CE F230 Civil Engineering Materials

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 Outline

 Construction Materials

 Mechanical Properties of Materials

 Physical Properties of Materials

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Construction Materials

 Stone
 Bricks
 Lime
 Cement
 Sand
 Aggregate
 Mortar
 Concrete
 Other civil engineering
materials
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 All the building structures are
composed of different types
of materials.
 These materials are either
called building materials or
materials of construction.
 The material cost in a
building ranges 30 to 50
percent cost of total cost
Project.

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Construction Materials

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Mechanical Properties of Materials

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Mechanical properties of materials

1.Strength
2.Elasticity
3.Plasticity
4.Ductility
5.Brittleness
6.Malleability
7.Toughness
8.Hardness
9.Stiffness
10.Creep
11.Fatigue strength
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1. Strength
 The capacity of material to withstand load is called strength.
 Strength of materials, ability to withstand an applied stress
without failure
 Compressive strength, capacity to withstand axially directed
pushing forces
 Tensile strength, maximum stress while being stretched or pulled
before necking
 Shear strength, the ability to withstand shearing.

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2. Elasticity

 On a material when external load is applied it undergoes

deformation and on removal of the load, it returns to it’s
original shape.

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3. Plasticity

 If a material does not regain its original shape, on

removal of the external load, its called plastic materials.

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4. Ductility

 If a materials can undergo a considerable deformation

without rupture it is called a ductile materials.
 It is undergo large deformation during tensile test. It is
the most suitable material for tension member.
 E.g. steel, copper, wrought iron, aluminum alloys are
ductile materials.
 Elongation is more than 15%

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Ductile

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5. Brittleness

 If a material can not undergo any deformation when

some external force act on it and it fails by rupture.
 Stronger in compression and weak in tension.
 C.I, glass, concrete, bricks
 Elongation is less than 5%

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Stress- Strain Curves

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 6. Malleability
 Malleability is a property of a material by which it can be
beaten to form thin sheets.
 Which material can be convert in to thin sheets by hammering.
 Gold, silver, copper, aluminium, Tin, Zinc and steel etc.

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7. Toughness

 Capacity of a material to absorb energy before rupture is

called toughness.
 Mild steel, wrought iron, etc.

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Toughness

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Ductility- Toughness

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Toughness

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Ductility - Brittle

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Toughness Testing of Materials

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8. Hardness

 Resistance of materials to abrasion, indentation, wear

and scratches is called hardness.
 C.I is hardest material

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9. Stiffness

 Force required to produce unit deformation in a material

is called stiffness.

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10. Creep

 Inelastic deformation due to sustained load is known

creep.

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11. Fatigue Strength

 Fatigue strength is the highest stress that a material

can withstand for a given number of cycles without
breaking. Fatigue strength is affected by environmental
factors, such as corrosion. The maximum stress that can
be applied for a certain number of cycles without fracture
is the fatigue strength.
 Fatigue is defined as a process of progressive
localized plastic deformation occurring in a material
subjected to cyclic stresses and strains at high
stress concentration locations that may culminate in
cracks or complete fracture after a sufficient number of
fluctuations.

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S-N diagram
 The S−N diagram is the most widely used concept when
calculating fatigue strength. It is a graph that plots the
constant cyclic stress of amplitude S applied to a
material specimen against the number of loading cycles
N the specimen can withstand before eventually failing.

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Physical Properties of Materials

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Density

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Bulk Density

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Density Index

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Porosity
 A sponge is an example of a porous material as it has a
large number of empty spaces compared to its volume.
Porosity is the property of an object that expresses the
total volume of empty or pore space in the material. ...
Sponges, wood, rubber, and some rocks are porous
materials.

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Hygroscopicity

 Hygroscopicity is the tendency of a solid substance to absorb

moisture from the surrounding atmosphere. The process can take
on a number of forms. ... A particular example of hygroscopic behavior
is deliquescence which is exhibited by many water-soluble solids,
including inorganic salts (e.g., calcium chloride).

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Water Absorption

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Water Absorption

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Weathering Resistance

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Contd..

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Contd..

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Fire Resistance

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Contd..

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Reading Assignment

1. Why is it important to study the properties of building materials?

2. List and define the physical properties of building materials?

3. What are the factors influencing the choice of building materials?

4. Why is it important to make standards for building materials?

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