GEd 108: Art

Appreciation Lecture 5 Part 5: ART HISTORY

The Beginnings of Western and Asian Art

“Art is the signature of civilizations” – Beverley Sills.

WESTERN AND ASIAN ART

Art Dates Chief Artists and Major Works Characteristics Historical
Periods/ Events
Moveme
nts

Stone Age (30 000 1. Lascaux Cave Painting Prehistoric and Ancient Art Ice Age
BCE – Prehistoric and ancient art were ends (10
2500 BCE) around 44,000 B.C.E. to 400 BCE. 000 BCE
It can be considered as the art – 8000
period that includes cave BCE New
paintings, fertility statues and bone Stone
flutes to approximately the end of Age and
the Roman Empire. A variety of art permanent
styles were produced over this settlemen
2. Venus of Willlendorf lasting period. This Art period ts (8000
includes those of prehistory to the BCE –
ancient civilizations of 2500
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the BCE)
nomadic tribes.

Pre-historic Art
Prehistoric cave art in Sulawesi,
Indonesia was discovered in the
3. Stonehenge 1950's. This art is of indigenous
mammals; a small water buffalo,
a warty pig, and a pig -deer, and
hand stencils.
Archaeologists discovered their age
to be around forty thousand years,
at least same age as the oldest
known art in Europe. It would
mean that art was developed much
earlier than what humans thought,
in Africa, and that men carried the
tradition with them as they move.

1. Cave painting
Seventeen thousand years ago,
humans painted on the walls of the
caves of Lascaux, in France the
realistic images of bison, bulls,
horses, stags, and other animals.
They made stencils of their hands,
too. There were also several cave
arts found in Europe. These cave
paintings from Indonesia and
Europe have similar characteristics
which appear to be prevalent in
prehistoric times. 2. fertility
 goddesses
3. megalithic structures

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Mesopot Sumerian 1. Sumerian Votive Offerings Ancient Art Sumerians
ami a - (2700 Ancient Art period includes the invent
Ancient BCE) works found in classical writing
Near civilizations like the Greeks and (3400
East Celts as well as that of the early BCE)
(3500 Chinese dynasties. Hammurab
BCE – i writes his
636 law code
BCE) MesopotamianArt
- Warrior art and narrationin (1780
2. Standard ofUr
stone relief BCE);
- It features a distinctive style in the
sculptures. Textures of the
figures are achieved through of
lines or dots.
- The most impressive works are
3. Ziggurat of Ur the so called portal guardians.
They are usually presented as
animals (real or imagined) or
animals with human heads.

4. Bull Lyre

Akkadian 5. Head of Akkadian

(2200 BCE)
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6. Rule, Stele of Naram-Sin

Neo 7. Gudea of Lagash

Sumerian
(2050
BCE) and
Babylonian
(2000
BCE)

8. Stele of Hammurabi
Assyrian 9. Lamassu Guard
(720) and
Neo
Babylonian
(600 BCE)

10. Gate of Ishtar

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Egyptian Dynastic 1. Palette of Namer Art with an afterlife focus: New
(3500 Period pyramids and tomb painting; Kingdom
BCE – (3000 BCE) massive monumental (1500
30 and Old structures BCE) and
BCE) Kingdom(20 Armana
00 BCE) Period
Middle Kingdom (1350
Tombs carved into mountains BCE)
Middle Narmer
Kingdom unites
2. Khafre (Great Sphinx) Upper/Lo
wer Egypt
New (3100
Kingdom BCE);
(1500 Rameses II
BCE) and battles the
Armana Hittites
Period (1274
(1350BCE) BCE);
Cleopatra
dies (30
BCE)
3. Step Pyramid(Imhotep)

4. Great Pyramids ofGiza

5. Mortuary Temple of Queen

Hatshepsut

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6. Abu Simbel (Ramses II)
Akhenaton andhis family

7. Bust of Nefertiti

Ancient Cycladic 1. Cycladic figurines (Geometric Minoan – Ocean themes Height of

Greece (Cyclades womenwith folder arms, Seated the
(3000 Islands) Harp Player) Bronze
BCE – (2500 Age
1200 BCE)
BCE)
Minoan 2. Palace of Knossos
(Crete)
(1500BCE)

3. Leaping Bull fresco

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4. Snake Goddess

5. Octopus Vase

6. Harvesters Vase
 Mycena 7. Funerary mask
ean
(mainlan
d
Greece)
(1200 BCE)

8. Lions Gate

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9. Treasury ofAtreus

Greek and Geometric 1. Geometric Krater Greek idealism: balance,perfect Athens

Hellenis and proportions; architectural orders defeats
tic Orientaliz (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) Persia at
(900BC ing (800 Marathon
E – 30 BCE) (490 BCE);
BCE) Peloponne
sian Wars
(431
b.c.– 404
BCE);
Alexander
the
Great's
conquests
(336 b.c.–
323
Archaic 2. Kouros, Kore, vases by BCE.)
(550 Exekias, (amphora,
BCE) kraters)

