CHAPTER 1

ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

Units and Dimensions

Physical Quantity Symbol Dimensiona Unit

Vector area elements
L Vm
Electric field [MLT A-]
Electric flux [ML'TA- Vm
Dipole moment [LTA] Cm
Linear Charge density L-TAJ Cm
Surface Charge density LTA] Cm
Cm
Volume Charge densityy [LTAJ|
Important Results and Formulae
1. Charges developed on bodies, when they are
rubbed against each other is called frictional
The unit of electric field is NC
charges. 7. f a test charge 90 1S placed at a point where
2. The charge on a body is expressed as q *
ne, wheren is an integer (i.e., no. of electrons electric field is E, then force on the test
the the
present on the body) and is
e
charge on
electron. Charge is additive in nature & always
charge is
F 9E
conserved.
on electron 10C
is e"= I.6 x
8. The product of the magnitude of the either
Ine charge
and charge on proton is e"=+ 1.6x 107C. charge (q) of the dipole and the separation ()
Total positive or negative charge on an object between the charges is
of mass
called electric dipole
having mass numberA and atomic moment (P), L e . , P , = g , i = distance (from

number Z, IS given as g tot q).

mZ
A
9. Electric field due to a short dipole at any point,
making angle 0 with the axial line is given by :
Here, N=6.02 x 10,Avogadro number.
4. When two charges and 9o separated by
distance r, the electrical
E-4Te0 +3cos0)2
force experiencedby
F 990. This is Coulomb's law. 10. For a short dipole, we have r >>, the electric
4TtE0
field on the axial line is Ea =
5 9 x 10° Nm2 C, has a value of
4TE0
11. For a short dipole, we have r>>i, the electric
8.85x 10 C/Nm* and is a natural constant
field on the equatorial line is
known as permittivity of free space.
6. The electric field strength due to a point source
charge g at an observation point A at a distance
r from the source charge is given by 4100
 12. Electric field due to circular loop of charge,
E - n

E=
4TEo (a +x*)32
21t0
(b) Due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
ifx>>a E=
47TE E-
13. (a) A dipole of moment p, in electric field (c) Due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell
E, experiences a torque given by Outside the shell:

TPEsin 6. nside the shell

(6) The torque is minimum for 6=0° or 180°.
i.e,Tmin 0, when 8 =
0° or 180°. In this E0
position the dipole is said to be in equilibrium.
(c) The equilibrium of the dipole is stable for mportant Figures
0° and it is unstable for 6= 180°. Electric Field Lines
(d) The torque is maximum for 6= 90°, i.e., 1. In case of Isolated point charges
for 6=90", we find TmaxPE, when 8= 90°.
(e) As6increases from 0° to 180°, T first increases,
becomes maximum and then decreases to zero.
14. The potential energy of a
electrostatic dipole
of moment P, in uniform electric field E is :

U-PE =-p.Ecos
2. In case of a system of two charges:
() For 0° we have U,=-p.E.
It is the minimum value of the potential energy
and the dipole is in stable equilibrium.
(ii) For = 90°, we have U,=
(ii) For 0 = 180°, we have , P E

15. The fux AÙ of electric field E through a small

area element As is given by
Equipotential Surface due to a Dipole:
A E.AS.
where As is vector area element. S.I. unit
Nm*0
16. Gauss's Theorem: The total electric flux
through a closed surface enclosing a charge is
equal to 1/eo times the charge enclosed.
Mathematically, E.ds =2

17. Application of Gauss's Theorem

Electric field
(a) Due to an infinitely long straight unifommly
charged wire

CHAPTER 2
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
Units and Dimensions
Physical quantity Symbol Dimension Unit
Potential
orC [MLTA V
Capacitance [M-'L-?T4A] F
Polarisation
Dielectricconstant
P
K
[LAT] Cm
[Dimensionless
Important Results and Formulae 7. If a number of capacitors of capacitances C
23. .. are connected series,
in
I. Electric potential due to a point source charge
their equivalent capacitance is given by
g at distance r from it is given by
*************

