“Physical Anthropology and Archeolgy”

English For Social Science

Supervisor: Soraya Gabriella Dinamika, Ma

Created By:
Meta Ocktahia Br Panjaitan
(218530071)

FACULTY OF COMMUNICATION
MEDAN AREA UNIVERSITY
2021
 TABLE OF CONTENS
FOREWORD 3

CHAPTER I 4

PRELIMINARY 4

1.1 Background 4,5

1.2 Problem Formulation 5
1.3 Paper Objectives 5,6
1.4 Benefit Of Papers 6

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION 6

2.1 Physical Anhtropology 6,7

2.2 Archeolgy 8,9

CHAPTER III 10

CLOSING 10

3.1 Conclusion 10

3.2 Suggestion 10

REFENRENCE 10
 FOREWORD
Praise and Gratitude The author prays to the presence of God
Almighty because of the abundance of His Grace and Grace so that the
author can compile this paper on time. This paper discusses the process
of the development of physical anthropology and archeology.
In the preparation of this paper, the author faced many challenges
and obstacles but with the help of various parties these challenges could
be overcome. Therefore, the authors would like to thank profusely to all
those who have helped in the preparation of this paper, hopefully their
help gets a worthy reply from God Almighty.
The author realizes that this paper is still far from perfect, both in
terms of form and material. Constructive criticism from readers is very
much expected for the improvement of the next paper.
Finally, hopefully this paper can provide benefits to all of us.
 CHAPTER I
PREMILINARY
1.1 Background
At least since the time of Ancient Greece, humans have tried to understand the
way of life of their ancestors. This interest is projected in their appreciation of past
stories in the form of history and mythology, both orally and in writing. The term
history in Ancient Greek refers to the near past and is based on the memory of a
primary source who was directly involved in the related events. On the other hand,
the term archaiologia means the study of the distant past based on legends,
mythology, oral stories, or artifacts of the past (Schepens, 2007: 39-50). This
interest in events that occurred in the past is also reflected in the tendency to
collect antiques which later became the embryo of the birth of archeology in
Europe. Since around the 14th century along with the development of science in
the renaissance, antiquarian appeared in Europe as a term to refer to someone who
has an interest and expertise in antiquities (Rowe, 1965: 10-14; Schnapp, 2002:
134-137 ). An antiquarian is someone who spends a lot of time collecting and
researching antiques. Cyriac of Ancona, commonly known as de Pizzicolli, was
one of the earliest antiquarians (14th-15th centuries) who traveled throughout
Greece, the Middle East and Asia. He records, draws, and publishes his writings
about the archaeological remains he has visited (Bodnar and Foss, 2003: 1-5). The
collection of antiques belonging to the antiquarians was collected in a place known
as the cabinet of curiosity which would later become the forerunner of the
establishment of a museum (Goodrum, 2002: 257-259). This space often contains
not only archaeological artifacts, but also animal parts, plants, precious stones, and
foreign (numismatic) coins. Some examples of quite large and well-known
cabinets of curiosity include Archduke Ferdinand II's Ambras Castle in Austria,
Francesco I de' Medici's Studiolo di Florence, and Levinus Vincent's Wonder
Theater of Nature in Amsterdam. In Indonesia, the cabinet of curiosity enshrined
in historical records, one of which is Georg Ebenhard Rumphius' D'Amboinsche
Rariteitkamer. G. E. Rumphius is a German-born researcher who works under the
Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC). One of his best works Herbarium
Amboinense made his name remembered especially among naturalists (de Wit,
1952: 106-107). One type of collection contained in D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer
is a stone tool which is said to be called a lightning tooth or thunder stone. At that
time, the stone tool was believed to have come from the sky and was formed when
clouds produced lightning. Similar beliefs can be found in the Malay Peninsula
 and Borneo (Janowski and Barton, 2012: 4). It is estimated that this belief was
adopted from Europe (Goodrum, 2008: 482-508). Archaeological expeditions to
record ancient sites and collect antiquities were mostly carried out in colonized
countries during the colonial period (Gidtri, 1974: 431-435). Indonesia under
British occupation organized archaeological (and cultural) expeditions at the
behest of omas Stanford Raess. Raess who worked with several people, one
of whom Nicolaus Engelhard (Jordaan, 2016: 39-44, documented archaeological
remains on the island of Java and published it in the book e History of Java. After
the death of England, the Netherlands through NJ Krom founded Oudheidkundige
Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indie on June 14, 1913 which will later be commemorated
as National Antiquities Day (Bosch, 1946: 4-5; Soekmono, 1994: 269). This
government institution which was officially established to take care of
archeological affairs has marked the birth of archeology in Indonesia. At the
beginning of its development from the 19th to the 20th centuries, archeology was
almost inseparable from anthropology (Watson, 1995: 684-689). The cultural-
historical approach is widely used in the analysis of archaeological research. Until
finally in the 1960s, the processual archeology movement marked the birth of a
new era. Archaeological research is required to adopt more natural science
techniques that are more measured and assessed more objectively (Binford, 1968:
267-274). In its development, the processual movement continues to receive
criticism that absolute objectivity is impossible to achieve, especially in
archaeological research. The post-processual paradigm tends to judge that in any
archaeological research it will not be completely free from researcher bias, so that
an archaeologist does not have the right to define cultural values in a particular
civilization (Hodder, 1985: 11-13). Trigger (2006: 26-28) proposes two kinds of
epistemology in archaeological studies, namely; positivism and relativism.
Positivism or often referred to as the 'internal approach' positions archeology
independently and separately from the social, cultural, and political changes that
are taking place. On the other hand, the 'external approach' or relativism positions
archeology as inseparable from social, political, cultural, and social turbulence
economic.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. to know about physical archeology
2. to know about archeology

