@ a DRAFT EUROPEAN STANDARD prEN 13474-2 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM February 2000 tos English version Glass in building - Design of glass panes - Part 2: Design for uniformly distributed loads Verre dens la construction = Conception des vtrages = Glas im Bauwosen - Bomessung von Glasschelbon - Te 2: Partie 2: Calcul des chatges unifornémentrepartis ‘Bemessung fr gleichnaig vorolte Bolastungen “This drat Euopean Standard is submited to CEN members for enquiry. has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 123. It this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with he CEN/CENELEG intemal Regulations which ipoate the condtions for ging thls European Standard te satus ofa national standard without any alteration, “This draft European Standard was established by CEN In tee oficial versions (English, French, German). version in any other language ‘race by vensloton under the responsibly of a CEN member Int is own language and nated to the Cental Secretariat has the samme ‘slatus as the oficial versions. CEN members are the natonal standards bodes of Ausiia, Belgium, Czech Repubéc, Denmark, Fidand, France, Germany, Greece, foeland, eland aly, Luxembourg, Nethotands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzortand and Unted Kingdom, \Waming : This document is nota European Standard. tis dstibuted for review and comments. It is subjoct to change without notice and shall net be refered to as a Europoan Standard. EUROPEAN COMMIFTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNG Central Secretarlat:rue de Stassart, 868-1050 Brussels ©2000 CEN Al rights of explottation in any form and by any means reserved Rt, No. prEN 13474-2:2000 E ‘worldwide for CEN national Members. 00/103131DCPage 2 PEN 13474-2:2000 Contents Foreword Introduction 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3. Definitions 4° Symbols 5 Design principles 6 Design of monolithic glass panes 7 Design of laminated glass panes 8 Design of insulating glass units Annex A (normative) Glass edge support Annex B (normative) Rectangular glass panes Annex C (normative) Triangular and circular glass panes Annex D (informative) Glass panes with other shape formats Annex E (informative) Calculation procedure for stress Annex F (normative) Effective thickness and shear transfer coefficient for laminated glass Annex G (normative) Procedure for calculating stresses and deflections of fnsulating 8lass units which are not fully supported along all edges. Annex H (informative) Calculation examples 00103131DcPage 3 prEN 13474-2:2000 Foreword This draft European Standard has been prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 129 “Glass in Building’, the secretariat of which is held by IBN. CEN/TC 129/WG 8 ‘Mechanical Strength’ prepared the draft ‘Glass in building - Design of glass panes - Part 2: Design for uniformly distributed loads’. CEN/TC 129 has decided to submit Part 2 of this draft European Standard to CEN enquiry. 00/103131DCPage 4 PrEN 13474-2:2000 Introduction ‘The basis of design for glass is given in prEN 13474 — 1 On the basis of the theoretical design model, a practicable design method is given in this Part of this Standard with the assumption of fixed values for most of the parameters. This is effective for glass panes which are loaded perpendicularly to the orientation of the plane of the glass pane by uniform loading such as self-weight, wind, snow and climatic actions and therefore are defined as static plates. 1 Scope ‘This European standard specifies a method to calculate the thickness of flat glass panes required to resist uniformly distributed actions (e.g. self-weight, wind and snow loads) acting normal to the glass pane. Particular solutions are given for rectangular glass panes which are simply supported on four, three or two opposite edges; © right-angled triangular and isosceles triangular glass panes which are simply supported on three edges; and «circular glass panes which are simply supported at the edge. For other triangular and for trapezoidal glass panes approximate equations are provided, Effects acting in the plane of the glass pane (e.g. the pane is used as a structural element) are not covered by this part of the standard. 