V
8. If a number of capacitors of capacitances C,
Unit:1 V= 1 Js
2. The electric field at a point is related to the
23. are
connected in parallel,
then their equivalent capacitance is given by:
negative potential gradient as follows:
CCCtC2+Ct
. L e t a parallel plate capacitor consists of two
*C
E=
dr plates of area A, separated by distance d
having slab of same thickness and area and of
Unit: Vm
dielectric constant K between the plates. Then
(i) Electric potential due to a dipole at a point at
the capacitance of the capacitor is given by:
distance r and making angle 6 with the dipole
C EgA
moment pe IS given by:
V= . P.cose
10. ) f we have a number of slabs of same area
the
(i) On the axial line, the electric potential is
as
2
plates of the capacitor and thickness1,
' g . and dielectric constants K, K2, K
. between the plates, the capacitance of the
.Pe
V4TtE0 capacitor is given by
EA
(i) On the equatorial ine, the electric potential is C
V0
3. Electric potential due to charged sphere for an
isolated conducting charged sphere of radius R Here
(i) If a single slab of thickness
d =t2*3
and dielectric
carying charge Q
(a) The electric potential at the surface of the constant Kis introduced between the plates then
sphere and at every point inside the sphere is: the capacitance of the capacitor is given by
V= .Q C d)
A KEgA
K(d-1)+
R
4TE
(6) The electric potential at point outside the
sphere is (ii) If a single slab of conductor of thickness
is introduced between the plates, then the
V capacitance of the capacitors is given by:
4Tteo
C A
d - d-
where r> R is the distance of the point from
the centre of the sphere.
4. Potential energy of an electric dipole in an
uniform electric field : Important Graphs and Figures
Graph for Q vs V:
U-pEcos
p.E
5. The ratio of the charge q and potential V of a
conductor is called capacitance (C)
c Van de Graff Generator:
V
Unit: 1 Farad = I coulomb/volt
6. (a) Electrostatic potential energy of a conductor Metal brush , Pulicy
carrying charge g, capacitance C and potential
V, is given by : Insulating belt
c a y and
deliver charge

-Insulatng
Supporting
column

(b) Since, VC, Motor driven

pulley

u,-vic=u,=4v. Metal brush.

Jclivvering
charge irom
-Grounded
metal base

source
 CHAPTER 3
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Units and Dimensions
Physical Quantity_ Symbol Dimension Unit
Electric current
I [A] A

Charge Qor q [TA]

Electrics voltage V
[MLTA V

Potential difference V
[MLTA
Electromotive force [MLTA
Resistance [MLTA-]
Resistivity [MLTA Qm
Electrical conductivity [M'LT'A] S
Electric field [MLT A' Vm
Drift speed LT
Relaxation time
[T S

Current density
[LA Am

Mobility |[ML'TAT mVs

Important Results and Formulae 5. Parallel combination of resistances If
1. Electrie current: Electric current is defined
n
resistors of resistance R,. R2 R^ are
connected in parallel, then their equivalent
as the rate of flow of charge, i.e.
resistance is given by

di
When charge fows at a constant rate, the
corresponding electric current can be written 6. Resistance:
as

R PA
m
Unit: 1 Ampere= I 7. Resistivity: p
coulomb second"
2. When electric current is set up in a conductor,
8. Conductivity : Reciprocal of resistivity
the electrons drift through the conductor with
velocity va which is drift velocity and is given
by: p
Unit = ohm'm' or siemen
neA 9. The temperature coeficient for conductors
3. Ohm's law : Current I in a conductor is is positive i.e., resistance increases as the
directly proportional to the potential difference temperature rises.
V applied across the ends of the conductor The temperature coeficient for the insulators
provided the physical conditions such as the and semiconductors is negative i.e., their
temperature, mechanical strain, etc. remain resistance decreases as the temperature
unchanged. increases.
V 10. The intemal resistance of a cell is
Vcl
V= RI
where, R is a constant called resistance of the
11. Electrical power:
conductor.
4. Series combination of resistances: If n P R
PR
resistors Ri. K3 . . are
ot resistances K2
connected in series, then their equivalent Unit: Watt
resistance is given by:
R,R,+R2+R,t...+R,
 12. The emf and terminal potential difference the total current entering a junction is equal to
a cell E its the total curTent leaving the junction.
of
a
cell: Let the emf of is and
internal resistance is r. If an external resistance
Second law: In a closed loop, the algebraic
R is connected across the cell through a key, sum of the emfs is equal to the algebraic sum
then IR = V= potential difference across the
of the product of resistance and the respective
extermal resistance R. This is equal to the
Current flowing through them i.e.
terminal potential difference across the cell.
E=V+IR
EE XIR.

