S – ENTROPY

P- PRESSURE
V- VOLUME
K- ABIABATIC INDEX
WHAT IS DIESEL CYCLE?
Diesel Cycle was named after the famous German engineer named Rudolf Diesel who
made a great contribution to mankind for his work on the internal combustion engines especially
those compression-ignition engines.
The Diesel Cycle consists of 4 thermodynamic processes: two isentropic processes
(constant entropy), an isobaric process (constant pressure), and an isometric process (constant
volume).
Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression is constant at
These are the 4 processes entropy point 1 equals to entropy point 2. (S1=S2)
 Process 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression (S1 = S2) **** is constant at pressure point 2 equals to
 Process 2 – 3: Isobaric Heat Addition (P2 = P3) pressure point 3.
 Process 3 – 4: Isentropic Expansion (S3 = S4) **** same goes to others.
 Process 4 – 1: Isometric Rejection of Heat (V4 = V1)

Through this graph, we can see the relations of Pressure,

Temperature, Entropy and Volume throughout the discussion of
the four process.
 a disk or short cylinder fitting closely within a tube in which it
moves up and down against a liquid or gas, used in an internal
combustion engine to derive motion, or in a pump to impart
motion.
For the first process:
 Process 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression
- Is also known as the Compression Stroke, wherein the piston of the cylinder rises and
compresses the air.
Or change in properties of a system, in which the entropy(S) remains constant.

 FORMULA
Since all these properties PVT (Pressure-Volume-Temperature) are all
changing. We will have a relationship between these 3 properties in a system of
isentropic compression.
Isentropic Compression behaves on the general equation:
Pressure x Volume raise to the proportionality constant
K or the adiabatic index either 1.4 for cold air standard
or 1.3 for hot-air standard depending on the property of
the air, equals to C. in which constant in entropy point 1
equals to entropy point 2.

So entropies are constant in which is shown in the diagram. It doesn’t have changing entropy
there but the temperature (T) and volume (V) are changing. As the temperature increases the
pressure increases but the Volume decreases. Pressure x Volume raise to the proportionality constant
K

If the given parameters in the problem involves only we can solve the problem
using this equation:
Pressure x Volume raise to the
proportionality constant K equals Pressure at
point 2 x Volume at point 2 raise to K at
constant entropy S1=S2

Rk is compression ratio.
Compression ratio is the ratio between the
Pressure at point 2 equals P1 x volume at the beginning of isentropic
Compression ratio (rk) raise to constant k compression (V1) and the volume at the end
of isentropic compression (***V2)

For the temperature

(Just read the formula)
 • Process 2 – 3: Isobaric Addition of Heat
- is also known as the Power Stroke, the cylinder of the piston is being pushed down
wherein the compressed air and the oil that is being injected into the cylinder are
mixed thereby resulting into an explosion or burning.
Or a process that involves changes in properties of the system in which the pressure
remains the same or constant.

TO get the cut-off ratio this is the formula:

Rc is cut-off ratio. Cut-off ratio equals V3 or Volume at point 3
Cut-off Ratio (rc) is the ratio between the over V2 at constant pressure or P2=P3
volume at the end of constant pressure heat
addition (V3) and the volume at the end of
the isentropic compression (V2)

In Isobaric process, the pressure throughout the system remains the same even if there
are changes in Volume, Temperature and Entropy. If the volume increases, the
entropy and Temperature also increases. As well as if the Volume decreases, the
entropy and temperature also decreases.

So within the relation of an ideal gas if the pressure remains the same

Temperature at point 3 over temperature at

point 2 = V3 over V2 – cut-off ration

Then if we have input heat or added heat, we can

produce the value by using this formula

Heat Addition = Mass x Constant Pressure (Cp) x

(change in temperature (T3-T2)

Formula for the specific heat capacity at constant pressure (CP)

Since there is a hot and cold air standard, which is sometimes between 1.3 to 1.4 value of
adiabatic index (k). So here is the formula for the specific heat capacity at constant pressure (CP)

Constant Pressure = R *where R is the universal

gas constant x K over K minus 1
• Process 3 – 4: Isentropic Expansion

- is also known as the Exhaust Stroke, in this process the cylinder moves up and the
upward force resulted by its movement going up pushes the burnt gases out of the
cylinder.
Or change in properties of a system, in which the entropy(S) point 3 and point 4
remains constant.
For the formula of Expansion Ratio

TO get the expansion ratio this is the

formula:
expansion ratio equals V4 or Volume at point
4 over V3 at constant entropy or at point
S3=S4

So entropies are constant in which is shown in the diagram. It doesn’t have changing entropy
there but the temperature (T) and volume (V) are changing. As the temperature expands the
pressure expands but the Volume decreases.

For the formula:

Read the formula no need to elaborate, this is just the same as the first process, the difference is
where the constant point is located.
 • Process 4 – 1: Isometric Rejection of Heat
- is also known as the Intake Stroke wherein the piston of the cylinder moves down the
cylinder thereby resulting to an intake of air.
Or it is the exemplifies by the heating or cooling of the content of a sealed container,
or the process of removal of heat.

In Isometric Rejection of heat process, the volume throughout the system remains the
same even if there are changes in Temperature and Pressure to its points.

Final Pressure or T4 over T1 = P4 over P1 is

constant at volume in point 4 = V1

For the heat rejection, the formula is

formulaformula

Since there is a hot and cold air standard, which is sometimes between 1.3 to 1.4
value of adiabatic index (k). So here is the formula for the specific heat capacity at
constant volume (CV).