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1.0 INTRODUCTION
‘’drumstick tree’’ the plant moringa oleifera is a native to the Indian sub-
continent and naturalized in tropical and sub-tropical areas around the world, it
Moringa is easily found where they are known, growing in honested farmland
and hedges it grow across the major vegetation belt of Nigeria with exception of
the mangrove, fresh water swamp . Moringa has been used for thousands of
years and is very well known in other part of world. This plant has fourteen
other varieties of species and they are as follows: Moringa arborea, Moringa
U,2012)
1.1 CLASSIFICATION
KINGDOM: plantea
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Dillenildae
Order: Capparales
Family: Moringaceae
Genus: Moringa
Species: Oleifera
Moringa Oleifera is an exotic species brought in to the country from the sub-
himalayan tract of india, the rapidly growing tree is the most widely cultivated
species of the manogeneric family (also known as Zogale, Allam, horse redish
maka, )was utilized by the ancient roman,Greek and Egyptian it is now widely
It is commonly referred to as ‘’Miracles Tree ‘’ because almost all its part have
been utilize either as food, medicine or to clarify turbid water it has been used
as fertilizer, lives stock feed, manure machine lubrication oil, perfume and hair
wide range of soil condition but prefers a neutral to slightly acidic well drained
250mm with maximum of over 3000mm but in water logged soil, the root (in
areas with heavy rainfall trees can be planted on small links to encourage water
runoff) presence of all long root make resistance to period . of drought tree can
easily be grown from seed or from cutting Temperature are 25-35 degree
the shade and it can even survive alight frost. Moringa seed has not dormancy
period so they can be planted as soon as the mating and they will retain the
ability to germinate for up to one year. Moringa tree with flower and fruit
annually and some region twice year. During its first year, a moringa tree will
grow up fruit leaves alone the tree can eventually reach a hight with a trunk
30cm wide the tree can be annually cut back to 1 metre from the ground. It will
quickly reach and produce leaves and pod within easy reach . Within three years
Moringa Oleifera is strictly a tropical both under wet and seasonal conditions
but can be found up to 1300m altitude and in areas with annual rainfall of 75-
2.50mm. it can be grow in various soil but blossom best in fertile, well drained
range of medicinal use with high nutrition value which are 7times the vitamin C
the potassium of Banana,2Times the protein of yoghurt, its like growing multi-
vitamin of your doorstep, Moringa even conteins argentine and histidine two
amino acids especially important for infant (Tree for life journal 2006)
Moringa olefeira is very important for it medicinal value, various part of this
plant such as leaves, root, seed, bark, fruit, flower and inmature pod act as
cholesterol lowering, anti diabetis, anti bacterial and anti fungal activities. They
are being employed for treatment of different illness in traditional system of
The characteristic of moringa oleifera seed oil are especially desirable best on
the current trends of replacing poly unsaturated fatty acid. Moreover, the oil has
the capacity to absorb and volatile substance and is therefore valuable in the
1-Moringa leaves: relieve headaches, expel worm, relieves swelling and heals
skin diseases, inflammation of the eyes and ears bronchitis and increase milk
2-Moringa flower: are blood tonic, treat tumors and enlarged spleen relieve sore
3-Moringa pods and seed: purify water, treat tooth ache from tooth decaying,
expel worms treat problem of liver and spleen and relieve joint pain.
4-Moringa Roots: Are used as a laxative and to treat spasms of the colon,treat
hiccoughs.
health.
1. Cuts and wounds : pound fresh leaves in to a paste, cover the wound with
2. A women has given birth and is bleeding pound fresh leaves add a little
3. Chronic sore :Take some root, wash them and scrape the outside layer off
heat in water use water to wash the wound, then dress as outlined in the
above
4. Epilepsy :pound the bark or the roots of a mature tree.Add tender leaves
and a little water smear this paste over the face and the whole body also
5. To bring fever down : Dip a moringa branch into water and stroke the
6. Snake and scorpion bites: pound the root and add leaves and apply to the
7. Short sight: Wash the flower in salt water chew and swallow. take three
(www.moringawealthandhealth.com)
medicine for common ailment, clinical studies began to suggest that atleast
some of these claims are valid with such great medicinal values being suggested
treatment of skin infection, sore and used for glandular swelling and lactation in
Over the past two decades, many reports appeared in mainstream scientific
journals describing its nutritional and medicinal properties. Its utility as non-
food product has been described. Every part of moringa tree is said to have
propagates through both sexual and asexual means and its low demand for soil
nutrients and water after being planted makes its production and management
easy. Introduction of this plant into a farm which has a biodiverse environment
can be beneficial for both the owner of the farm and the surrounding eco-system
(Fulgie, 2000)
income.