Early and 3. Kritios Boy, Riace Warrior,

High Everything on the Acropolis
Classical (Parthenon – Iktinos
Art (450 andKallikrates)
BCE)

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 4. Doryphors/Spear Bearer
(Polykleitos – “perfect”
sculptures)
5. Athena Partheonos

Phidias)
6. Diskobolus/Discus Thrower

(Myron)

Late 7. Hermes and Infant Dionysos

Classical (Praxiteles),Aphrodite of
(350 BCE) Knidos (Praxiteles)
Archaic
Stiff and rigid

ClassicalArt
Realistic and includes the
representation of movement

Hellenistic
Resulted from the centuries of
Greek studies of the human form

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8. Apoxyomenos/Scraper,

(Lysippos)

Hellenistic 9. Dying Gaul

(200 BCE)

10. Laocoon & Sons

11. Nike ofSamothrace

12. Altar of Zeus

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Etruscan Etruscan 1. Sarcophagus from Cerveteri, Mixture of Greek and Roman Occupied
(700 (600 Apulu (Apollo), Styles, composite columns, Italy in the
BCE – BCE) useof these styles in their early
509 homes, sophisticated tombs Roman
BCE) days and
were
wiped out

2. Interior of the Tomb of the

Reliefs Cerveteri, Italy

Roman Roman 1. Temple of Portunus Verism, Roman Julius

(735 Republic realism:practical and down to Caesar
BCE - (200BCE) earth; the arch assassin
337 Imperial Procession. ated (44
CE) BCE.);
The Romans invented the Roman
Arch. The Roman Arch helped Augustus
them to make bigger bridges and proclaimed
aqueducts. These aqueducts were Emperor
responsible for making water run (27
into the towns and allowed them BCE);
to create the famous Roman Diocletian
2. Pompeii frescoes Baths. The Baths were shared to splits
the public and a place where
people gathered. The Bath was a Empire
large pool surrounded by many (292
shops, restaurants, libraries and CE);
sometimes a gym. The Baths were Romefalls
built using the best building (476 CE)
materials which included marble, a
favorite material of the Romans.
Romans, like Greeks, wanted to be
entertained so they built the
This can accommodate
Colosseum.
 approximately 50
000 people. In this
arena were held gladiator fights,
naval battles and even
prosecutions to the delight of the
emperor and the crowd.

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Early 3. Ara Pacis
Empire
(50 CE)

4. Portrait of Augustus

5. MaisonCarree

6. Pont-du-Gard

7. Colosseum

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High 8. The Pantheon
Roman
(150 CE)

9. Equestrian Statue of Marcus

Aurelius
10. Portrait busts

Late 11. The 4 Tetrarchs

Empire
(250 CE)

12. Arch of Constantine

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13. Constantine the Great, Aula
Palatina
Late Early 1. Old St. Peter‟s Central plan Christianity
Antiquity/ Christian churches,Christian was found
Early (400 CE) images by
Christian JesusChris
t,
(192 – Christians
526) hide in the
Roman
Empire to
escape
2. Mausoleum of GallaPlacidia harsh
persecuti
ons,
Constanti
ne
granted
religious
tolerance.

3. Good Shepherd, Santa

4. Constanza, St. Apollinare Nuovo

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Hindu, (653 BCE – 1.Swastika Serene, meditative, art, and Arts Birth of
Chinese CE 1900) of the Floating World Buddha
and (563
Japanes Hindu Art BCE);
e - This Art reflects the plurality Silk
(653 of beliefs, Hindu Temples, Road
BCE – which opens
CE depicts their architecture and (1st
1900) where sculptures are found, century
typically are devoted to BCE);
different deities (Shiva, Buddhism
2.om Vishnu, Ganesha). These spreads to
deities are usually portrayed China (1st
with multiple limbs and 2nd
heads, which indicates the century
extent of the god‟s power and CE) and
ability. Japan (5th
- Hindu Art is represented by century
holy symbols like: CE)
o the om, an invocation of
3.Gu Kaizhi; divine consciousness of
God; it is believed that the
Christian "Amen" and
Islamic "Amin" are both
derived from Om;
o the swastika, a symbol of
auspiciousness;
o the lotus flower, a symbol
of purity, beauty, fertility,
and transcendence
4.Li Cheng;
Chinese Art
- This art evolved through its
history. As political and
social
circumstances changed and
new technologies
developed, so did its art.
- Chinese artistic styles are
classified according to the
dynasty under
which they were produced.
- The important qualities include
a love of nature, a credence in
the moral and educative
capacity of art, an appreciation
of simplicity, an gratitude of
accomplished
brushwork, an interest in
viewing the subject from
various
perspectives, and a loyalty to
much-used motifs and designs
from lotus leaves to dragons.
- The art forms most worthy
to mention are calligraphy
and
painting though Chinese art
 also encompasses fine
arts, folk arts, and
performance arts.

