HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

OFFERED BY: NED University of Engineering and Technology
INSTRUCTOR: Muhammad Asad Akhtar

WEEK – 1 | LECTURE – 1
INTRODUCTION

HEAT: Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit due to a spatial temperature difference.

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CONDUCTION:

Greater k value indicates

towards a good conducting
behavior

Different for different materials

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HEAT FLUX:
Heat flux (W/m2) is the rate of thermal energy
flow per unit surface area of heat transfer
surface, e.g., in a heat exchanger.

Heat flux is the main parameter in calculating

heat transfer. A generalized classification
distinguishes between heat fluxes by convection,
heat conduction, and radiation. The heat flux
vector is directed towards regions of lower
temperature.

Convective heat flux is proportional to the

temperature difference between solid, liquid, or
gaseous media participating in heat transfer. A heat transfer coefficient serves as the proportionality
factor.

Under heat conduction, the heat flux vector is proportional to and usually parallel to the temperature
gradient vector. However, in anisotropic bodies the direction of the two vectors may not coincide.
In the case of simultaneous heat and mass transfer the effective heat flux may substantially, by
several orders of magnitude, exceed the value due to heat conduction only.

The radiative heat flux is a flux of electromagnetic radiation and, in contrast to convection and heat
conduction, may occur without any intervening medium, i.e., it can occur through a vacuum. For an
idealized black body the radiation heat flux is described by Planck's law. The actual radiation flux
values can be only lower than this idealized value.

REFERENCE:

Geratshenko, O.A

DOI: 10.1615/AtoZ.h.heat_flux | http://www.thermopedia.com/content/833/

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CONVECTION:

Colder particles replace the

warmer particles due their
higher density as compared to
warmer particles

Warm particles move upward

due to greater energy and
lower density

Different for turbulent and

laminar flows

The particles near the heat source gain energy and move farther apart creating a lower density
region thus rising up and allowing colder particles to replace them due to their higher density.

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RADIATION:
The third mode of heat transfer is through
radiation where there aren’t any particles
involved for facilitating the transfer.
Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation
generated by the thermal motion of particles in
matter. All matter with a temperature greater
than absolute zero emits thermal radiation.
Particle motion results in charge-acceleration or
dipole oscillation which produces
electromagnetic radiation.
Different colors have different tendencies to emit
and absorb radiation which can be further
understood and determined by the method of spectroscopy where each element in this regard has
its own unique fingerprint.

Reflecting most or all of

the radiation

Absorbing all of the

radiation

5.67e-8 /
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WEEK – 1 | LECTURE – 2
PROBLEMS RELATED TO INTRODUCTION OF HEAT TRANSFER

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WEEK – 1 | LECTURE – 3
INTRODUCTION TO CONDUCTION

Heat transfer only in

longitudinal direction

Properties same for conductors and

insulators alike, the only difference
being free electrons.

Fourier’s Law of heat transfer Higher temp to lower

(signifies heat transfer
towards lower temperature)
Or Conduction rate equation
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Energy generated

Energy stored

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