18. Wheatstone Bridge This is a circuit

z\ consisting of four resistances P, Q, R and S,
a galvanometer and a battery connected as
E=V+IR follows
So, V=E- IR 3
V<E.
When curent is drawn from a cell its terminal w
potential difference is less than the emf.
13. Series Combination of Cells:
Is nE
R+nr
14. Parallel Combination

I=-12}
ELE2E
of Cells:
ww D
N
S

1+R +t
15. Mixed Combination of Cells:
Here nm cells are combined in m rows, each
The Wheatstone bridge is balanced when there
rowhavingncells such that is no current flow through the galvanometer.
nE mnE It means potential at B is equal to that at D. In
R r mR+nr such a case

R
16. Colour Code for Carbon Resistors

Colour Number Multiplieroleranc 19. Slide Wire Bridge or Meter Bridge : It

(%) measures unknown resistance. It works on
Black 100 principle ofWheatstone bridge.
Brown 10 Important Figures
Red 10
Meter Bridge
Orange 10
R
Yellow 10 W B ww
Green 10
G
Blue 10 A 100-|
Violet 10 lalanuluunluglauunluniauunluulunluulau
Gray 108
Metre scale
White 10
Gold 10-
Silver 102 10
20 K1
Colourless
17. Kirchhoff's Laws:
First law: The algebraic sum of current at a
junction is zero i.e., EI = 0. This implies that
 Potentiometer Setup for Comparison of emfs of Potentiometer Setup for Evaluation of Internal
two cells : Resistance ofa cell:

AHREE

N
R

Na
K

CHAPTER 4

MovING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

Units and Dimensions

Physiecal Quantity Symbol Nature Dimension Units

Permeability of free space Ho Scalar
[MLTA TmA-

Magnetic field
B Vector
[MTA' T(tesla)

Magnetic moment Vector (LA] Am or J/T

Torsion constant Scalar [MLT]I Nmrad

Important Results and Formulae FJl= Ho 2

1. Force: When a test charge 4o enters a 41

magnetic field B directed along the negative where, F i s the force per unit length.

Z-axis with a velocity v making an angle 5. Lorentz force : F = q(E+ vxB)

with the Z-axis, then
6. Torque on a magnetic dipole moment P due

m90B, F46"B and Fn =0 toa magnetic field B is t={

2. Force on a cufrent carrying conductor in a
7. Magnetic field due to a straight conductor
magnetic field B is F =I(/x B), where I carrying current I and at a distance 'a' from
is the current, / is the length of conductor and the conductor is

I is along the direction of curent. B-

sin, +sin,]
3. Force between current elements:
8. Magnetic field due to infinite straight conductor
d FH.d,*(hdhx ri) at a distance a from it,
4T 2 B- Ho, 21
4T a
here, force is on 1dl, due to 1,d4
9. Magnetic field on the axis of a current ()
4. Force per unit length between infinitely long carrying coil of turns n, radius R and at a
straight current carrying conductor is distance x from the centre of the coil is
 - Ho In.27R2 Important Figures
4 (R2 +x*32 Cyclotron
Magnetic field out
of the paper Deflection plate
and n.27t1
B(centre) 4T R
Ho n.2tlR
B(far away)) 4T Exit port

10. Ampere's Circuital law: The line integral of

the magnetic field around a closed path is Ho
times the total current enclosed by the path and Charged
particle
IS given as

11. The magnetic field due to a straight solenoid

well within it and on the axis is given by D
B

where, nnumber ofturns per unit length and

T is the current in the coil.
12. Cyclotron: OSCILLATOR

Moving Coil Galvanometer:

H

Phospher
Bronze
m -l Stnip

13. Maximum energy by positive ions M

max
BR2
2 m
14. Biot Savart's law: The magnetic field due
to a current element is given by the following
relation:

B Ha Idi* Galvanometer to Ammeter Conversion :

4T
Ra
(a) Ire be the angle between I dl and r, then : w
ld
B 4T sin R
(6) The unit ot magnetic feld B is called tesla (T). wwwH
(e) H4tx 107 TmA

(d) Bis perpendicular to both I di and r.

15. (9 Voltage sensitivity: Galvanometer to Voltmeter Conversion:

9-nBA
v (rad uV)
KR
- ww
(i) Current sensitivity:

-(rad uA)
 CHAPTER 5
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
Units and Dimensions
Physical quantity_ Symbol Nature Dimension Unit

Permeability offree space Po Scalar [MLT A TmA, NA

Magnetic field, Magnetic induction, Magnetic
B
Vector [MTA] T (tesla)
fiux density
Magnetic moment Vector [LA] Am

