Submitted By: Tamia Shoaib

Registration No: 29-FBAS/MSES/F21

Assignment Topic: Solution
Submitted To: Dr Waqar-UN-Nisa
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
(CIRBS)

What are solutions?

A solution is defined as
a homogenous mixture which mainly comprises two components
namely solute and solvent.
For example, salt and sugar is a good illustration of a solution. A
solution can be categorized into several components.
On the basis of physical states of solvent and solute can be
categorized as solid, liquid and gaseous solutions.
In solid solutions, solute and solvent are in the solid-state. For
example, ceramics and polymer blends. In liquid solutions, solid,
gas or liquid is mixed in a liquid state. Gaseous solutions are
usually homogenous mixtures of gases like air. Depending upon
a number of solutions and solute, it can be classified into dilute
and concentrated solutions.

Different Types of Solutions

Depending upon the dissolution of the solute in the solvent,
solutions can be categorized into supersaturated solution,
unsaturated and saturated solutions.
1. Supersaturated solution:
A supersaturated solution contains more dissolved solute than
required for preparing a saturated solution and can be prepared by
heating a saturated solution, adding more solute, and then cooling
it gently. Excess dissolved solute crystallizes by seeding
supersaturated solution with a few crystals of the solute.

2. Unsaturated solution:
An unsaturated solution is a solution in which a solvent is capable
of dissolving any more solute at a given temperature.
3. Saturated solution:
A saturated solution can be defined as a solution in which a
solvent is not capable of dissolving any more solute at a given
temperature.
The solutions are of two forms, depending on whether the
solvent is water or not.
• Aqueous solution – When a solute is dissolved in water the
solution is called an aqueous solution. Eg, salt in water,
sugar in water and copper sulfate in water.
• Non-aqueous solution – When a solute is dissolved in a
solvent other than water, it is called a non-aqueous solution.
E.g; iodine in carbon tetrachloride, Sulphur in carbon
disulfide, phosphorus in ethyl alcohol.
Solutions are spoken of as having two components, the solvent
and the solute.
• Solute:
A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solution. The
quantity of solvent in a fluid solution is greater than the amount of
solute. Salt and water are two of the most common examples of
solutes in our daily lives. Since salt dissolves in water, it is the
solute.
 • Solvent:
The part of a solution that is present in the greatest amount is
called a solvent. It’s the liquid that the solute is dissolved in. A
solvent is usually a liquid.

Another classification of the solution depends on the amount of

solute added to the solvent.
• A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute in a large
amount of solvent.
• A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute
dissolved in a small amount of solvent.
Molarity:
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute that are
present in one liter of the solution. It is given by the equation:
Molarity = No. of moles of solute / volume of solution in liters
Molality:
Molality is defined as the moles of solute that are present in
one kilogram of the solvent. It is given by the expression:
Molarity m = no.of moles of solute/mass of solution in kg

Mole Fraction:
The mole fraction also called as the molar fraction, is defined
as the amount of the constituent, which is expressed as moles
and represented by nini,divided by the total amount of all the
constituents of a given mixture, which is also expressed in
moles and is represented by ntot. the mole fraction symbol is
given as follows:
Xi = ni / ntot

Percentage of a solution:
A percentage solution is an amount or volume of chemical or
compound per 100 mL of a solution. It is a relative expression
of solute to solvent: X amount/100 ml = X%
Percentage solutions are a convenient and easy way to record
solution concentrations. An advantage of percentage solutions
is that the molecular weight of a compound does not figure into
the percentage of the required solution.
There are two types of percentage solutions commonly used:
1. Percentage weight by volume (w/v)
2. Percentage volume by volume (v/v)
3. Percentage weight by weight (w/w)
4. Percentage volume by weight(v/w)

Normality:
Normality is described as the number of gram or mole equivalents
of solute present in one liter of a solution. When we say equivalent,
it is the number of moles of reactive units in a compound.
To Calculate Normality;
Normality = [Molarity × Molar mass] × [Equivalent mass]-1
N = M × number of equivalents
To find the normality of the acid and base titration:
N1 V1 = N2 V2
Where,
• N1 = Normality of the Acidic solution
• V1 = Volume of the Acidic solution
• N2 = Normality of the basic solution
• V3 = Volume of the basic solution