1.3 Paper Objective

 1. To know about physical archeology
2. To know about archeology

1.4 Benefit Of Papers

To know and make it easier for us to remember the history of physical archeology
and archeology.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 DEFINITIO OF THE WORD PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
Physical anthropology is a part of anthropology that studies the notion of
the history of the occurrence of various colors of human beings from the
point of view of the characteristics of their bodies, which use as research
material the characteristics of the body, both born (phenotype) such as skin
color, hair color and shape, skull index, face shape, eye color, nose shape,
height and body shape, as well as deep (genotype), such as blood type
frequency and so on. Humans on this earth can be classified into certain
groups based on similarities regarding some characteristics of the body. The
characteristics of the body are found in most of the individuals, although
each individual has different body characteristics. Such groups of people in
anthropology are called races.The understanding of the various colors of the
races in the world was achieved by scholars, mainly by carrying out various
methods of classifying the various colors. Part of the science of
anthropology is often called physical anthropology in a special sense or
somatology. Physical anthropology is growing rapidly by conducting
research on the origin and development of humans. According to Darwin's
“The Origin of Species”, humans were originally monkeys, because living
things evolved. Anthropology wants to prove it by conducting various
studies on apes and monkeys around the world. Physical anthropology
studies humans in terms of biology, for example, body shape, hair color,
skin color, and others. The sciences that include physical anthropology are:
 Paleoanthropology: Part of physical anthropology that studies the
origin or occurrence and development of human beings. The object
of research is human fossils (the remains of a human body that has
been petrified) found in the layers of the earth.
 Somatology: The part of physical anthropology that examines the
variation or diversity of the human race through the characteristics
of the human body as a whole (genotype and phenotype
characteristics).

Example :

a. By observing the physical differences between people of the

Mongoloid race and Negroid races. Research and observations carried
out by looking at the differences in the physical characteristics
possessed by each race, among others, seen from skin color, hair color
and shape, skull index, face shape, eye color, nose shape, height and
body shape, as well as deep (genotypic), such as the frequency of blood
group and so on.