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5.Hokusai; Japanese Art

- Japanese art covers a wide

range of art styles and media,
including ancient pottery,
calligraphy on
silk and paper, ink painting,
kirigami, origami, and
dorodango sculpture, and,
ukiyo-e paintings and
woodblock prints, and more
6.Hiroshige recently manga, a modern
method of Japanese
cartooning and
comics.
- Japan‟s art has frequently
been complicated by the
definitions
and expectation established
in the late 19th and 20th
centuries when Japan was
opened to the west.

Byzantine Byzantine 1. St. Michael the Archangel Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Justinian
and (324 (600 CE) Islamic architecture and partly
CE - 1453 amazingmaze-like design, restores
CE) Beginning of manuscript Western
Illumination Roman
Empire
Byzantine art is about religious (533–
expression and more specifically 562);
about church doctrine translated Iconoclas
into aesthetic forms. m
Controver
Byzantine forms of architecture sy
2. Justinian andAttendants (San ( 726–.84
and painting was based on
Vitale) religious concerns which made 3);
art uniform, anonymous, and Birth of
perfected within this austere Islam
tradition. The result was (610) and
sophistication of style and a Muslim
spirituality of expression that Conquests
rarely compares with the art of (632–732)
Western tradition.
3. Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy
Wisdom)

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4. Rublev, Andrey
Islamic Islamic (1000) 1. Dome of the Rock Five Pillars of Faith, Koran, Muhamm
(622 - arabesques, calligraphy, quibla ad born
1924) wall,horseshoe arch, mosque 570 CE,
at ageof
40
receives
2. Mosque calling as a
of Córdoba prophet of
a new
religion,
Dies 632
CE

5. Palace of the Lions (The

Alhambra)

3.
Mosque of Selim II

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MIDDLE AGES (Medieval Art)
To some, the millennium from 400 and 1400 A.D. is considered as the Dark Ages, where the art in this period
were depicted as grotesque or brutal scenes while others were focused on formalized religion. Most of the art
created were melancholy.

Medieval European art saw a transition from the Byzantine period to the Early Christian period. Within that,
from about 300 to 900, we also saw Migration Period Art as Germanic people migrated across the continent. This
 Barbarian art was outboard by necessity and more of it was understandably lost.

As the millennium passed, more and more Christian and Catholic art appeared. The period centered on
elaborate churches and artwork to adorn this architecture. It also saw the rise of Gothic and Romanesque styles
of art and architecture.

Early Warrior 1. Sutton Hoo Ship purse cover Portable works, interlacing Migration
Medieval Lords patterns, Illuminated period,
(410 (600) manuscript, Cloissonne, Burial Viking
relicsAnimal style jewelry Raids
(793–
-1024) \ 1066);
2. Anima head-post Battle of
Hastings
(1066);

Hiberno- 3. Chi Rho Iota page of Book of

Saxon
(800)

Kells
4. Lindisfarne Gospels

Carolingian 5. Ebbo Gospels

(800)

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6. Crucifixion Cover fromthe
Lindau Gospels

7. Palatine Chapel

Ottonian (900) Gero Crucifix

8.

9. St. Michael’s, Bronzedoor of

Bishop Bernward,
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10. Durham Cathedral
Romanes Romane 1. St. Sernin Heavy walls, smaller window, Crusades
que(950 - sque Pilgrimages,Relics I–IV
1100) (1100) (1095–
1204);

2. Autun Cathedral (and

sculptures by Gislebertus)

3. Pisa Cathedral

4. Reliquary ofSainte-Foy,

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5. Bayeux Tapestry
Gothic Gothic 1. St. Denis (Abbot Suger-1st Gothic Stained Glass, Tall churches, Black
(1140 (1200) Flying Buttresses, Death
- RayonnantStyle (1347–
1300)
1351);
Hundred
Years' War
(1337–
1453)

bldg)
2. Reims Cathedral

3. Notre Dame Cathedral

4. Amien Cathedral
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5. Sainte-Chapelle Cathedral

6. Salisbury Cathedral

7. Chartres (jamb statues)

8. Ekkehard and Uta

9. Rottgen Pieta

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Late Late 1. Madonna Enthroned Figures starting to have form with Italy had
Medieval/ Medieval (Cimabue, Duccio,and shadows, Italian buildings many city-
Late Italy Giotto) stressedwidth and height states,
Gothic/Pro (1300) o Cimabue
to
Renais
sanc e
(1200 -
1400)

o Duccio

o Giotto

2. Arena Chapel frescos (Giotto)

3. Maesta Altarpiece (Duccio)

4. Good and Bad Government

frescoes (Lorenzetti)

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5. Baptistery of San
GiovanniDoors (Pisano)

EARLY AND HIGH RENAISSANCE

This movement covers the period from 1400 through 11500. Renaissance literally means rebirth and
describes the resurgence of curiosity in the artistic achievements of Greece and Rome. Most known paintings
emerged from this period. Many of the notable art created during the Renaissance was Italian. The famous 15th-
century artists like Brunelleschi and Donatello paved the way to the work of Botticelli and Alberti. When the High
Renaissance took over in the next century, the work of Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael emerged.

