NGONNGU 2014 DANH GIA CAP BO PHAT TRIEN TRI NANG NGU DUNG 6 NGUOI HQC TIENG ANH NHU MOT NGOal NGU THONG QUA KHA NANG NHAN BIET VA Li GIAI VI PHAM NGU DUNG PHAM TI (HUNG Abstract: Developing pragmatic competence for language leamers has become fundamental to the process of helping them develop communicative competence. Critical literature review has identified 3 main development levels of pragmatic competence of L2 learners: 1) pragmatic awareness, 2) metalinguistic competence and 3) metapragmatic awareness. Relevant literature has also indicated that different research methods contribute to an understanding of different aspects and levels of pragmatic competence development. The current study employs a combination of methods with the major method of asking the participants to identify and explain pragmatic violations in order to explore their relevant levels of pragmatic competence development. From the findings, suggestions about the teaching, assessing and researching pragmatic competence are made. Key words: pragmatic competence, pragmatic violation. 1.Co sé lugn tri nding ngir dung trong gidng day ngogi ng duge cy thé hod va duge 1.1. Tri nding ngit dung trong day thé hign qua ba edp 46 co bain sau: nhan ‘va hoe ngosi ngit thie ngit dung (Pragmatic awareness), Lan diu tién khi Chomsky giéi tri ning siéu ngon ngir (Metalinguistic thigu thugt ngor “tri nang ngir dung”, cum tir nay don thudn duge ding dé chi kién thire vé méi lién hé gitta clu tric ngOn ngit va ngi cénh ma ngon ngit duge sir dung [6]. Sau 46 thugt ngit nay duge mé rong 4é bao ham ca kha nding sir dung ng6n ngit dé thye hign ede chite nding x hdi va c4 nhan hdc nhau, trong d6 cé chite ning giao tip [7], (10}, [16], [17], [20]. ‘Ciing véi sy phat trién ngay cing manh mé cia nginh ngit dung hoc, competence) va nhén thire siéu ngt dung (Metapragmatic awareness) [5], [12]. Hfantidou va Tzanne [12] gidi thich ba cp d6 phat trién cua tri ning ngtt dung nay nh sau: Nhan thie ngtt dung 1a cép 46 thép nit, chi kha nding hiéu duge higu lye tai Idi cia phat ng6n. Day la kha nang nhén djnh, suy lugn, Ii gidi ¥ dinh cia ngudi cing giao tiép thong qua nhiing gi duge néi, la kha nang hiéu duge théng diép muén cae tai, tire 1a higu lye tai Ji. Tri nang siéu ng6n ngir la cdp ddDanh gid... 28 phat trién thir hai cua tri nang ng dyng, chi kha ning xéc djnh nhing phuong tign, cng cu ngdn ngtt, thi dy nhu cdc céch dign dat va cdc clu tric gitp xée dinh chinh xéc higu lye tai ldi cla phét ng6n. CAp d6 thir ba 1a nbn thie siéu ngt dyng. Day la kha ning dién dat thanh 1di mdi lién hé gira nhing cong cy, phuong tign ngn ngtt 46 v6i higu lye tai loi. N6i cdch khic ba cp 46 phat trién cla tri ning ngtt dung cia ngudi hoc ngogi ngir lin lugt tuong img véi kha nang xe djnh chinh xéc higu lye tai li cha phét ng6n, kha ning xéc dinh méi lién hé gitta cdc cOng cy ngon ng (nhiing céu tric va céch dién dat duge sir dung trong phat ng6n) voi higu lyc tai Idi va kha n&ng dién dat thanh 1di méi lign hg nay. Vigc phat trién tri ning ngtt dung cia ngudi hoe ngoai