Answer of Home Work (Again Try Yourself)

Q: Find Products when Fructose reacts with periodic acid ?

2 HCHO + 3 HCOOH
+ CO2 + H2O
 OXIDATION REACTIONS
1. TOLLEN’S REAGENT
Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (AgNO3 + NH4OH) or [Ag(NH3)2]OH

Tollen’s reagent oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylate ion and the Ag+ in the Tollen’s
reagent is reduced to silver metal and its gets deposited on the wall of the test
tube (silver mirror test).

YES

No

Tollen’s test can be used to distinguish between aldehydes

and ketones
 OXIDATION REACTIONS
Compounds which react with Tollen’s reagent or give silver mirror test or give Tollen’s
test or reduces T.R. are :

1. All aldehydes (aliphatic and aromatic)

2. All a-hydroxy ketones

Fructose

(Benzoin)

3. Formic acid
 OXIDATION REACTIONS
4. Hemi-acetals

Hemi-ketal
 OXIDATION REACTIONS
5. Tollen’s reagents oxidises

Note : Terminal alkynes or 1-Alkyne

* used to distinguish between terminal and internal alkynes or terminal

alkyne and alkene.
* can also be distinguished by Cu2Cl2 + NH4OH
 Oxidation Reactions of Aldehyde
2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION :

Fehling A Fehling B
Aq. CuSO4 Alkaline sodium potassium tartarate
(Rochelle salt)

Fehling A + Fehling B → Deep blue colour

On heating aldehydes with Fehling’s reagent , aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylate ion
reddish brown ppt. of Cu2O is obtained.

YES No
 Oxidation Reactions of Aldehyde
3. BENEDICT’S SOLUTION :
Benedicts solution is a mixture of aq CuSO4 + sodium citrate + Na2CO3

It is similar to Fehling’s solution.

On heating aldehydes with Benedict’s solution, aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylate ion
reddish brown ppt. of Cu2O is obtained.

YES No

NOTE : Aromatic aldehydes (ex: benzaldehyde) do not react with Fehling solution,
Benedict’s solution.
All compounds that give Tollen’s test (silver mirror test) also give Fehling’s test and
Benedict’s test except aromatic aldehydes.
 OXIDATION REACTIONS

4. SCHIFF’S REAGENT
Aqueous solution of p-rosaniline hydrochloride is a known as Magenta dye
or Schiff’s dye (pink coloured)

Schiff’s reagent Pink colour is restored

(Colourless)
Colourless

Schiff’s test is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

HgCl2 Test :
 HALOFORM REACTION
CHCl3 – Chloroform ( sweet smelling liquid)
CHBr3 – Bromoform (colourless liquid)
CHI3 – Iodoform (yellow solid)

When methyl ketones react with halogen in the presence of

base then haloform is obtained.

Salt of carboxylic (Haloform)

acid
 HALOFORM REACTION

MECHANISM

rds

Acid Salt (Haloform)

 HALOFORM REACTION
Note:
Rate is independent of nature of halogen.
 HALOFORM REACTION

1. When the halogen used is iodine, the haloform product (iodoform) is a solid that
separates out as a yellow precipitate. Hence this reaction is also used as a test for
methyl ketones (Iodoform test)
2. Reagents that may be used for haloform reaction
(a)

(b)
(sodium hypohalite)
(c)
(Bleaching powder) (Lab method for preparation of chloroform)