2 Normative references ‘This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to be revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. ENS72. Glass in building - Basic glass products prEN 1279 Glass in building - Insulating glass units EN 1748-1 Glass in building - Borosilicate glass EN 1748-2 Glass in building - Glass ceramics prEN 1863 Glass in building - Heat-strengthened glass prEN 12150 Glass in building - Thermally toughened safety glass prEN 12337 Glass in building - Chemical strengthened glass BN 12543-2 Glass in building - Laminated safety glass BN 12543-3 Glass in building - Laminated glass 00103131DCPage 5 prEN 13474-2:2000 BIEN oo Glass in building - Thermally toughened borosilicate safety glass pIEN ..... Glass in building - Heat strengthened borosilicate glass DIBN Glass in building - Heat soaked thermally toughened safety glass ENV 1991- Basis of design and actions on structures - Basis of design ENV 1991-2-1Basis of design and actions on structures - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads" ENV 1991-2-3Basis of design and actions on structures - Snow loads ENV 1991-2-4Basis of design and actions on structures - Wind actions prEN 1288-1 Determination of bending strength of glass - Introduction to testing glass prEN 1288-2 Determination of bending strength of glass - Coaxial double ring test on flat specimens with large test surface areas prEN 1288-3 Determination of bending strength of glass - Test with specimens supported at two points (four point bending) prEN 1288-4 Determination of bending strength of glass - Coaxial double ring test on flat specimens with small test surface areas 3 Definitions Flat glass pane: A pane which has not been given a specific curvature during manufacture. Curved glass pane: A pane which has been given a specific curvature during manufacture. Slightly curved glass pane: A curved glass pane whose crown height is not greater than 1/100 of the length of the curved side (see figure 1). 1/100 peo ee L Figure 1. Limit of slightly curved glass Simply supported edge: An edge of a glass pane which has been given continuous support, which is free to rotate and free to move in plane, but which is held down at the comers. Vertical glazing: Glazed installations which are vertical, or within 15° cither side of vertical (ie. have a slope 2 75°). 00/403181DCPage 6 PEN 13474-2:2000 Effective thickness: The thickness used in calculations for laminated glass, which, when used in stress or deflection formulae appropriate for monolithic glass, results in a sufficiently accurate value to describe the deflection of the laminated glass or the stress in the individual plies of glass in the laminated glass. 4 Symbols Area of the uniformly stressed glass pane with the dimensions a and b A dimension of a glass pane Characteristic length of an insulating glass unit A dimension of a glass pane Volume coefficient of an insulating glass unit Relative stiffiness of the outer pane of a double glazed insulating glass unit Relative stiffness of the inner pane of a double glazed insulating glass unit Young's modulus Note. For soda-timesilicate glast, E= 7010! Ninn? Insulating unit factor Poisson number Note. For sodactime-siticate glass, = 0,23 ea Allowable stress Fa Design load Gxj Permanent action 7%) Partial factor for permanent actions LF Shear transfer coefficient for laminated glass h Thickness of the glass 4, Thickness of the outer glass pane in a double glazed insulating glass unit tz Thickness of the inner glass pane in a double glazed insulating glass unit 4 Thickness of glass ply number i in laminated glass fy Thickness of glass ply number j in laminated glass fete _ Bffective thickness of laminated glass for calculation of stress ‘rete Effective thickness of laminated glass for calculation of deflection sy hay kay ks ‘Constants used in the equations ee ky Size factor (see also prEN 13474-1) L —_Acdimension of a glass pane A Aspect ratio Bla or alb Poo _ Isochore pressure due to climatic effects Pu Isochore pressure due to altitude effects p* Normalised load Qxs Variable action 5 Cavity width of an insulating glass unit Gare Calculated stress Effective stress (comparison stress) ofa Normalised effective stress ox Resistant tensile bending stress for a given fracture probability t Action duration w Deflection of the pane & EO MHESeeges 00103131Dc.Page 7 prEN 13474-2:2000 Wmax Maximum deflection of the pane wa Allowable deflection w* Normalised deflection V Volume change due to deflection of a pane (in an insulating glass unit) 5 Design principles 5.1 General This clause covers the principles of the design procedure which are common to all glass types. Clauses 6, 7 and 8 give specific information which is relevant to the design of monolithic glass panes, laminated glass panes and insulating glass units respectively. ‘The following items are fundamental to the design process: shape of the pane; edge support of the pane; design loads; calculated stress and / or deflection of the pane; determination of the allowable stress and deflection; comparison of the calculated and allowable stresses and deflections. 