ngtt la mot phin quan trong trong ging day ngoai ngit n6i chung va ging day tiéng Anh nh mot ngoai ngit néi riéng dé d4p img yéu cdu cia xu thé todn cdu hod va giao tiép quéc té ngay cang Ién [16], [17], khi vige ting lén vé sé Iuong ngudi hoe va sir dung tiéng Anh khong phai lic ndo cing di d6i véi sy cdi thién higu qua giao tiép do ngudi sir dung ngoai ngtt c6 tri nang ngir dung han ché. Trong qué trinh gidng day ngoai ngit, dé giup ngudi hoc ngoai ngtt phat trién kha nang giao tiép trong dé cé tri nang ngt dung, ngudi gio vién can nhfin thre duge céc cap 46 phat trién tri nang ngit dung cia ngudi hoc dé cé thé cé nhing phuong phip hé tg kip thai, gidip ngudi hoc tiép thy va sir ng ng6n ngtt higu qué. 1.2. Nghién ctu vé tri nding ngtt dung ciia ngudi hoc ngoai ngit ‘Nhiéu c6ng trinh nghién ciru 44 tim hidu nhing yéu té 6 tée dong én viée xay dung va phét trién tri ning ngit dung cia ngudi hoe ngogi ngtt. Mét sé nghién ciru da cho thy moi trudg hoc tip c6 anh hug dén vigc phat trién tri nang ngt dung. Thi dy: nghién ctru ca Taguchi (24] cho thy hoe sinh hge tiéng Anh trong moi trudng tiéng Anh duge sir dung bén god lép ge, ching han nhu hoe tiéng Anh tai Mj, sé c6 tri ning ngit dung t6t hom ngudi hge ngon ngit nhu mot ngoai ngit trong méi tung ma ngén ngit 46 khong duge sir dung phd thong é giao tiép bén ngoai 1ép hoc, nh hoc tiéng Anh tai Trung Quéc ching han [24]. Nghién cir cia Haggan [11] fing da chi ra phuong thite giao tiép fing 06 anh hug dén vige phat trién tri nding ngtt dung cia ngudi hoc ngoai ngit va d8 xudt gido vién cé thé sit dung céc m6 hinh, phuong tién giao tiép phé thong nhu tin nhdn, thu dién tir dé hd tro ngudi hoc tiéng Anh nh mot ngoai ngi dé phat trién tri ning ngt dung [11]. Nhimg nghién ci khéc di chi ra vige gidng day va giai thich truc tiép cdc quy tie ngtt dung sé gidp ngudi hoc ngoai ngtt cai thién va phat trién duge tri ning ngi dung ciia ho (tht dy, [15], [23], [1], [10], {12}, [22], (25). C6 ba huéng nghién ciu phd bién vé tri ning ngit dung cla ngudi hoc ngoai ngtt. Thir nhét 1a nghién cimu tri ning cia ngudi hoc ngoai ngit théng qua vige ho thye hign mt hanh ong Idi néi [3], (14), [21], [22] hode26 Ng6n ngé s6 4 nim 2014 str dung cdc d4u higu dién ngén cy thé [1], [2], (8]. Chang han, nghién ciru vé tri nding ngtt dung cia ngudi hoc ting Anh thong qua viéc ho hiéu ‘va hdi dap hanh vi chi trich, phé binh. trong tiéng Anh (thi dy trong cong ‘trinh nghién ciru cia Nguyén Thj Thuy Minh [21]), hay hanh vi dé nghj (thi dy trong nghién céru 6 [18]; (26); (14]). Cée nghién ctu nay chi yéu sit dung phuong phdp hoan thanh task dién ng6n (disourse task completion - DCT), dua ra tinh hudng va yéu clu ngudi hoc viét lai phat ng6n ho&c phan hai 46i vi phat ng6n duge dua ra. Cac nghién ciru vé tri ning ngit dung cia ngudi hoc ngoai ngit théng qua vige khdo sét kha ning thyc hién ho&e hoi dap cia ho déi véi m6t hanh déng Joi ndi cy thé con duge tién hanh tir g6c 49 ngén ngtt hoc déi chiéu, so ‘sfnh sy ging va khdc nhau trong hanh vi cia ngudi hoe gitta ngOn ngtt thir nhdt