The increasing edification of society, through political stability, economic growth and cosmopolitanism
brought about the high renaissance. Education at its time took center stage, with libraries and academies that
allowed empirical studies and research to be conducted into the cultures of the ancient world. The arts benefited
from the patronage of influential families and individuals.

Early Early 1. Très Riches Heures Oil painting, extremedetail, Gutenberg

Northern Northern (Limbourg Brothers)(Book symbolism, donors included in invents
Renais Renaissan of Hours) altarpieces movable
sanc e ce (1400s) type
(1400s) (1447);
Turks
conquer
Constanti
nop le
(1453);
Columbus
lands in
New
2. Merode Altarpiece (Campin) World
(1492);

3. Ghent Altarpiece (Hubert and

Jan Van Eyck)
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4 . Arnolfini Portrait (Jan van

Eyck)
5. Deposition (Van der Weyden)
Early Early 1. Ghiberti's Doors Rebirth of classical culture, Medici Gutenberg
Italian Renaiss as a patron, use of linear invents
Renaissa ance perspective, frescoes andtempera, movable
nce (1450) Cosimo d‟Medici‟s neo-platonic type
(1400- academy (1447);
1550) Turks
conquer
Constanti
nop le
(1453);
Columbus
2. Brunelleschi lands in
3. Donatello New
4. Botticelli World
5. Masaccio (1492);
6. Annunciation (Fra Angelico)

7. Foreshortened Christ (Dead

Christ) by Mantegna

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VENETIAN AND NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

In 1430-1550, a period of Northern Renaissance was famous due to advance technique in oil painting, realistic,
vivid altarpiece art, wooden panel paintings, woodcuts, and printmaking. Stone sculpture was not extremely
popular, but the Germans boost up their wood carving techniques. Dutch art was governed by empirical
perspective. Dutch aimed to get to the basics, capturing every single detail. The painters learned from direct
observation and their knowledge of the consistency of things.

High High 1. Leonardo Many papal commissions Martin

Italian & Renaissa 2. Michelangelo Luther
Venetian nce 3. Raphael starts
Renais (1550) 4. Bramante Reformat
sanc e 5. Bellini ion
(1500s) 6. Giorgione (1517)
 7. Titian

Northern Venetian 1. Dürer The Renaissance Council of

Renaissan and 2. Bruegel spreadsnorthward to France, Trent and
ce(1430– Northern 3. Bosch theLow Countries, Poland, Counter
1550) Renaiss 4. Jan van Eyck Germany, and England Reformati
ance 5. Rogier van der Weyden on
(1500) (1545–
1563);
Copernic
us
proves the
Earth
revolves
around the
Sun (1543)

Manneri Mannerism 1. Last Supper (Tintoretto) Art that breaks the Magellan
sm (1550) rules;elongated and twisted circumna
(1527– bodies vig ates
1580) the
Mannerism globe
Mannerism (1527-1580) (1520–
introduced a highly imaginative 1522)
period in art after the climax of
excellence that
2. El Greco naturalistic painting had attained
in Renaissance Italy. Artists
3. Entombment of Christ
started to deviate from classical
(Pontormo) influences and turn toward a
further intellectual and
expressive approach. This
ushered in a change from
authentic portrayals of figures
and subjects, a rejection of
harmony, and the development
of a dramatic new style
unconstrained by the graphic
plane, reality, or literal
correctness. Radical asymmetry,
artifice, and the decorative also
apprised this movement.
Paintings, and compositions can
have no focus and space can be
abstruse. The figures can be
4. Bronzino represented by an powerful
5. Cellini twisting and bending with
distortions, exaggerations,
elongations of the limbs, bizarre
posturing on one hand, graceful
posturing on the other hand and
the rendering of the head as
uniformly small and oval. The

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6. Madonna with the Long Neck compositions are marked by
(Parmigianino) clashing colors which lacks the
balance, naturalism, and
dramatic colors of High
Renaissance. Mannerist artwork
seeks instability and
restlessness with fondness for
allegories that have lascivious
undertones.

New discoveries in science

had led society away from
Humanist ideals and
paintings no longer conceived
man as the center of the
universe, but rather as isolated,
incidental partakers in the great
mysteries of life.