b. A researcher wants to make a descriptive integration of the culture of

the Ngada people in Central Flores, he collects material about the life
and culture of the Ngada people today, but besides that he also pays
attention to the fossils found in Flores. And he pays attention to the
racial characteristics of the Ngada people and other ethnic groups
around them, in Flores, he also processes into the material the artifacts
excavated or found in the Central Flores area. By processing all these
ingredients together, he tries to reach an understanding of the origin and
development history of the Ngada people.
2.2 DEFINITION OF THE WORD ARCHEOLOGY
2.2.1 Archeology is the science of the history of material culture. Archeology is
the science of the past (human) culture through the systematic study of
material data. A systematic review includes the discovery, documentation,
analysis, and interpretation of artifacts. Indonesian archaeologists, generally
graduates from four universities, gather at the Indonesian Archeology
Association or IAAI. Indonesian figures include the most famous
archaeologist R. Soekmono who headed the restoration of the Borobudur
Temple, and RP Soejono, who was the founder and first chairman of the
Indonesian Association of Archeology and former head of the National
Archaeological Research Center. Archeology is a systematic study of
ancient objects as a means of reconstructing the past.” Clark adds that while
the field of archeology studies depends on artifacts, classifying and
interpreting a development of their style, archeology also needs to provide a
broader picture of their form, texture, and art.Thus, archaeologists can
distinguish the products of separate cultures, determine the stage of their
historical development, or detect the interaction of different traditions.
Clark also said that in addition to reconstructing the lives of the people who
made the artifacts he studied, archaeologists also needed to connect the
economic life system of the community, and even their natural
environment. The purposes of archeology are diverse and debated for a
long time. Among them are the so-called archaeological paradigms, their
cultural history, to understand human behavior, as well as understand the
process of cultural change. Because it aims to understand human culture,
this science is included in the humanities group.
2.2.2 Nevertheless, there are various scientific tools used, including other history,
anthropology, geology (the science of forming reference layers of the earth
with the relative age of archaeological findings), geography, architecture,
paleoanthropology and bioanthropology, physics (among others with
carbon c-14 to obtain absolute dating), metallurgy (to find the elements of
metal objects), and philology (study of ancient manuscripts). In particular,
studying archeology of past cultures, parents, both in prehistory (written
before it was known), as well as in historical periods (evidence if written).
Development, archeology can also study contemporary culture, as
popularized in the study of modern material culture (modern material
culture). Because it relies on relics of the past, it is necessary to preserve
ancient objects such as data sources. Therefore, other disciplines were then
developed, namely the management of archaeological resources
(Archaeological Resources Management), or more broadly, the
management of cultural resources (CRM). In Indonesia, the development of
early archaeological institutions engaged in culture, such as the Royal
Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen in Jakarta, which
later established the oldest museum, is now the National Museum of
Indonesia. Government agencies involved in the colonial archeological
period of Oudheidkundige Dienst made a lot of surveys and restoration of
ancient buildings, especially temples. At the time of independence, the
body became the Antiquities Service until now it has developed into
various institutions such as the Archaeological and Archeology
Preservation Center spread across the region and the Archaeological
Directorate and the National Archaeological Research and Development
Center in Jakarta. For example, (material culture, such as stone axes and
temples) and ecofac (environmental objects, such as rocks, fine soil, and
fossils) and features (artifactuals that cannot be moved from their place
(archeological sites) Study technique. What are typical excavations?
(excavation) archeology, although surveys also get a sizable portion.
Archeology at this time covers various related fields. For example, the
discovery of buried bodies will attract experts from various fields to learn
about clothing and the types of materials used, the shape of ceramics and
how dispersal, confidence through what was interred with cadaver chemists
can determine the age of excavation in ways such as 14. While the method
of measuring carbon geneticists who want to know the migration
movements of early humans, researching DNA.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Anthropology is a branch of social science that studies the culture of a particular ethnic
group. Anthropology was born or emerged from the interest of Europeans who saw
physical characteristics, customs, cultures that were different from what was known in
Europe. The science of anthropology was formed through several phases. Anthropology
focuses more on the population which is a single society, single in the sense of
community units living in the same area, anthropology is similar to sociology but in
sociology it focuses more on society and its social life.

3.2 Suggestion
Anthropology has a very large role in the development of human life, so it is hoped that
all of us will always develop insight and deepen understanding of people's lives related to
anthropology.

REFERENCE
 https://semuamakalahpembelajaran.blogspot.com/2017/06/makalah-
antropologi.html
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337583050_Kelahiran_Arkeologi_Indon
esia_di_Ilmu_Sosial_dan_Perkembangannya_ke_Ilmu_Alam
 https://serbasejarah.blogspot.com/2011/07/antropologi-fisik.html
 https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/arkeologi/