vi ngoai ngtt (thi dy nghién cu cia Allami & Naeimi [3)). Vige nghién cau tri nang ngit dung théng qua khio st kha ning hdi d4p va thye hién cdc hanh dgng ngén ngit duge xem 1a xu hung phé bién nht trong ba thép nién qua, chi yéu khao st tri ning net dung 6 cp 49 nhin thie ngir dung, tiie la kha ning ngudi hoc ngoai ngit nh§n thite va xéc dinh ding hiéu lye tai 10i cia phét ngon, Huséng nghién ctu thir hai vé tri nang ngit dung 1a sir dung Ii thuyét vé cée cp 46 phét trién khéc nhay cia tri ning ngit dung dé d2 xudt viée anh gi tri ning ngit dung nhu mgt phan ca ngit nang. Nhimg nghién cia nay da phn tin hanh khdo sét tri ning ngit dung théng qua vige yéu cau ngudi hoe/ sir dung ngoai ngtt thye hign bai ludn dé gidi thich tai sao, dya ‘vao nhimg cong cy ng6n ng ndo trong vin ban hay ngit cénh ma ho dua ra nhiing suy ludn, Ii giai vé nghia cla van ban hay ngOn ngtt ho nghe hose doc duge, thi dy cée nghién ciru cia Ifantidou & Tzanne [12] va Behroozizad & Bakhtiyarzadeh [5]. Céc nghién tru nay thién vé khdo st cp 46 nh§n thie sigu ngit dung, la kha ning dién dat thanh Idi méi lién hé gitta cdc edch dién dat, cdu tric, cong cu ngén ngit duge sir dung trong phét ngon véi vige xée inh higu lye tai oi cia phat ngén 46, Huéng nghién ciru thir ba vé tri ning ngtr dung cia ngudi hoc ngogi ngit tap trung nghién ctu cdc Idi ngir dyng ngudi hoc ngoai ngtt mic phai trong qué trinh str dung ngén ngit (thi dy: Muir & Xu, [19]; DS Quy Thu, [8]). Trong huéng nghién ecu nay, cdc 15i ngit dung ma ngudi hoc ngogi ngir mic phai duge xem ld nhimg biéu hign cua sy han ché vé tri nang ngtt dung. Trong hung nghién ctu ny, tri ning ngir dung cia ngudi hoe ngoai ngit con duge dénh gié thong qua vige khdo sét kh nang nhén ra cée vi pham ngtt dung trong céc ngtt canh duge cung cép [4]. Céc vi pham ngtr dung 1 nhimg phat ng6n chinh xéc vé m&t ngit phap va tir vung khong phi hop vé mat ngét dung, thé hign ngudi thye hién phat ng6n khong hiéu duge higu lye tai loi cba nhtng gi ho nghe duge nén khéng thé hi 4p phi hop. Thi dy: (1) John goes past a friend on campus. (ohn thdy mét ngudi ban & tring)Dénh gi 27 John: Hello. I must be going. (Chao céu.) Peter: Where are you going? (Céu di déu thé?) Trong ngit cénh trén, khi John n6i “Hello. I must be going”, nghia vin ban la “Xin chao. Minh phai di dy”, va don gidn day chi la mét Idi cho véi ham y “16i ban khOng c6 thai gian néi chuyén”. Vige Peter hoi “Where are you going?” - “Cu di ddu thé?” 1a mét vi pham ngit dung, cho thay trong ngit canh nay ngudi nghe (Peter) 44 kh6ng nhfin ra duge higu lye tai Ii hay dich ngén trung (chao hi) cia phat ng6n “Hello. I must be going”. ‘Nhu Bardovi-Harlig va Domyei [4] 8 chi ra d6i véi ngudi hoc ngoai ngtt, vige nhfn ra cdc vi pham ngir dung con la bing chimg biéu hign ngudi hoe ngit dyng cé kha ning nhfn biét moi lién hé gitta céc céng cy ngon ngtt va myc dich sir dung, tie 1a ning Ive siéu ngOn ngtt. Tir viée téng hop co sé i luan vé tri nding ngtt dung, dac biét la viée ghi nhén tri ning ngtt dung cia ngudi hoc ngoai ngit cé nhiéu cép 46 