BAROQUE ART

The word baroque means something that is elaborate and highly detailed. Baroque style (1600-1750) is
characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in
sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The defining characteristics of the Baroque style
were real or implied movement, an attempt to represent infinity, an emphasis on light and its effects, and a focus
on the theatrical.

A number of techniques were introduced, or further established by Baroque artists to accomplish these
effects including quadro riportato (frescos that incorporated the illusion of being composed of a series of framed
paintings), quadrature (ceiling painting), and trompe l'oeil techniques. This allowed for a blurring of the
boundaries between painting, sculpture, and architecture that was signature to the movement.

Chiaroscuro technique is a trait of Baroque Art in which the treatment of light and dark in an artwork
assisted to create dramatic tension, was a key component in Baroque artwork. It was further evolved by Baroque
master Caravaggio into tenebrism, which used the intensification of contrast within dark atmospheric scenes to
highlight particular elements.

During this era, significant events like the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation occurred with the
baroque style being considered intricately linked to the Catholic Church. The popularity of style was encouraged
by the church which was decided at the Council of Trent that the arts should communicate religious themes and
direct emotional involvement in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Italian Baroque 1. Rubens Splendor, art as a weapon Thirty

Baroque (1650) 2. Caravaggio in the religiouswars Years'
(1600– 3. Bernini War
1750) 4. Gentileschi between
5. Palace of Catholics
VersaillesVelazquez and
(Spain) Protestant
s
(1618–
1648),
Counter
Reformati
on in
Italy
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Dutch 1. Still-Life(Claesz) Still-lifes, genre paintings,
Baroque portraits, andlandscapes
(1600s)

2. Vermeer (Master of Genre

Painting)
3. Dutch Portraits of Hals and
Rembrandt
4. Landscapes
Rococo Rococo 1. Pilgrimage to Cythera (Watteau) Highly decorative, „frilly” posh Louis XIV
(1700s) (1700s) Louis XIV in France

2. TheSwing (Fragonard)

3. Cuvilles‟s Hall ofMirrors

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NEOCLASSICAL

The Neoclassical Period is considered a period of enlightenment. The movement started in Europe in the
1700's and spread into the colonies. The focus of this was on government, ethics, and science which varies from
the previous period that focused on religion, imagination, and emotions. Neoclassical art has a cleaner style,
sculpted forms, a shallow depth of background and a more realistic approach. Neoclassical painting and
sculpture involved emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of classical event, characters and themes,
using historically correct settings and costumes.
Neoclass Neoclass 1. David Art that recaptures Greco-Roman Enlighten
ical ical 2. Ingres grace andgrandeur me nt
(1750– (1800) (18th
1850) 3. Kauffmann
4. West century);
5. Vigee- Lebrun Industrial
6. Chiswick House (Boyle & Kent) Revolution
(1760–
1850)

7. Monticello (Jefferson)

English: Grand Mannerportraiture

8. Gainsborough
9. Reynolds
10. Hogarth (Marriage a la
mode series,satire)

Romant Romantic 1. Caspar Friedrich The triumph of imagination American

icis ism 2. Constable and individuality. Revolution
m(1780 (1800) 3. Goya (1775–
– 4. Cole Romanticism 1783);
1850) 5. Gericault - Romanticism (1750-1850) French
rapidly spread all over Europe Revolution
6. Delacroix
and the (1789–
1799);

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 7. Turner United States at the end of the Napoleo
8. Benjamin West 18th century to the 19th. n
- The period extolled abstract, crowned
complex ideas like despair, emperor
hope, heroism, liberty, of
peace, survival, and other France
impressions that nature (1803)
evokes in human beings.
Romantic art concentrated on
emotions, feelings, and
moods to challenge the
rational ideal held so tightly
during the
Enlightenment.
- The subject matter varied
widely including landscapes,
religion,
revolution, and serene
beauty. It also stood
counter to science in favor
of spiritualism, deliberation
in support of instinct,
industry in preference to
nature, subjugation vetting
on democracy and against
aristocracy for rusticity. The
artists emphasized that
sense and emotions - not
simply reason and order -
were equally important
means of understanding and
experiencing the world.
- Romanticism celebrated
the individual
imagination and
intuition in the enduring
search for individual rights
and liberty. Its ideals of
the creative,
subjective powers of the artist
fueled avant-garde movements
well into the 20th century.

Realism Realism (1860)

2. Daumier
1. Celebrating working class and European
(1848– 3. Millet peasants; en plein air rustic democratic
1900) painting revolution
sof 1848
Realism
- The accurate, detailed,
straightforward depiction of
nature or of contemporary
life.
- Realists rejected
romanticism which had
dominated French
literature and art late 18th
century. They had enough of
the exotic
subject matter and
 exaggerated emotionalism of
the movement. They depicted
people of all classes in
ordinary life situations which
reflected the changes brought
on by the Industrial and
Commercial
revolutions.

