The skin is the outer covering on the human body.

It protects your body from infection, keep water inside

your body, and regulate body temp. It is divided into three layers. Under the skin are superficial layers of
fascia.

The first the Epidermis, is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the protective wrap over the body's
surface and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.

The second is the dermis is the layer

of skin beneath the epidermis that
consists of connective tissue and
cushions the body from stress and
strain. The dermis is tightly
connected to the epidermis by a
basement membrane. It also has
many mechanoreceptors , that
provide the sense of touch and heat.
It contains the hair follicles, sweat
glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine
glands, lymphatic vessels and blood
vessels.

The third is the hypodermis, and lies

below the dermis. Its purpose is to
attach the upper layers of skin to
bone and muscle as well as
supplying it with blood vessels and
nerves. It is made up of loose
connective tissue.

The skin of the abdomen contain the

umbilicus, the cicatrix marking the
entry point of the umbilical cord,
and is traversed by the inguinal
canal, and at its caudal

extremity carries the prepubic tendon, the ventral attachment of the wall to the pubic bones.

I was surprised in the cadaver how thick the skin really was. I expected it to be far thinner and more
delicate.
 Abdominal muscles
The transverse abdominal, internal and external abdominal oblique muscles, are the 4 groups of
muscles that make up the abdominal muscles. The muscles are layered in 3 layers.

The most superficial abdominal muscle is the rectus

abdominus. This muscle gives the 6-pack ab effect
when it is worked to a high degree of fitness. Rectus
abdominis controls the tilt of the pelvis and
curvature of the lower spine. It also tilts pelvis
forward improving the mechanical positioning of the
erector spinae.

The abdominal external obliques are the next deep and wrap
around the trunk on each side to form the waists and join to the
linea alba, a band of connective tissue running down the front of
the abdomen. In the cadaver we observed the linea alba. The
external abdominal obliques control a twisting motion in the trunk.
When there is contraction of one side alone it will laterally bend the
trunk to that side.

The Int. Oblique Muscle originates on the thoracolumbar fascia, ( this is a

deep investing membrane which covers the deep muscles of the back of the
trunk) anterior two-thirds of the iliac crest, and lateral half of the inguinal
ligament, and it inserts on the inferior border of the 10-12th ribs, linea alba,
and the pubis via the conjoint tendon. Its actions are to compress the
abdominal contents, and to stabilize the spine, flex the spine (pull it forward
like in crunches), rotate the trunk to the same side (ipsilateral rotation), and
bend the spine to the side (lateral flexion).
 The transverse abdominus muscle is the
deepest of the ab muscles. The Transverse Ab
Muscle originates on the internal surfaces of
the 7th-12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar
fascia, iliac crest, and lateral third of the
inguinal ligament, and it inserts on the linea
alba with the aponeurosis of the internal
oblique, pubic crest, and pectin pubis via the
conjoint tendon. It does not bend or flex or
twist or rotate or side bend. When the
transverse contracts it tightens the waist, pulls
in the belly button and stabilizes the pelvis and
lower back. More structurally, the deeper and
closer to the spine the particular abdominal
muscle is, the more effect over body posture it
will have, and this often contributes
significantly to a healthy back.

The quadriceps muscles are the muscles on the front of the thigh. They consist of the Vastus lateralis,
Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius and the Rectus femoris.

[Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting

point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use
the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text
box.]

Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis

Vastus Lateralis

Vastus Intermedius