phat trign khéc nhau va nhimg phuong phap Khéc nhau gitp ching ta xé¢ dinh dupe tri nding ngit dung cia ngubi hee ngoai ngit dang & cdp d6 phat trién nao, nghién ctru nay sir dung két hgp cde phuong phép khéc nhau dé gitip xée dinh tri ning ng dung cia ngubi hoc tiéng Anh nhu mét ngogi ngit. 2. Nehién ciru tri nding ng dyng ciia ngwdi Viét hoc tiéng Anh nhw mt ngogi ngir 2.1. Phuong php nghién ciru va h thé Khéch thé nghién ciru 1a 64 sinh vvign dai hc nm thi ba, nganh Bién phién djch Anh-Viét. Theo yéu cdu cia chuong trinh d4o tgo, nhiing sinh vién nay cé trinh d6 tiéng Anh thugc cp d6 4 trong khung nang lyc ng6n ngit 6 cp 46 cua Viét Nam (tong duong cdp 49 B2 trong khung tham chiéu chau Au vé ngén ngit). 6 cp 49 nay ngudi hoc ngoai ngit duge xem 1A c6 khd nang str dung tiéng Anh luu loat, chinh xéc 48 thye hign cée myc dich va chite nang giao tiép m6t céch higu qua ca trong cugc séng hing ngay lan trong mét s6 linh vc mang tinh chuyén sau vé nghé nghiép. ‘Nghién ciru str dung két hop task ngtt dung (DCT), bai test tinh huéng va phan lun If giai méi lién hé gitta cong cu ng6n ngtt va higu lye tai Ie. DCT dua ra 12 tinh hudng giao tiép chua hoan chinh. Déi voi mdi tinh hudng khach thé duge yéu clu doc ki nhiing théng tin vé ngir canh va (cic) phat ng6n duge cung cép, Ong théi khéch thé phai hoan thanh tinh hudng giao tiép théng qua viée cung cp hdi dip dudi dang viét d6i v6i phat ngon duge cho. Céc phat ngén duge cung cp trong cae tinh hudng nay duge chon Iya v6i hai tigu chi co ban: 1) Céc phét ng6n nay la nhing dién dat 8 thong, thudng xuyén duge sir dung trong giao tiép ‘hing ngay; 2) Cac phat ng6n nay khong cé méi lién hé chit ché gitra nghia vin ban va hiéu Iyc tai 16i (nghfa 1a gitta nghia tuong minh va nghia him ng6n cla van ban). Nhu vay dé hiéu |. va hdi dap duge cdc phat ngon nay oi hoi ngudsi nghe phai c6 nang lye nhén thite ngo dung. ‘Thi dy tinh hudng thir nhat cung cAp cdc théng tin nhu sau:28 Ng6n ngér s6 4 nim 2014 (2) Peter and Kate are friends. (Peter va Kate la ban) Kate: Do you have a moment? Peter: . “Do you have a moment?” la mot dign dat phé théng 06 nghia tong minh trén vin ban 18 “Ban cd mét chit thai gian Khng?” higu lye tai Ii (hay nghfa him ng6n) 1d “Ban c6 ranh khong? Minh néi chuyén duge khéng?”. Vigc khdch thé hdi dp phi hop véi ngtt cénh trong DCT sé cho phép ching ta két lugn khéch thé xéc dinh chinh xéc higu lye tai di cia phét ng6n (hay nghia ham ng6n cia vin ban) 44 duge cung cdp, tire 1a cé tri ning ngit dung 6 cép 49 nhan thie ngtr dung. Bai test tinh huéng gdm 20 tinh hudng héi thoai hoan chinh trong 46 6 12 tinh hudng chita 12 vi pham ngtt dung, 4 tinh hudng h6i thoai chia 16i ngit phép va 4 tinh hudng bao gdm céc dién dat chinh xdc vé ngtt phap, phi hop vé nghia. Thi dy vé vi pham ngit dung cé thé thy trong hai tinh hudng dudi day: (G) The teacher asks Peter to help with the plans for the class picnic trip. (C6 giéo nha Peter gitp dé lén ké hogch cho chuyén di di ngoai cia lop.) Teacher: OK, so we'll go by bus. Who lives near the bus station? Peter, could