AE is required to span 5m to support a secondary beam CD as shown in the figure. The primary beam AE is restrained laterally at points A, C and E only and hence segments AC and CE are unrestrained. The buckling length of each segment is taken as 1.0L. The floor loads are given as follows: Unfactored dead load from precast planks and selfweight of secondary beams =3.0 KN/in? Unfactored imposed load = 5.0 kN/m” Steel section 406 x 140 x 53 kg/m UB in grade $275 is chosen for beam AE. Based on the information given, analyse and design beam AE for lateral torsional buckling only. 0 | 6m. 2.5m Hebel elm: H432 Solution L1.SSkN/m? 35Gk+ 1.5Qk = 1.35(3.0KN/m?) + 1.5(5.0KN/m? Design load, q Reaction of beam CD at support ‘C” Point load at point ‘C’ of beam AE (qx width x length)/2 = (11.55kN/m? x 2.5m x 6m)/2 = 86.6KN Self-weight beam AE, w = 53kg/m x 9.81 x 10° =0.52kN/m_ Loadings transferred to beam AE are shown in the following figure 86.6 KN Selfweight, w = 0.52 kN/m SHEAR 4 8.3} aa.exn MOMENT 419.9kNm433 Try section 406 x 140 x 53 UKB in grade S275 d= 360.4 mm r=10.2mm t= 7.9 mm t¢= 12.9 mm 1, = 183,000 cm* 1, = 635 em* Ler = 2.5m Design strength Steel grade $275 t<40mm_— ; f,=275 N/mm?, f,= 430 N/mm? Section classification e= V(235/fy) = 0.92 Flange : clte = 4.46 < 9e=9(0.92)= 8.28 Flange is in Class 1 Web: dity, = 45.6 < 72e=72(0.92) = 66.2 Web is in Class 1 Since flange and web are class 1, hence the section is classified as Class 1 Shear Resistance of Section (i).Maximum external design shear force, Veg = 44.6 KN (ji). Shear resistance of the section, Vera = Vpt.ra fyMMB) where Vpira = Avh/3) u Mo Shear area, Maximum shear area, Avmax = Nhyty = 1.0 (406.6mm) (7.9mm) = 3,212 mm? Shear area considering the fillet area, : Ay=A~2bte+ (ty + 20te 6,790mm? — 2(143.3mm x 12.9mm) + (7.9mm + 2(10.2mm)) (12.9mm) = 3,457.9mm? > 3,212mm Therefore use Ay= 3, 212 mm? , the smaller shear area.434 Verma = Aeo/V3) ph YmMo _ [@212mm2)(275N/mm2/V3)) a (x10) =510KN . Design check Veg _ 46RN scotty Vena = 510K = 0.09 < 1.0, the section is satisfactory Bending Moment Resistance of Section (i). Maximum external design moment Mea = 109.9 KNm (ii). Moment resistance for Class 1 cross section Me, ra = Moira __ Woilfy) _ (2030x10%mm?)(275N/mm2)x10~6 Ymo 1 Mp1ra = 283.3kNm (iii). Design check Mega 109.9kNm = sagem = 0:39 < 1.0, sat Mcra 283.3KNm 0.39 tisfactory Lateral torsional buckling (LTB) (i). Maximum moment, Mgy= 109.9 kNm (ii). Moment buckling resistance, Myra = %7Wy bo If the moment along the beam is not uniform, then M,, is modified by the C, facto Determine the modification factor, C, Y= Momatt / Miarges = 0/109.9 = 0 for restrained ends = 0 Ci= 1.88 — 1.404 0.529" 2.70 (i.e. C) $2.70) 884.35 Elastic critical buckling moment ay 7S L,7GI, tera! El, 7 N 10! "(e100 Nx (635em" x10" 105) ¢o2s6ant x10) , 2500) $00 Oem x10") M, = 1.88. x10" 1.0 (2500mm)* (635cm* x10") x (210000 Ny (635m x10‘) =884.30 kNm ‘Non-dimensional slenderness, 41 for LTB, Wyf 1030 x 103mm (275N/mm? 'yty _ 0. dat =A) Me 884.3 x 10°Nmm 643 Determine the buckling paremeter, ©, Imperfection factor, or for LTB curves WB = 544,5mm/211.9mm=2.57 > 2, Curve ‘b’ } hence, apr = 0.34 Opp = 0.5[1 + onr( Aur — 0.2) + 0? url = 0.5[1 + 0.34 ( 0.643 — 0.2) + (0.643)"] = 0.782 Reduction factor, xr for LTB 1 SSS Oy t VPA Mir =1/ [0.782 + V (0.782? — 0.643”)] = 0.815 Moment buckling resistance, f, Mb,ra= XitrWy—- = (0.815)(1030 x 10°mm?)(275N/mm?) x 10°%/ (1.0) = 297.96 kNm (iii). Mra = 109.9 kNm < Mp, na=297.96 kNm, section is satisfactory SECTION is satisfactory under Lateral Torsional Buckling4-36 Example 4.6 Figure Q1 shows a simply supported primary beam AC supporting a secondary beam at point B. The size of primary beam is 533 x 210 x 122 UKB in grade $275. The primary beam is restrained against lateral deflection at points A, B, Cand D , and therefore segments AB, BC and CD are considered unrestrained. The connections at at A, B, Cand Dare pinned and hence the buckling length of segments AB, BC and CD are 1.0L. The unfactored loads from the secondary beams are: Concentrated dead load at points B and C = S5OkN Concentrated imposed load at points BandC = 100 kN Uniform