5.2 Shape of glass panes ‘This method is applicable to flat glass panes. However, for the loading conditions under consideration, a slightly curved glass pane can be considered as a flat glass pane. Rectangular panes, circular panes, right angled triangular panes and isosceles triangular panes can be dealt with accurately. Other shapes are dealt with by approximation in this Part of this Standard. 5.3 Edge support of the glass pane ‘The support conditions for the glass edges are important for the calculation of the stress and the deflection of glass panes. The solutions given in this Part of this Standard are based on the glass panes having simply supported edges (see 3.4). Conventional glazing in a frame by means of gaskets or sealing with clastic materials is assumed to produce simply supported edges. Note. A linear butt joint (see figure 2) between the edges of glass panes does not effectively support either pane. The part of the edge sealed by such a joint should be considered as unsupported and the pane designed accordingly. ead ae Figure 2. Linear butt joint between two glass panes 00/1031340CPage 8 prEN 13474-2:2000 ‘An edge where the support is not completely continuous, but is supported for at least 90% of the length of the edge and at the comers ofthat edge, may also be designed as if its simply supported. A simply supported edge assumes a sufficient stiffness of the supporting element (frame or Blazing ar) in relation to the rigidity of the gluss panes. A means of obtaining « Tecommended minimum stiffness for a supporting element, considered over the length 1. of the glass pane, is to allow a deflection of 1/200 or less, when the glass is exposed to self- weight, wind and snow loads not exceeding 2 kN/m? in total. However, for special applications (e.g. aquaria bases or floors) or when the design load exceeds 2 kN/m*, the stiffness may need to be increased. Annex A describes a method of calculating the necessary stiffness of the supporting element. The stiffness of the supporting element shall be determined without taking account ofthe stiffness ofthe glass pane or insulating glass unit. 5.4 Design loads The design value of the actions (the design load), Fa, shall be calculated in accordance with prEN 13474-1 (Part 1 of this Standard). Note, Equations 9.13 and 9.14 for ultimate limit state and 9.19 and 9.20 for serviceability limit state from EWY 1991-1 shall be used to determine Fz Its intended that Part 1 will be changed to reflece this. The calculation formula are given in table 1. Table 1. Calculation formulae for actions ___One variable action 2 or more variable actions Ultimate limit state Yr6Gy +150, L7G, +1359 0, i 7 7 Serviceability limit Rae teuie DG, + Qu ¥G, +0950, Z A i 5.5 Calculated stress and / or deflection of the glass pane 5.5.1 General The tensile sttess in the glass and the deflection of the glass shall be calculated using the appropriate design load, F, from 5.4. The method used for the calculation shall be an engineering formula or method appropriate to the load distribution, the shape of the glass pane and the support conditions (see also prEN 13474-1), 00103131DC. eePage 9 prEN 13474-2:2000 5.5.2 Rectangular glass panes ‘The method of calculation for rectangular glass panes depends on the support conditions as follows: © Four-edge support In the case of a four-edge supported pane, the effective stress can be calculated according to linear plate theory, provided the deflection under the design load is lower than the thickness of the glass pane. If the maximum deflection exceeds the thickness of the glass pane, linear plate theory overestimates the stresses and deflections. In this case it is recommended that the effective stress and deflection be calculated using bending theory for large deflections, Methods are given in Annex B.1. © Three-edge support In the case of a three-edge supported pane, the effective stress and maximum deflection can bbe calculated from linear plate theory. Methods are given in Annex B.2. © Two-edge support In the case of a two-edge supported pane, the effective stress and maximum deflection can be calculated from linear plate theory. Methods are given in Annex B.3. 