you check the bus times for us on the way home tonight? We will decide the time for the trip next week. (Cé gido: Duge réi, vay ching ta sé di bang xe buyt. Nha ai gan tram xe bujt? Peter, trén diedng ve nha tdi ‘nay em kiém tra gitip lich trinh xe buyt nhé? Tudin t6i chiing ta sé quyét dinh théi gian cho chuyén di.) Peter: No, Ican’t tonight. I'm sorry. (Peter: Khéng duoc g, t6i nay thi khng duge. Em xin 16i.) Trong ngtt canh (3) 6 trén, hdi dap cia nhfn vat Peter da thé hin sy vi pham ngtt dung. “Tonight” (t6i nay) trong cau “Could you check the bus times for us on the way home tonight?” (Trén dong vé nha t6i nay em kiém tra gitp lich trinh xe buyt nhé.) kh6ng phi 14 mt 4n djnh vé thdi gian thye hién hanh déng dang 48 xuat (kiém tra lich trinh xe buyt). Ngudi duge dé nghj thye hién hanh d6ng nay khong nhit thiét phai thye hign hanh d6ng vao t6i nay ma day chi la mt ggi y. Tuong ty trong thi dy (4) dudi day, 101 hdi d4p cla Anna cho thdy nhan vat nay khong nhan ra duge méi lién hé gitta ¥ nghia dién at tudmg minh cia phat ngén nghe duge va nghia ham ng6n cia n6. (4) It’s Anna’s day to give her talk in class, but she is not ready. (Hém nay dén lugt Anna phai tinh bay trude 1ép nhumg Anna chia sin sang.) Teacher: Thank you, Steven that was very interesting. Anna, it's your turn to give your talk. (CO gido: Cém on Steven, bai trinh bay cia em rdt thi vj. Nao Anna én ligt em trinh bay.) Anna: I can't do it today but 1 will do it next week. Thank you. (Anna: Hém nay em khéng trinh bay duge nhung tudn sau em sé trinh bay. Cém on c6.")Danh gi 29 Khi gido vién néi: “Anna, it’s your turn to give your talk.” (Nao Anna dén lugt em trinh bay ) thi day 1a mt ménh 1énh yéu cau thye hién mét cOng vige da durye phfin cng theo ké hoach tir truée 46 chit khong phai 1a mt ldi dd nghj ma ngudi nghe c6 thé tir chéi thye hién. Néu nhfin vat 1a Anna trong tinh hudng nay khong thé thye hign hanh vi dang dugc yéu cu thi cdn xin 18i, gidi thich If do khéng thé thyc hign hanh vi theo yéu cdu, dng thoi cé thé xin phép thy hign hanh vi vao thdi gian khéc. Nh vay trong ngtt canh nay, ngudi quyét inh chap nhan vige cho phép nhin vét Anna tri hon hanh vi trinh bay hay khéng la gido vién cdn Anna trong vai trd 14 hoc sinh thi chi cé quyén dé xudt, Vige nhan vat Anna khong thye hign hanh vi theo yéu cdu nhu céch trinh bay trong tinh hudng “can't do it today but Iwill do it next week” (Hm nay em khéng trinh bay duoc nhung tudn sau em sé trinh bay) 1a mét vi pham ngit dung cho thy nhin ‘vat nay sir dung ng6n ngi khong phd hop véi ng@ cénh va quan hé x8 hoi trong ngit canh giao tiép gitta gido vign va hoc sinh, Nhu vay trong ca hai tinh hudng trén, cdc vi pham ngt du la nhting dién dat chinh xéc vé mgt ngit php nhung khong phi hop vé mat ngir dung. Hai muoi tinh hudng nay duge trinh bay theo thir ty ngdu nhién trong bai test, tir 1 dén 20. Khéch thé duge yéu clu chon ra nhimg héi thoai can duge ditu chinh cho phi hgp, o6 thé vé nghia hoac vé ngit php, cdch thire din dat. Vige khach thé c6 thé xéc inh duge chinh xéc céc vi