distributed dead load , including self-weight of the primary beam = 10 kN/m Based on the information above: i. Explain what is lateral torsional buckling ii. Classify the section ii, Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams iv. Check the buckling resistance of the primary beam against lateral torsional buckling due to the applied loads. amSCOi@® ‘4m Cc 3m D: Figure Q1437 Solution ANALYSIS Design point load, P = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 1.35(5OKN) + 1.5(100kN) = 217.5kN Selfweight of beam, w = 1.35Gk = 1.35(10kN/m) = 13.5 kN/m 217.5 kN 247.5 kN | UDL, w= 13.5 kN/m 285KN | am 4m Sit t 28SKN kN : 10m ‘ 285KN, } ; 4244.5kN : an | SHEAR MOMENT 794kNm 794kNm 821kNm438 ‘Try section 533 x 210 x 122 UKB in grade S275 3,200 cm? Aty= 37.5 E=210000 N/mm? —G = 81000 N/mm Ler=4m Design strength Steel grade S275 t<40mm_— ; f,=275 N/mm”, f, = 430 N/mm? Section classification €= V(235/fy) = 0.92 Flange : city = 4.08 < 9e=9(0.92)= 8.28 Flange is in Class 1 Web: ty = 37.5 < 72e=72(0.92) = 66.2 Web is in Class 1 Since flange and web are class 1, hence the section is classified as Class 1 Bending Moment Resistance of Sec (@. Maximum external design moment Mga = 821 KNin Gi). Moment resistance for Class 1 cross section Mana = Mp na Woi(fy) __ (8200x103N/mm?)(275N/mm2) — ae 880kNm Moira beni (iii). Design check Mea _ 821kNm ' Mcra 880KNm 0.93 < 1.0, satistactory4.39 Lateral torsional buckling (LTB) — Consider Segment BC, because more critical due to longer segment and larger bending moment. {i), Maximum moment, Meg= 821 kNm (ii). Moment buckling resistance, f, M = Ww, Ra = XuTMy ye If the moment along the beam is not uniform, then M,, is modified by the C, facto Determine the modification factor, Cy age Y= Monat / Misges for restrained ends = 1 1.88 1.40¥+ 0.527 0 (i.e. Cy $2.70) 10 Other properties E 10,000 N/mm? L 390 cm* ly [32 dm* = 2.32 (107mm)*=2.32 x 10 mm® Lee m. G 1,000 N/mm? h 178 cm* 2 2 os Elastic critical buckling moment ac Tele) te, ber ONG te ET, ae gee (210000%3390%10')[ 232x10" _ 4000? x 81000%178%10° | ee 1.0 40007 3,390x10" 2? x210000x 3,390% 10° -1,397.46 x 10°Nmm =1,397.46 kNm ‘Non-dimensional slendemess, Ay 7 for LTB, Wyf, 3200 x 103 (275) 2 S200 eee We’) = 0.794 a 1,397.46 x 108 0.794-40 Determine the buckling paremeter, Dy 7 Imperfection factor, (tyr for LTB curves Ifh/B <2, or=0.21 and, Ifh/B>2, o7r=0.34 h/B = 544.5mm/211.9mm=2.6>2 }hence, or = 0.34 .S[L + arr ar — 0.2) + 0 rar] Dr 0.5[1 +.0.34( 0.794 — 0.2) + (0.794)'] = 0.916 Reduction factor, Xpip for LTB 1 Or + YP Wir =1/ [0.916 + V (0.9167 — 0.794”)] = 0.728 Moment buckling resistance, My, ra= Xur Wy = (0.728)(3,200 x 10°mm*)(275N/mm?) / (1.0 x 10°) = 641.1 kNm (iii). Mg = 821 KNm > My, na= 641.7 kNm, not satisfactory SECTION 533 x 210 x 122 UB, $275 is not satisfactory under Lateral Torsional Buckling44d Deflection ‘A beam may not fail due to excessive deflection, however, it is necessary to ensure that deflections are not excessive under unfactored imposed loading.to prevent: 4, damage to various architectural features such as interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior cladding. severe cracking in brittle finishes such as brick wall with plaster finishes. 3. damage to ceilings, partitions, glass fagade and other fragile nonstructural elements. The following table shows the formula to calculate deflection at mid-apan of a simply supported beam with different loading types. Notation W is the total load in KN. The deflection obtained from the table is then compared against the deflection limit specified by EC3.441 Deflection A beam may not fail due to excessive deflection, however, it is necessary to ensure that deflections are not excessive under unfactored imposed loading.to prevent: 1. damage to various architectural features such as interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior cladding. severe cracking in brittle finishes such as brick wall with plaster finishes. damage to ceilings, partitions, glass fagade and other fragile nonstructural elements. Vertical Deflection Limit The following table gives suggested limits for calculated vertical deflections of certain members