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Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad

EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)

Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad

Electromechanical Systems Lab

Electromechanical
Systems
EXPERIMENT NO.02: Introduction to Electrical Machines, Measuring Instruments
and Mechanical Tools

Name of Student: ……………………………………………………..

Roll No.: ……………………………………………………………….

Class Section: …………………………………………………………

Date of Experiment: ………………………………………………….

Report submitted on: …………………………………………………

Marks obtained: …………………………………

Instructor’s Signature: …………………………..

Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
Tools
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Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)

EXPERIMENT NO.02: Introduction to Electrical Machines, Measuring Instruments

and Mechanical Tools

1. Objective
1. To become familiar with the basic electrical machinery.
2. To demonstrate different parts of the electrical machines.
3. To demonstrate the use of mechanical tools.

2. Background Information
Basically, there are three electrical machines:

1. Transformer
2. Generator
3. Motor

2.1 Transformers

The principal purpose of a transformer is to convert AC power at one voltage level to AC

power of the same frequency at another voltage level through the action of magnetic fields.
They consist of two or more coils of wire wrapped around a common ferromagnetic core,
which are not directly connected. Only the flux (magnetic) connects the coils.

Construction of a Transformer

Power transformers are constructed on two types of cores. The first consists of a simple
rectangular laminated piece of steel with the windings wrapped around two sides of the
rectangle. It is called “Core Form”. The second type consist of a three legged laminated core
with the windings wrapped around the centre leg. It is called “Shell Form”.

2.2.2 Types of Transformers

1. Unit Transformer

A transformer connected to the output of a generator and used to step its voltage up to
transmission lines.

2. Substation Transformer

The transformer at the other end of the transmission line, which steps the voltage down from
transmission levels to distribution levels.

3. Distribution Transformer

It takes distribution voltage and steps it down to the final voltage at which the power is
actually used.
Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
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Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)

4. Potential Transformer

Specially designed to sample a high voltage and produce a low secondary voltage directly
proportional to it.

5. Current Transformer

The other specially designed transformer provides a secondary current much smaller than but
directly proportional to its primary current.

2.2 Generators

These are machines used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. There is no real
difference between a generator and motor except for the direction of power flow.

2.2.1 DC Generators

There are five major types:

1. Separately Excited

The field flux is derived from a separate power source independent of the generator itself.

2. Shunt Generator

In this generator, the field flux is derived by connecting the field circuit directly across the
terminals of the generator.

3. Series Generator

The filed flux is produced by connecting the field circuit in series with the armature of the
generator.

4. Cumulatively Compounded Generator

Shunt and Series field effects are additive in this case.

5. Differentially Compounded Generator

Both the Shunt and Series field effects are subtractive in this generator.

2.2.2 AC Generators
Synchronous generators or alternators are synchronous machines used to convert mechanical
power to AC electrical power. Two terms commonly used to describe the windings on a
machine are field windings and armature windings. In general, the term “field windings”
Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
Tools
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Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)
applies to the windings that produce the main magnetic field in a machine, and the term
“armature windings” applies to the windings where the main voltage is induced. For
synchronous machines, the field windings are on the rotor, so the term “rotor windings” and
“field windings” are used interchangeably. Similarly, the terms “stator windings” and
“armature windings” are used interchangeably. The rotor of the generator is turned by prime
mover, producing a rotating magnetic field within the machine. DC current must be supplied
to the field circuit on the rotor. As the rotor is rotating, an arrangement is required to get the
DC power to its field windings.

2.3 Motors

The basic purpose is to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

2.3.1 DC Motors

The input voltage of a DC motor is assumed to be constant, because that assumption

simplifies the analysis of motor and comparison between different types of motors. There are
five major types of DC motors in general:

1. Separately Excited

Its field is supplied from a separate constant voltage power supply.

2. Shunt DC Motor

It is a motor whose field circuit gets its power directly across the armature terminals of the
motor. There is no practical difference in behavior between Separately Excited and Shunt DC
motor.

3. Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Poles are made of permanent magnets. Sometimes offer a number of benefits compared with
shunt DC motors in some cases.

4. Series DC Motor

It is a DC motor, whose field windings consist of a relatively few turns connected in series
with armature circuit.

5. Compounded DC Motor

It is a motor with both the shunt and series fields. It is important here to mention the
“Differentially Compounded DC Motor”, where the shunt magneto-motive force and series
magneto-motive force subtract from each other.

2.3.2 AC Motors

They differ from DC machines in such a way that their armature windings are always located
on the stator, while field windings are located on the rotor.
Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
Tools
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Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)

There are two major classes of AC-Motors:

1. Synchronous Motor

These are Motors whose field current is supplied by a separate DC power source. A three
phase set of voltages is applied to the stator of the machine, which produces a three phase
current flow in the windings.