easy to establish, however this limitation dose not encourage cultivation of this
Since the beginning of human civilization , medicinal plant have been used
modern drugs have been isolated from traditional medicine. The plant
health care, with about 80% of the worlds inhabitants relying mainly on
traditional medicine for their primary health care (Owolabi et al, 2007).
one or more of its organ contain substances that can be use for the
and K (Anwer and Bhanga, 2003; Babu 2000) The moringa plant has been
diet for mental alertness and healthy cardio vascular system, promote
normal blood glucose level. It also improves eyesight, mental alertness and
efficient fuel, fertilizer and livestock feed. Moringa oleifera has been
supplement that can be used in many therapeutic ways (MC Burney et al:
Moringa was highly valued in the ancient world. The Roman Greek and
Egyptian extracted edible oil from the seed and used it for perfume and
skin lotion. In the 19th century plantation, of moringa in the western indies
these claims are valid, with such great medicinal value being suggested by
moringa oleifera leaf and seed oil form a wild province of Pakistan. The
moringa oleifera leaf exhibited an oil yield of 38.8% proteins, fiber,
moisture and ash content were 31.65, 7.54, 8.90 and 6.65% respectively.
The moringa oleifera contains high quality edible oil (up to 40% by
weight). In haits the oil Gas been used as general culinary and salad oil it
resemble olive oil in its fatty acid composition (Abdulkarim et al; 2005).
The oil is also use as lubricant for fine machinery, such as time piece, for it
More over the oil has the capacity to absorb and retain volatile substance
powdered are mixed with water after hours the water is fluted to get
Current studies report that moringa seed and pots are effective sorbets for
The algae are removed by sedimentation, dried and fulverized, and then
are use as profain supplement for livestock (foidl et al; 2001). The
medicine has along history of saving people all over the world (Cheng
2000).
Nikolaus Foidl and Dr. Gabrielle Foidl, two Austrian scientists living in
They along with their associate Leonardo Mayorga, have been conducting
their research in Nicaragua since the early 1990s. They have collaborated
Foidl and his associates have experimented with various uses of Moringa
leaves and green stems, including their use in cattle fodder. Following the
Foidl study, a study was conducted by Dr. Nadir Reyes Sanchez. Dr.
32%. Recently a new benefit of Moringa was suggested: the leaves seem
production. Several years ago, Mr. Nikolaus Foidl came across a reference
About two decades ago, in the southern states of India, and especially in
intercrop on field scale and their allies were cropped with vegetables and
alley crops from drying winds during summer and Moringa provided some
India, the demand for Moringa products increased. In all the places
not given the required attention and systematic production practices were
Indian subcontinent M. oleifera has long been cultivated for its edible
fruit: today these are exported, fresh and in tins, to consumers in Asia and
Europe. The edible leaves of the tree are very nutritious and are consumed
seed kernels works as a natural coagulant which can clarify even very
to be one of the world's most useful trees. Moringa has received attention
in many countries in the tropics and sub-tropics and its leaves, pods and
Moringa is used in West, Central and East Africa and although it grows in
some parts of South Africa, the plant itself, as well as its uses, are mostly
respectively indicated that although some people use Moringa in their diets
has been shown in a recent survey that 33% of South African children
under the age of six suffer from vitamin A deficiency (Coovadia, 2003).
Moringa as 11,300 IU per 100 g edible portion. The original source did
quote the value as beta carotene, which should read 11,300 IU beta
carotene per 100 g edible portion (McBurney et al., 2004). Babu (2000)
being planted in Indian on large scale as a potential source of wood for the
paper industry. The wood provides a pulp that is considered suitable for
blue dye.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
became the capital of Yobe State in 1991 the town lies in a plains region that
,peanuts and groundnuts the town market centre on the road between Potiskum
and Maiduguri.
3.2 LOCATION
year in the southern part especially in the rocky area of Damaturu areas, it is
hotter and cooler for most part of the year. The hottest month are March, April
and May with temperature ranging 390 – 400centigrade? The period of rainy
season in Damaturu varies from place to place but generally last for about 120
days in more than 140 days the south. The annual rainfall range from 500m –
1000mm and the rainy season is normally from June to September, in the north
and May to October in the south the two vegetation zone in Damaturu, namely,
the Sahel in the north and the Sudan Savanna in the south have been severely
(Isiyaku G. O 2011).
which is occupied a large number of people or more than half of the population
and other tribe like Fulani, Ngizim, Kare – Kare, Hausa, Bolewa, Ngamo, Burah
and other some minor tribe in the Local Government the occupation of the
3.6 MATERIALS
Structural questionnaire were distributed to the maringa oleifera dealers the
oleifera.
The data obtained, use subjected by statistical analysis and actual percentage
method.