Magnetic fux Scalar

[ML'T A] W
(weber)
Magnetisation M Vector LA] Am
| Magnetic intensity, Magnetic field strength H Vector [LA] Am
Scalar
Magnetic susceptibility
Relative magnetic permeability Scalar
TmA, NA2
Magnetic permeability Scalar [MILTA
Important Results and Formulae I
1.
Magnetic dipole moment: M m(2/)
=

CH
2. Torque on a magnetic dipole in uniform I
T
magnetic field:
A magnetic dipole of dipole moment M C

placed in a uniform magnetic field B HT

when
experiences a torque. C
T MB sin 6,
T
where, 8 is the angle between M and B where, C is known as curie constant.
t= M x B
3.
or,
) Angle between geographic meridian and
8. Magnetic intensity
H
the magnetic meridian is called declination.
(i) Angle between horizontal component and total
9. Magneticsusceptibility:
magnetic field of the earth is called dip.
(ii) Dip is zero at the equator and 90° at the 10. Magnetic permeabilhty : =
magnetic poles.
4. The magnetic field due to a short dipole at 11. B (magnetic induction field) inside the
diamagnetic materials is less than that in
distance a on the axial line is B, = * vacuum. Because
4T
B PoH+)
Unit: Ampere/ metre
and
that on the equatorial line is B,
=

a Charact-| Diamag- | Paramag-| Ferroma-

5. HoH eristic netic netic gnetic
where
= permeability of medium,relative
Ho
permeability of vacuum and H, =

permeability.
Magnetic induction B and magnetic intensity m 0 0, small>0,large
Hare related as B = uH. 13. The force between separated
twomagnetic poles of
Curie's law in magnetism: The strength q, and q' by r is given by
7. intensity of
magnetisation I of a paramagnetic material
F=Ho.4m9
is directly proportional to the strength of *7T
the external magnetic field H, called the 14. Tangent law : When a short bar magnet is
magnetising field and is inversely proportional
to the absolute temperature of the material.
suspended freely under the combined action
of two uniform magnetic fields of intensities B
 and By acting at 90° to each other, the magnet where, Magnetic declination, 8 = Magnetic

comes to rest making an angle 6 with the inclination or Magnetic dip and H = Horizontal

direction of the magnetic

field
BH component
B B tan Magnetic field lines
Important Graphs and Figures
Angle ofdeclination:
2 True North

3ar magnet A CuTent carrying finite solenoid

Hysteresis loop:
B
(lesla)

Magnetic elements of earth

BGeographical
meridian
AKSH B
0.5-
B C
M -200-100 100 200 H
AM
_Magnetic
meridian
U.5-

.0-

d
1.5
i (uA)
C'
*****

D C

CHAPTER 6

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Units and Dimensions

Quantity Symbol Dimension Unit

Magnetic flux [MLTA") Wb (weber)
EMF E [ML'TA) V (volt)

Mutual inductance M MLTA) H (henry)

Self inductance L [MLTA-) H (henry)

Important Results and Formulae E = = -L*

dt dt
1. The inductance of a coil depends on the
following factors
L= -
(a) area of cross-section dl/ dt
(b) number of turns The inductance of a circular coil is given by:
(c) permeability of the core
2. Self induction
L-BAN.H
L 4 (27N
oc I or =LI
 The magnetic fux is denoted by . If B be the
B2 4T
magnetic field through the area element d A.
uN
Then, the flux through the area is given by :
2
d-B-dA
Or L HN T
2 8. Faraday's laws of electromagnetie induetion:
here, o = magnetic fux from the coil, I (a) Whenever, the magnetic flux inked with a
current through the coil, A = area of coil, r =
circuit changes, an emf is induced.
radius of coil, N = total number of turns of the

coil, permeability of the medium. (b) The induced emf lasts as long as the change in
magnetic flux continues.
3. The inductance of a solenoid of length 7, is
8iven by () The magnitude of induced emf (E) is directly
proportional to the rate of change in magnetic
L-BAN NAB
I I flux.
Thus, if dÙ be the change in magnetic fux
or
during the time dt, then:
L-NAuAl =pr*v E or E=k49
d
here, n=NI= number of turns per unit length
and V= Al= volume of the solenoid. where, k is the constant of proportionality. In
4. The inductance in series combination is given
by
SI, k=-1, hence, E =- dt
L=L+L2tlyt 9. Lenz's law:
The inductance in parallel combination is
It states that induced current produced in a circuit
given by:
always flows in such a direction that it opposes
the change or the cause that produces it.
The Lenz's law explains the negative sign in
5. Iftwocoils of inductance L, and L, are coupled
together, then their mutual inductance is given the Faraday's flux rule, E =-
dt
by
10. If a rod of length I moves perpendicular to a
M- kLL
magnetic field B with a velocity v, then the
6. Mutual inductance: induced emf produced across it is given by :

c l or d = MI E=vvB/

E-=-M In general, we have E = B.(vx )

ai

M E/(dldi) 11. Ifa current I is set up in a coil of inductance

L, then the magnetic field energy stored in it is
E
M Ald given by

The mutual inductance of two coils is given by :