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Appreciation Lecture 5
MODERN ART

The modern art refers to late 19th and early-to-mid 20th century art. Works produced during this time
showcase artists‟ interest in re-imagining, reinterpreting, and even rejecting traditional aesthetic values of
preceding styles. Starting with light and airy Impressionism and ending with energetic Abstract Expressionism,
the modern art genre is composed of several major movements.
Photogra Photogra 1. The Gross Clinic (Eakins) Daguerreotype, calotype
phy phy
(1850) (1850)

2. A Harvest ofDeath (O‟Sullivan)

3. Horse Galloping (Muybridge)

Arts & Arts & Casa Mila Natural forms,

Crafts,Art Crafts repeateddesigns of floral
Nouveau (England), and geometric patterns
(1900) Art
Nouveau
(Paris)
(1900)

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GEd 108: Art

Appreciation Lecture 5
Impres Impression 1. Monet Capturing fleeting effects of Franco
sion ism 2. Manet natural light Prussian
ism(18 (1865– 3. Renoir War
65– 1885) 4. Pissarro This is the style of painting (1870–
1885) 5. Cassatt that emerged in the mid and 1871);
6. Morisot late 1800s. The movement Unification
7. Dancer Tilting (Degas) emphasizes on an artist‟s of Germany
immediate impression of a (1871)
moment or scene,
communicated through the
effect of light and its
reflection, short brush strokes
and separation of colors.
Modern life is often used as
the subject matter by
impressionist painters
painting
freely and quickly featuring
short visible strokes-dots,
commas,
smears, and blobs.

Post Post 1. Gauguin A soft revolt againstImpressionism Belle

Impres Impressio 2. Seurat Époque
sion nism 3. The Starry Night (Van Gogh) Post-impressionism (1885- (late-19th
ism(18 (1900) 1910) bridged the gap century
85– between the Golden
1910) restrictive techniques found Age);
in the impressionist period Japan
and the defeats
emphasis on geometry Russia
found in modern art. (1905)

4. Pyramid of Skulls (Cézanne)
Post-Impressionism is an art
movement characterized by a
subjective approach to
painting, as artists opted to
evoke emotion
rather than realism in their
work. While their styles
passionately
varied, paintings completed
in the Post-Impressionist
manner share some similar
qualities like
symbolic motifs, unnatural
color, and painterly
brushstrokes.

Fauvism Fauvism 1. Henri Matisse Harsh colors and flat surfaces Boxer
and and 2. Kirchner (Reclining Nude with (Fauvism); emotion distorting form Rebellion
Expres Expressioni in China
sion sm (1910) Fauvism is a term to denote the (1900);
ism(19 use of distortion and World
00– exaggeration for emotional effect, War
1935) which first surfaced in the art (1914–
literature of the early twentieth 1918)
century. The artists used pure,
brilliant color applied straight from
 the paint tubes to create bright
effects from the canvass.

Pipe)

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GEd 108: Art

Appreciation Lecture 5
3. Wassily Kandinsky Expressionism is an artistic style
4. Munch in which the artist attempts to
5. Franz Marc (The Large Blue portray not objective reality but
Horses) rather the
subjective emotions and
responses that objects and
events awaken in him. It is
accomplished through distortion,
exaggeration, primitivism, and
fantasy through vivid, violent, or
dynamic application of formal
elements.

Cubism, Cubism, 1. Picasso Pre– and Post–World War 1 Russian

Futurism, Futurism, 2. Braque art experiments:new forms Revolution
Supremat Supremativi 3. Boccioni to express modern life (1917);
ivis m,De sm,Construc 4. Malevich American
Stijl tivism, De Cubism is an artistic movement, women
(1905– Stijl(1905– created by Pablo Picasso and franchised
1920) 5. Mondrian (Red-faced Cat) Georges Braque. It employs
1920) (1920)
geometric shapes in depictions of
human and other forms. Overtime,
the
geometric touches grew so intense
that they sometimes overtook the
represented forms, creating a pure
level of visual abstraction.

