“General Information on

Retrofitting”

P.G. SECTION
BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDYALAYA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALLABH VIDYANAGAR.
M.TECH STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PREPARED BY: GUIDED BY:

Bhutwala Harsh (19SE817) Dr. J.D.Rathod sir
Associate Professor
M.S.University
 Contents:

REHABILILITATION: ............................................. 2
Repair: ...............................................................................................2
Restoration (Strengthening): ...........................................................3
Retrofitting: .......................................................................................3
Strengthening & Stabilization(S&S): ........................ 5
When do need structure S&S? ........................................................5
Factors affecting the selection of S&S methods: ...........................6
Types of structural strengthening design: ................ 8
Passive Strengthening: .....................................................................8
Active Strengthening: .......................................................................9
Methods for structural elements Strengthening:.... 10
Strengthening of beams and slabs: ...............................................10
Flexural strengthening methods:....................................................10
Shear strengthening methods: ........................................................14
Strengthening of columns: .............................................................17
Reference: .................................................................. 19
REHABILILITATION:

The term “rehabilitation” implies restoring of structures to its

original condition. It is process of repairing or modifying a structure to
desire useful condition.

Techniques developed for rehabilitation may also be use for modifying

a structure to meet new functional and other requirements.

In general, structure may need rehabilitation for one of the following

reasons:

I. Normal deterioration due to environmental effect.

II. New functional or loading requirements entailing modification to
a structures.
III. Damage to a structure due to accident.

Rehabilitation engineering is specialized field, which call for skills

and ability beyond design and construction engineering.

Repair:
The main purpose of repair is to bring back the architectural
shape of the building so that all services start working and the
functional of building is resumed quickly.

Repair does not pretend to improve the structural strength of the

building. The action will include the following:

 Patching up of defects such as cracks and fall of plaster.

 Re-plastering of walls as required.
  Rearranging disturbed roofing tiles.
 Decoration- white washing, painting, etc.

Restoration (Strengthening):
It is the restitution of strength the building had before the
damage occurred.

The main purpose of restoration is to carry out structural repairs to load

bearing elements.

Some of approaches are stated below:

 Removal of portion of cracked masonry walls and piers and

rebuilding them in richer mortar.
 Addition of reinforcing mesh on both faces of the cracked wall,
holding it to the wall through spikes or bolts and then covering it
suitably.
 Injection epoxy like material, which is strong in tension, into the
cracks in walls, columns, beam, etc.

Retrofitting:
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged
or undamaged buildings. It is an improvement over original
strength when evaluation of the building indicates that the strength
available before the damage was insufficient and restoration alone
will not be adequate in future earth-quakes.
Objective of retrofitting are:

 Increase the lateral strength in one or both the directions, by

reinforcement or by increasing wall areas or the number of walls
and columns.
 Giving unity to the structure by6 providing a proper connection
between its resisting elements.
 Eliminating features that are sources of weakness. Asymmetrical
plan distribution of resisting members, abrupt changes of stiffness
from one floor to the other, connection of large masses, large
openings in wall are the example of defect of this kind.
 Avoiding the possibility of brittle modes of failure by proper
reinforcement and connection of resisting members.

Graph 1. Concrete structure performance vs. time

Strengthening & Stabilization(S&S):
Strengthening:
The process of adding capacity to a member or structure
e.g., Jacketing to increase column capacity
Stabilization:
The process of halting a particular unwanted situation from progressing
e.g., Grouting to stop settlement
Combinations of strengthening and stabilization do exist. These words
are sometimes used synonymously.

When do need structure S&S?

Graph 2. Structure performance vs. time

 1. Fault in the design:
Lower/poor performance before taken into service.
Not considering the long-term effects like creep, shrinkage,
fatigue, chloride ingress, carbonation, corrosion, sulphate attack,
etc.
2. Damage due to accidents:
3. Material deterioration:
Due to long-term structural and environmental loads. Also due to
accident load like fire, blast, etc.
4. Increase in demand:
Due to,
Seismic and other loads, change in design codes and requirement,
modification of structural systems, change in use and
corresponding loads.
Factors affecting the selection of S&S methods:
 Magnitude of enhancement (or required increase in strength)
 Effect of strengthening on the stiffness and redistributed
loads on other members
 Excessive strengthening of select members may change the
load path or stress flow and may not always be a good idea.
 Size of repair project and cost-effectiveness
 Special materials, system and methods may be less cost-
effective on small repair projects
  However, long-term benefits (residual life-cycle cost) need to
be considered
 Environmental conditions
 In High temperature & humidity methods using adhesive may
not be working.
 In Corrosive environment methods using exposed steel
elements may not be suitable.
 Properties of repair material in-place and its integrity with
the substrate
 Ensuring bond between the old and repair concrete is vital
 Long-term compatibility
 Shrinkage stresses leads to bond failure
 Dimensional/ clearance constrains
 Feasibility of section enlargement may depend on the
surrounding clear space
 Aesthetic will also play a role
 Accessibility and feasibility of work
 Repair time
 Fast track completion requirements
 Light-weight and high performance materials are required for
durable and fast work.
 Safety
 Ensuring safety of workers and users is also important.
Types of structural strengthening design:

Passive Strengthening

Active Strengthening

Passive Strengthening:
Repairs do not participate in stress sharing until additional loads
(live/dead) are applied and/or until acceptable levels of additional
deformation occurs.

Figure 1. Passive Strengthening:

Active Strengthening:
Repairs do immediately participate in stress sharing and
additional deformation is unacceptable.

Figure 2. Active Strengthening:

Figure 3. Active Strengthening:

Methods for structural elements Strengthening:
Strengthening of beams and slabs:
Flexural strengthening methods:
Section enlargement

Figure 4. Section enlargement

Externally bonded plate/laminates

Figure 5. Externally bonded plate

Figure 6. Externally bonded laminate

 External post-tensioning

Figure 7. Cross-section of External post-tensioning beam

Figure 8. Side view of External post-tensioning beam

Supplementary support

Figure 9. Supplementary support

Span shortening

Figure 10. Span shortening

Shear strengthening methods:

Internal post-tensioning bars/rods:

Figure 11. Internal post-tensioning bars/rods:

Externally post-tensioning bars/rods:

Figure 12. Externally post-tensioning bars/rods:

Externally post-tensioning CFRP straps:

Figure 13. Externally post-tensioning CFRP straps

Figure 14. Externally post-tensioning CFRP straps

 Internally placed passive reinforcement:

Figure 15. Internally placed passive reinforcement

Shear strengthening of beam at moving hinges:

Figure 16. Shear strengthening of beam at moving hinges

Strengthening of columns:

Compressive strengthening by enlargement:

Figure 17. Compressive strengthening by enlargement

Shear capacity strengthening using collars-resisting
punching shear:

Figure 18. Shear capacity strengthening using collars-resisting punching shear

Figure 19. Shear capacity strengthening using collars-resisting punching shear

 Column confinement- Active & Passive system

Figure 20. Column confinement- Active & Passive system

Reference:
 Concrete repair and maintenance illustrated; book by
P.H.Emmon