.AN,N,AsNN,A, 12. Instantaneous value of emf produced by AC

M p generator, e=nBAo sin ot
7. Magnetic flux is number of magnetic field
lines crossing a surface normally.
 CHAPTER 7
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Units and Dimensions
Physical quantity Symbol Dimension Unit
rms voltage
[ML'TA V
rms current [A]
Inductive reactance [MLTA*)
Capacitive reactance [ML'TA*
Impedance reactance Z [ML'TA]
Resonant frequency o, or o
IT Hz
Quality factor Dimensionless
Power factor cos Dimensionless

Important Result and Formulae 5. At series resonant frequency, = We

I. (a) Instantaneous value of alternating curent VLC
I=1,sin »t or cOS have
(b) Peak value of a.c. lo () Z=R= minimum value of impedance.
() Altemating e.m.f., E = E,sin ot (i) = E / R = maximum value of peak current.

or E= Egcos o (i) =0, ie., I and E are in phase with each other.

(d) Mean or average value of a.c. I,n or I (iv) V,is equal and opposite to Vc
(v) Potential drop across C and L together is zero.
0.636 lo-
(vi) E=Va
()tm.s. value ofa.c. Ima lo/2 =0.707 o. 6. Energy stored in an inductor:
2. The part of the impedance in which the phase
difference between the current and emf is t/2, U-
is called reactance.
If the emf leads the current by t/2, the
7. Energy stored in a capacitor:
reactance is called purely inductive.
If the emf lags behind the current by t/2, the
reactance is called purely capacitive.
8. Power in a.c. circuit: The power in LCR
If the emf is in phase with the current, the circuit is given by
circuit is called purely resistive.
P=El = Eglo cos or cos ( 0 - ) .
3. Sign for phase difference (0) between I and
E for series LCR circuit : Power in LCR circuit consists of two
components as follows
is positive, when XLXc

is negative, when <Xc ()Virtual powercomponentEglocos(20-4).

is zero, when XX
It has frequency twice as that of a.c. Its value
The LCR circuit is said to be in resonant when
over the complete cycle is zero.
XLX. i.e., when oL =
oC ii) Real power component E,l,cos . It

and o = g = called resonant frequency. dissipates power.

cos is called power facto
 9. Inductive reactance XL CoL
or
2A0 R
Inductivesusceptance S oL
13. Q factor: Q= O1age across Lor C
Capacitive reactance: c Applied voltage
oC

Capacitive susceptance: Sc C
R
Reactance: X=XL-X oL- 14. Transformer:
C
=k (say) (transformer ratio)
Susceptance :S=Sc-S= oC- oL
10. Impedance of LCR circuit: (ü) =k is called transformer ratio or N ratio.

Z VR+(X -Xc¥ (ii) For step up transformer, k> I and for step
down transformer, k < l.
(iv) For step up transformer, N,> N, therefore
E,>Ep And for the step down transformer,
N, <N, therefore E, < Ep

tan V (v) The efficiency of the transformer is given by:

Output power
Input power
IR
If , and 1, be the currents in the primary and
secondary Circuits, then
R
E
oL-
Epl
For idealtransformern=1=100%.Therefore,
E
Power, P-Em Z r
N,A
11. Band width = o - 0 2 2Ao
Hence for step-up transformer, current in the
@o secondary is less than that in the primary( , 1 )
12. Sharpness of reasonance= 2A0 and in a have >
step down transformer, we

Important Figures
Type of cireuit Phasor diagram &wave diagram
ONLY RESISTOR mSin w

27 ot
'm Sin o

ONLY INDUCTOR
f*****--..

Vm sin wt

m Sin (ut- a/2)

 ONLY CAPACITOR

** **7*-----
t Sin

m SIn (ott a/2)

LCR CIRCUIT
R
ww

000

Impedance triangle: Transformer:

Laminated sheets

P >T
S Output

P2
Iron core

Important Graph and Figure

Ilustration of Lenz's law:

AC generator:
Coil -AxIe

......
N

Slip ring 00000Atemating em

000b0
Carbon brushes