pham ngit dung cho thay khéch thé thay duge méi lién hé gitta cOng cu ngon ngtt va nghia cia ching, déng thdi cé thé sir dung duge kién thie vé méi lién hé nay dé xéc djnh duge céc vi pham ngtt dyng, tite 1a khdch thé c6 tri ning siéu ngon ngtt [4]. Khéch thé duge yéu cau phai dign dat thanh 1di théng qua hinh thie viét 48 gidi thich nhtmg co sé nao gitp ho di dén két ludn tinh hudng ndo chia vi pham ngi dung. him; trudng hgp nao khdch thé khong giai thich duge If do chon Iya thi c6 thé dé tréng. Phuong phép nay gitp phat hién nhiing khach thé da dat dén cdp 6 cao nhat la cp 49 nhan thre siéu ngi dung, via xée dinh duge ing higu Ive tai 19i cia phit ngon, xe dinh duge méi lién hé gitta cdc céng cy ng6n ng@ trong phat ng6n Oi higu lye tai Idi, vita cé thé gidi thich, din dat thanh loi mdi lién hé 46 [5},[12]. 2.2. Két qua khdo sat NhGn thie ngit dung la cdp dé phat trién phd bién nhdt ctia tri nang ngit dung Két qua khao sét cho thay nhimg phuong phép khéc nhau cho phép danh gia cdp 46 phat trién ng dung khéc nhau cila'khdch thé, trong 46 nhfn thite ngit dung - cap 46 phat trién thdp nat cia tri ning ngit dung 1a phé bién nhat va sé lugng khich thé dat cp 46 nbn thite siéu ngt dyng Ja thp nhdt. Dai da sé khéch thé da xéc dinh - thinh cng higu lye tai loi cua nhiing phét ng6n cung cép trong 12 task ngit dyng DCT thé hign qua viée cd 703 Jugt khdch thé trong téng sb 768 lugt 6 hdi dap phi hgp Ai véi cée phat30 Ng6n ngir s6 4 nim 2014 ngén trong nhtg tinh hudng 44 cho, chiém ti 1é 92%, Day la mite 46 phd bign nhat, ma dai da s6 khdch thé dat duge trong sé ba cp 46 phat trién cia tri ning ngit dung. Tri nang siéu ngén ngit khong di d6i véi tri nang ngit phdp Két qua danh gid bai test gm 20 tinh hudng giao tiép véi 12 tinh hudng chita vi ng@t dung, 4 tinh hudng chira weet sai 15i ngtt phap va 4 tinh hudng hoan chinh ca vé nghia lin ngit phdp cho thay khéch thé & clip 46 ng6n ngtt bac 4 - B2 cé tri ning ngtt phap rat t6t, thé hién 6 239 lugt trong ting sé 256 lugt, dat 93%. Tuy nhién ti é x4c djnh thanh céng Idi vi pham ngtt dung han ché hon nhiéu so ‘v6i tilé xéc dinh 18i ngtt phap. Trong téng sb 768 lugt c6 602 lugt khich thé x4c dinh ding vi pham ngtt dung, dat ti 18 78%. Dac bigt t6i 89% (57 trong s6 64 khach thé) khéng thé xéc inh duge vi pham ng dung trong cd hai tinh huéng sau: (5) Peter goes to see his teacher at teacher office. When he arrives, his teacher is busy. (Peter dén gip thay gido tai phong gido vién. Khi cau dy dén thi thay dang ban.) Peter: (knock on the door) (Peter: 26 cita) Teacher: Yes, come in. (Thiy gido: Vang, mdi vao.) Peter: Hello, Are you busy? (Peter: Chao thay. Thay cé béin khong a?) . Teacher: Erm...I’m afraid so. Could you come back later? (Thay gido: 0... Thdy e la vay. Em quay lai sau nhé,) Peter: I'll be here tomorrow ‘morning at 8 then. (Peter: Vay thi sing mai 8h em s@ quay lai day.) Trong tinh hudng (5) nay nhén vat c6 tén Peter da c6 phét ng6n vi pham ngit dung khi ty ¥ An djnh thi gian gip thay gido vao hém sau thay vi xin m6t cudc hen vao dip khéc. (©) Anna