Futurism is an Italian art movement

that took speed, technology, and
modernity as its inspiration. It
portrayed the dynamic character of
20th century life, elevated war, and
machine age, and favored the
growth of Fascism.
Dada and Dada 1. Duchamp Ridiculous art; Disillusion
Surreal (1920) paintingdreams and exploring me nt after
ism and the unconscious, ready World
(1917– Surrealism mades WarI; The
1950) (1930) Great
Dadaism is the first conceptual art Depression
movement where the focus of the (1929–
artists was not to craft 1938);
2. Dalí aesthetically pleasing objects but World War
create works that upended II (1939–
bourgeois sensibilities. It aimed to 1945) and
generate difficult questions about Nazi
the society, the role of the artist horrors;
and the purpose of art. Dada atomic
artist are identified to use ready- bombs
made objects with little dropped
manipulation. on
3. Max Ernst
Japan
Surrealism intends to channel the (1945)
unconscious means to unlock the
power of imagination. Strongly
influenced by psychoanalysis, the
Surrealist‟s considers the rational
mind repressed the power of
imagination, weighing it down
with taboos. It was also
influenced by Karl Marx in the
sense

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GEd 108: Art

Appreciation Lecture 5
4. Magritte that surrealists hoped that the
human psyche had the power
to reveal contradictions in the
everyday world and spur on
revolution.
5. Frida Kahlo

6. de Chirico
Abstract Abstract 1. Pollock Post–World War II: Cold War
Express Expressio pureabstraction and expression and
ioni nis without form;popular art absorbs Vietnam
sm(194 m(1945) consumerism War(U.S.
0s– and Pop enters
1950s) Art Abstract Expressionism (1940- 1965);
and Pop (1960s) 1950) is an art movement of U.S.S.R.
Art mostly non representative suppresses
(1960s) painting. It was neither wholly Hungarian
abstract nor expressionist and revolt
comprised several fairly various (1956)
styles. What integrated them in Czechosl
2. de Kooning one art movement was an aim to ova kian
redefine the nature of painting. revolt
(1968)
The emergence and fast
propagation of Abstract
Expressionism turn out to be
possible owing to the following
factors. First, was the coming to
US of many modern artist refugees
3. Rothko
from European autocratic regimes
of 1930s and war disasters of
1940s (Arshile Gorky, Hans
Hofmann, George Grosz, Fernand
Leger, Josef Albers, Piet Mondrian,
Marcel Duchamp, Yves Tanguy,
Max Ernst). Second, was the
advent of a new network of New
York museums and galleries that
staged (for the first time in US)
major exhibitions of European
modern art (Museum of Modern
Art, MOMA was instituted in 1929
and increased its popularity by
exposing collections of Cubism,
Abstract Art, and Dadaism.
Dadaism, known also as Dada

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GEd 108: Art

Appreciation Lecture 5
4. Warhol is characteristic of messiness and
extremely lively applications of
paints. Its brush strokes exposed
the artist‟s process, this process
is the subject of the art itself.

Pop Art (1960s) is a movement

marked by a fascination with
popular culture reflecting the a
uence in post-war society. It was
5. Lichtenstein
most prominent in American art
but soon spread to Britain. In
 celebrating everyday objects, the
movement turn the commonplace
into icons. It is a direct descendant
of Dadaism in the way it mocks
the established art world by
appropriating images from the
street, the supermarket, the mass
media, and presents it as art.

CONTEMPORARY ART

Contemporary art is the art of today, created by artists who are living in the twenty-first century.
Contemporary art provides a chance to reflect on contemporary civilization and the matters relevant to us, and the
world around us. Contemporary artists work in a globally motivated, culturally diverse, and technologically evolving
world. This art is a dynamic mixture of materials, techniques, concepts, and subjects that question traditional
boundaries and challenge easy definition. contemporary art is diverse characterized by the extreme lack of a
consistent, unifying principle or ideology. Contemporary art is concerned on personal and cultural identity, family,
community, and nationality.

Postmode Postmoder 1. Cindy Sherman Art without a center and Nuclear

rnis m nism and 2. Christo and Jeanne- Claude reworking and mixingpast styles freeze
and Deconstruct 3. Anselm Kiefer movement
Deconstru ivis m Post Modernism ;
4. Frank Gehry
ctiv (1970– Cold
o Nationale Nederlanden Postmodern art refers to a group
ism(1970– ) War
Building (Prague) of movements that began in the
) late 1950s and early 1960s, fizzles;
during which artist rejected Commun
established practices and ism
questioned the importance of collapses
their roles in the artistic process. in
Postmodern artists use familiar Eastern
images from consumer and pop Europe and
o Guggenheim Museum
culture and mass media to U.S.S.R.
(Bilbao) o The Experience
confront or question art and (1989–
Music Project (Seattle)
society. Their work has an 1991)
5. Daniel Libeskind irreverent almost mocking
6. Zaha Hadid view of artistic importance.
7. Hotel Porta Fira (Barcelona)
designed by Toyo Ito
Deconstructivism
Deconstructivism is a movement
of postmodern architecture
which appeared in the 1980s. It
gives the impression of the
fragmentation of the constructed
building. It is
characterized by an absence of
harmony, continuity, or

symmetry. The Canadian-

American Frank O.

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GEd 108: Art

 Appreciation Lecture 5
8. The firm Coop Gehry is the most well-known
Himmelb(l)au proponent of Deconstructivism
building design. He is one of the
prominent American architects
of the Postmodern era.