2. Induction Motor

These are Motors whose field current is supplied by magnetic induction into field windings.
Its stator has the construction as that of synchronous machine but different rotor construction.
On this basis it is classified into two major types:

i Squirrel-Cage rotor
ii Wound rotor

3. Experimental Work
3.1 Equipment, Components and Tools Required

1. Single-phase and three-phase voltage source

2. DMM
3. CRO
4. DC Power Supply
5. Function Generator
6. Single-phase step down transformers
7. Generators
8. Motors
9. Winding machine
10. Hammer
11. Chisel
12. Round Spanners
13. Sand paper
14. Wire cutter
15. Transformer winding paper
16. Insulation tape
17. Soldering Setup
18. Varnish solution (may be used for insulation between the laminations)
19. Power cables, crocodile leads, jumper wires etc.

3.2 Procedure

1. Measure single-phase and three-phase voltages as indicated in Table 3.1.

2. Examine different parts of the electrical machines provided.
3. Read the name plates of any five electrical appliances.
Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
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Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)

Single-phase voltage
Three-phase voltage source
Measuring source
Instrument V 1−Φ f VΦ1 V Φ2 VΦ3 f θΦ 1−2 θΦ 1−3 θΦ 2−3
(V ) ( Hz) (V ) (V ) (V ) ( Hz) (V ) (V ) (V )
DMM

CRO

Table 3.1:__________________________________________
4. Questions

1. Define rotor and stator of an electric machine?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Define armature and field windings of an electric machine.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. What is the main difference between generator and motor?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
Tools
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Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)

Lab #02: Marks distribution:

ER1 RR2 TR1

Task 80 Points 10 points 10 Points

Lab #02: Marks obtained:

ER1 RR2 TR1

Task

Marks obtained: …………………………………

Instructor’s Signature: …………………………..

Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
Tools
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Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)
Lab #02 Marks Details:
# Qualities & Criteria 0 < Poor <=40
ER1 Task Completion No Tasks were
completed/ minimal
effort shown
ER2 Neat and Clean Components are wired
circuit but didn’t ensure
constructions neatness and cleanliness
at all /minimal effort
shown
ER6 Troubleshooting Unable to identify the
fault / minimal effort
shown
ER9 Results and Plots Unable to produce any
plots or results /minimal
efforts shown
RR1 Format/Layout & Follows poorly the
Organization requirement related to
format and layout. The
report is disorganized to
the extent that it prevents
understanding of he
content
RR2 Content/Informati The report is not objective
on based and addresses the
issues referred in the
proposed topic poorly.
The provided information
Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
Tools
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.
40< Satisfactory <= 70 70 < Good <= 90 90< Excellent <=100
Some tasks were Few tasks were left to All tasks completed in
completed. Could not be completed. due time. All goals
justify the reasons for Provided acceptable achieved.
uncompleted tasks and justification for the
goals. uncompleted tasks
and goals.
Most of the wires are Few but not all All components are
untidy with jumbled up components are wired wired in a neat, clean
connections in a neat, clean and and safe manner
safe manner
Able to identify the Able to identify the Is able to identify the
fault but unable to fault but partially fault and able to make
remove it removes it necessary steps and
actions to correct it
Inaccurate plots and Correct plots without Good presentation of
results any necessary the correct plots with
identifying features proper labels, captions
such as labels, & visibility
captions & visibility
Follows, for some part, Follows, for most part, Closely follows all the
all the requirements all the requirements requirements related
related to format and related to format and to format and layout.
layout. The layout. The Written work is well
organization is unclear organization is organized and easy to
generally good, but understand
some parts seem out
of place
The report is objective The report is objective The report is objective
based and for some based and for most based and addresses
part addresses the part addresses the the issues referred in
issues referred in the issues referred in the the proposed topic
proposed topic with an proposed topic with with in depth analysis
 .
Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE2401 Electromechanical Systems (4th Semester)
& results is not coherent acceptable an acceptable and reasoning. The
rather irrelevant. Little engineering/theoretical engineering/theoretic provided information
engineering/theoretical analysis. The provided al analysis and & results is necessary,
analysis is presented information & results reasoning. The relevant and sufficient
for some parts is provided information to discuss these issues.
necessary and sufficient & results for most part The details are easily
to discuss these issues is necessary and understood at peer
sufficient to discuss level.
these issues
TR1 Effort & Attitude Little or no evidence of Minimal effort if any. Completed all agreed Extraordinary effort
effort shown. Negative, Some interest shown in tasks; competent, but demonstrated.
absent minded, the project not extraordinary. Exceptionally positive
withdrawn Positive and /or and/ or constructive
constructive attitude attitude

Experiment No. 02: Introduction to Electrical machines, Measuring Instruments and Mechanical
Tools
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