under the characteristic load combination due to variable loads and should not include permanent loads. From NA 2.23 EC3 Part 1-1 Cantilevers Length/180 Beams carrying plaster on other brittle finish Span/360 Other beams (except purlins and sheeting rails) Span/200 Purlins and sheeting rails To suit cladding Maximum Deflection due to External Load Table in page 4-42 shows the formula to calculate deflection at mid-apan of a simply supported beam with different loading types. Notation W is the total load in KN. The deflection obtained from the table is then compared against the deflection limit specified by EC3.4-42 The following formula can be used to calculate deflection of a restrained or unrestrained beam, Load Maximum | Deflection at mid-span where:W = total load in KN moment W Wh | afm 7 48| ET m= oe La 8 384! Wab (ue Z w a i (4a* ~5)? 2 11920! (l-a)EI eo | afm : 60| EI L wir Wir We we me 1 (we : 73.14| EI L2 12 wir wr Reaction, deflection at mid-span and maximum moment for a simply supported beam with different load cases.4.43 Example 4.7: Deflection Check Check deflection of the beam shown in Example 3. HE Qk=5 kN/m =5N/mm Qk = 30 KN Gk=5 kN/im 1 sm. Sm : ; i i Solution: Deflections is checked under serviceability loads only. Therefore, only unfactored imposed loads (1.0Qk) are considered in calculating the deflection. Dead loads are not included. Beam 406 x 178 x 60 UB, Clause 3.1.3: Modulus of elasticity, E= 210 000 N/mm* From Table of properties: Second moment of inertia, Ix= 21508 cm* (0. Maximum deflection due to unfactored imposed loads, ~ Swit we & = Ee 384El 48EI 5(SN/ mm)(10000mm)* (30x10? V)(10000:m)* ~ + 384(210000N / mm?)(21508x 10° mm*) — 48(210000N / mm?)(21508 x 10° mm*). = 14.8mm + 14.2mm = 29mm Gi) If the beam is carrying wall with plaster finish or any other brittle finish, an L_ _ 10000mm hence defl Bim = 55 = —G5y ence deflection limit, Bin = 525 = —Seq 27.8mm. Note: In this case, quite a small deflection limit is adopted to avoid cracks on plaster finish or brittle finish, (iil). Bpoc= 29mm > 3im=.27.8mm, choose bigger beam section.4-44 ASSIGNMENT 1 (Design of Restrained Beam) Sl. Figure $1 shows a building plan of a simple construction steel frame. Cast in-situ slab is used as the flooring system. Beam CD is fully restrained along the span by the cast in-situ slab. Beam CD is to carry 3m high brick wall with the brick weight of 3 KN/m?. In addition, beam CD has to carry unfactored dead load of 4kN/m” and unfactored imposed load of SkN/ from slab 1; and unfactored dead load of 4kN/m? and unfactored imposed load of 7kN/ from slab 2. Beam CD is 610 x 305 UB x 149 of steel grade $275. Only selfweight of beam CD is to be included in the design. (a) _ Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams of beam CD. (b) State the reasons of cross section classification. Then, classify the cross section of beam CD. (c) Check whether the stee! section is suitable to be used for beam CD. (4) Check the deflection of beam CD. 2m 2m 2m pm fa A Slab ABCD: Gk = 4 kNim? Qk = 5 kN/m? sm | Slab CDEF Gk = 4 kN/m? Qk = 7 kN/m?4-45 ASSIGNMENT 2 (Design of Unrestrained Beam) S82. Figure S2 shows the plan of a simple construction steel building. Beam AD is unrestrained along the span except at points A, B, C and D. Beam AD is to carry 3m high brick wall with the brick weight of 3 kN/m?. In addition, beam AD has to carry unfactored dead load of 4kN/m? and unfactored imposed load of SkN/ from slab 1; and unfactored dead load of 4kNim* and unfactored imposed load of 7kN/* from slab 2. Beam AD is 610 x 305 UB x 149 of steel grade S275. ‘Assume unrestrained beam efective length for each segment of AB, BC and CD as. 4.0Lirs. (2) Draw the shear forces and bending moment diagrams of beam AD. (b) Determine whether the unrestrained beam AD is capable to carry the loading given. Check the capacity based on lateral torsional buckling resistance only. Slab 1 carries: Unfactored dead load including selfweight of slab, Gk=4 KN/n? ‘Unfactored imposed load, Qk = 5 KN/m? sm Slab 2 carries: Unfactored dead load including selfweight of slab, Gk = 4 KN/m? Unfactored imposed load, Qk = 7 KN/m* an Brickwall FIGURE S2