9. Rem Koolhaas
10. Bernard Tschumi
11. Peter Eisenman

Modern Art Movements

1. Symbolists: de Chavannes, Moreau, Redon, Rousseau
2. Art Nouveau: Horta, Beadsley, Gaudi
Abstraction: (Art About “Ideas”)
3. Analytical Cubism: Picasso, Brauqe
4. Synthetic Cubism: Picasso, Braque
5. Orphism: Delauneay
6. American (2nd Gen.) Cubist: Hartley, Davis, Douglas
7. Futurism: Balla, Boccioni, Severini
Expressionism: (Art about “Feelings”)
8. Vienna Successionists: Klimt, Schiele
9. Fauvism: Matisse, Derain
10. Die Brucke: Kirshner, Nolde
11. Der Blaude Reiter: Krandinsky, Marc
12. Neue Sachlichkeit/New Objectivity: Gros, Beckmann, Dix,
Kollwitz Art about “Ideas”:
13. Dada: Arp, Duchamp
14. Surrealism: de Chirico, Ernst, Dali, Magritte,
Oppenheim 15. American Regionalism: Wood,
Lawrence, Hopper
16. Mexican Muralists: Orozco, Rivera
17. Constructivism/ Supermatism: Malevich, Gabo
18. Purism: Le Corbusier, Leger
19. DeStijl: Mondrian, Rietveld
20. Bauhaus: Gropius, Meis van der Rohe
21. International Style Architecture: le Corbusier
22. Prairie Style: Frank Lloyd Wright
23. Organic Sculpture: Brancusi, Moore
A Return to Expressionist Sensibilities:
24. Post War European Espressionism: Bacon,
Giacometti 25. Abstract Exoressionism: Polluck, De Kooning,
Klein, Rothko A Return to Formalism:
26. Color Field: Newman, Rothko, Frankenthaler, Louis
27. Hard Edge: Kelly, (early) Stella
 28. Minimalism: Judd, Tony Smith
29. Assemblage/ Neo Dada: Rauschenberg, Johns
30. Pop Art: Lichtenstein, Warhol, Oldenburg

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Appreciation Lecture 5
31. American Women Sculptors: Nevelson, Bourgeois, Hesse
32. Performance Art: Tanguely, Beuys
33. Conceptual Art: Kosuth, Nauman, Beuys
34. Super Realism: Close, Hanson
35. Earth Art: Smithson, Christo, Heizer
36. Neo Expressionism: Schnabel, Kiefer, Susan Rothenburg
37. Feminist Art: Chicago, Sherman, Kruger, Wilke, Holzer, Lorna Simpson, Kara Walker
Modernism Quotes:
1. “All of us have started from Cezanne” –Fernand Leger
2. “When religion, science, and morality are shaken – when external supports threaten to
collapse then a. man‟s gaze turns away from the outside world towards himself.” –Vasily
Kandinsky
3. “I paint objects as I think them, not as I see them.” –Picasso
4. “I have not painted a woman – I have painted a painting!” –Matisse
5. “Painting, after all, has never been a mirror of the external world, it has never been like a
photograph. It a. has been a creation of signs which were always rightly read by
contemporaries…”
b. –Daniel Kahnweiler
6. “Our Ideas and our ideals must be clad in hair shirts – they must be fed on locusts and wild honey,
not on history – if we are ever to escape the exhaustion of our European bad taste.” –Franz Marc
7. “What I want to show in my work is the idea which hides itself behind so‐called reality. I am seeking
for the bridge which leads from the visible to the invisible…” –Max Beckmann
8. “… theonly interesting truth is the subjective… We have to admit that reshaped nature is at least
as expressive as „natural nature‟.” –Rene Claair
9. “Like ourselves, these artist [of Africa and Oceana] sought to express in their work only internal truths,
renouncing in consequence all consideration of external form.” –Kandinsky
10. “In the highest sense, an ultimate mystery lies behind the ambiguity which the light of the intellect
fails miserably to penetrate.” –Paul Klee
11. Modernism
“Modernism for the visual arts repudiates the notion that representation of the empirical world
correctly reports “reality.” The appearances of things are not the way things are; the
representation of appearances even less so (Plato). Thus, the representational art of the
Western Tradition is false and misguided and should be fundamentally altered or
dismissed. The way we actually experience things is much more complicated than our
visual information gives us to believe; a table seen in
perspective, and a represented as such, is neither the whole nor the “real” table. What
counts is the way we feel and think about it; and to express this in visual art we need to
abstract from it its
characteristic features as differently perceived, to distort its many appearances for
expression’s sake, orto abandon making images of it as an object altogether, in favor of
nonobjective line, shapes, and colors, The ultimate “reality” is the medium itself and its
physical elements.”
Garnder
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