goes to ask her teacher to fill in a questionnaire. (Anna di gap c6 gido 48 nha c6 didn vao bang hi). ‘Anna: (knocks on the door) (Anna g6 cita phong.) Teacher: Yes, come in. (Gido vién: Vang, mdi vao.) Anna: Hello. My name is Anna Kovacs. If you don't mind, I would like you to fill in this questionnaire ‘for me. (Anna: Xin chao. Em tén la Anna Kovacs. Néu khéng phién nho cé dién vao bang héi nay gitip em.) Trong ngtt cin (6), niin vét Anna 4% 06 sy vi pham ngtt dung khi duong dt yéu cu gido vién dién vao bang hoi ma khong hen hay xin phép trabe, 4c bigt Khi gido vin ndy va nhén vat Anna khéng quen biét nhau. Trong vin hod phuong Tay, hanh dng nay cé tinh dp dat cao, va vi thé khéng lich sy. Tri nding siéu ng6n ngit khong di d6i véi kha nang nhdn thite siéu ngit dung Vige phan tich ni dung li giai cia khach thé d6i v6i céc truéng hop khich thé xéc dinh ding sy vi pham ngit dung cho thay tri nang siéu ng6n. ng (kha nang nhan biét mi lién héDanh gi. 31 gitta cdc céng cy ngén ngit trong phat ngén v6i higu lye tai loi cia phét ngon) khéng di 46i vi kha nding nbfn thie siéu ng® dung (kha nang dién dat thanh Idi méi lién hé gitta cdc céng ‘cu ngén ngtt trong phat ng6n v6i higu lye tai Idi cua phat ngén). Cu thé hon, trong khi s6 lugt khach thé xée dinh thanh céng sy vi phan ngtt dung 14 602 trong ting sé 768 lugt, chiém 78% thi chi c6 57 % s6 nay (344 lugt trén 602 trong ting sé 768 luot, tire 1a 45% trén téng lugt) cé kh ning vita xéc dinh duge 16i vi pham ngtt dung, tte la oé tri ning siéu ngén ngtt, vira 06 thé dig gii thanh Idi Ii do xée dinh duge 18i vi pham nhé sit dung duge kién thie - méi lién hé gitta ngén ngit va chite ning ngit dung, tie 1.06 khd ning nbn thir siéu ngit dung. Két qua nay cho thdy tri ning siéu ng6n ngtt va khd ning nhn thie siéu ngit dung khdng song hanh cing nhau. © e4p d6 nhfn thite sigu ngon ngft cia tri ning ngir dung, ngudsi hoc ngoai ngit cé thé nhan biét duge méi quan hé gitta cong cu ngén ngit va chire nang ngtt dung nhung khong 06 nghia Ia c6 thé giai thich due thinh 1di méi quan hé nay. 3. Két lugn Tri ning ngit dung thuong duge dua vo churong trinh dao tao ngoai ngit nhu mét ngi dung can duge gidng day va kiém tra, danh gid, nhumg cho én nay cé thé thy hdu nhu viée dénh gif tri nang ngd dung cita ngudi hoc ngoai ngit chi dimg lai & mite cdc bai kiém tra kién thirc ngit phap hon la - tri nding ngtt dung [13]. Két qua nghién imu nay Ia co sé cho thy tri nang ngit dung 6 thé va nén duge danh gid théng qua nhiéu phuong phép khdc nhau thi mdi xéc dinh duge ding cdp 46 phat trién ngi dung ma ngudi hoc dat duge & thoi diém khdo sét. Tir dé gido vién cé thé dua ra phuong 4n the dng dé hd tro viée phat trién tri ning ngit dung cho nguvi hoc. Nghién cifu nay cfing chi ra nhu cau khi nghién ctu ve tri ning ngit dung can mé rong ra trong nhiéu ngtt canh hon chi Id nhimg nghién ciru chi trong dén hanh Ging 1di n6i hay cdc dién dat dién ng6n. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Aidinlou, N. A, & Mehr, A. 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