5.5.3 Triangular and circular glass panes For linear plate theory, the equations for the stresses and deflections of right-angle triangular panes and isosceles triangular panes, simply supported on all three edges, are given in annex C. For other triangular panes, supported on all three edges, the stresses and deflections can be estimated by assessing an equivalent circular pane, The method for obtaining the equivalence is given in Annex C, together with the equations for the stresses and deflections of simply supported circular panes 5.5.4 Other shapes For some shapes there are no readily available equations which will allow the calculation of the stresses and deflections. However, stresses and deflections can be estimated by approximating the shapes to ones for which calculations are available. Methods are given in Annex D for the following shapes: ‘+ uapezoidal panes ‘© rectangular panes with one raked edge * rectangular panes with one arched edge 00/103131DC5.6 Allowable stresses and deflections ‘The allowable stress and the allowable deflection shall be determined in accordance with Part | of this standard, For panes up to 4.0 m” area, the values given in table 2 can be used for the allowable stress, Note. The allowable stress values in table 2 have been calculated using a ky value of 1.057. Table 2 Allowable stresses Gian prea ‘nitrmiy dissuaded duration ot Gis | aces hor darstan took ‘eda dara ads Permanent ade ore Wind lou Snov loads, Climatic ads _| Selcweight toads. Alu fonds Giusare Tint [Servecabiny | Uline ht | Serviceablay ] Climate lant [Sereecboig fae Tuga te ste lim ie ate Hit sate rat glass and | annealed 17.0) 307 85 183 a Hs set gos teal 279 ana iva 320 ny 282 swenpthened ‘hermaly we 807 wi a3 390 eis toaphenet ‘hemically | 627 1007 aa wy 320 aS suenptbened Gramcied gow | heat 178 307 aS isa oa Ths sweeagtened ‘tel Toi 307 26 we Ta Ws Panermed | annealed ma Be 67. Te} 30 ae Test 167) 286 100 168 Ba Tae seenhened thenally 83 461 DT Ma 200 wa toughcoed ‘hemicaly [48,3 Te a7 eas 400 as tengthenet Wood | raneraed wind] “9.6 170) a8 BS 36 6a ile Tolshed weed] 73.3 Re oF Tk 30 cr ass 5.7 Comparison of the calculated and allowable stresses and deflections The calculated siress for the most onerous load condition shall not exceed the allowable stress: Geate SS ya w Note. Since the allowable stress depends on the duration of the applied loads, the highest load in numerical terms is not necessarily the most onerous load condition. In order to assess which is the most onerous condition, the order of calculations given in Annex E is recommended, 00103131DcPage 1 prEN 13474-2:2000 If there is a requirement for limitation of the glass deflection, the maximum deflection calculated for the most onerous load condition shall not exceed the allowable deflection: Wax S Wy Q) 6 Design of monolithic glass panes 61 General ‘This clause shall be used to design monolithic glass panes which comply with the following European Standards: EN 572-2 Gass in building - Basic glass products — Float glass EN 572-3 Glass in building - Basic glass products — Polished wired glass EN572-4 Glass in building - Basic glass products ~ Drawn sheet glass EN572-5 Glass in building - Basic glass products — Patterned glass EN572-6 Glass in building - Basic glass products — Patterned wired glass prBN 1279 Glass in building - Insulating glass units prBN 1748-1 Glass in building - Borosilicate glass prEN 1748-2 Glass in building - Glass ceramics prEN 1863, Glass in building - Heat-strengthened glass prEN 12150 Glass in building - Thermally toughened safety glass prEN 12337 Glass in building - Chemical strengthened glass 6.2 Design loads ‘The design loads shall be calculated according to 5.4. 6.3 Calculated stresses and deflections ‘The stresses and deflections shall be calculated according to 5.5. 6.4 Allowable stresses and deflections The allowable stresses and deflections shall be calculated according to 5.6. 6.5 Comparison of calculated and allowable stresses and deflections ‘The comparison shall be made according to 5.7. 00/1031310CPage 12 PrEN 13474-2:2000 7 Design of laminated glass panes 7.1 General This clause shall be used to design laminated glass panes and laminated safety glass panes which comply with the following European Standards: prBN 12543-2 Gass in building - Laminated safety glass prBN 12543-3 Glass in building - Laminated glass 7.2 Effective thickness and shear transfer coefficient For the design of laminated glass and laminated safety glass, the transfer of shear forces by different types of interlayer depends on: ~ the duration of the load - the temperature ‘The effective thickness of a laminated glass pane, for calculation of the stress and the deflection, and the value for the shear transfer coefficient, are given in Annex F. 7.3 Design loads The design loads shall be calculated according to 5.4. 7.4 — Calculated stresses and deflections The stresses and deflections shall be calculated according to 5.5, substituting the appropriate value of effective thickness of the laminated glass, from annex F, into the formulae for ‘monolithic glass panes given in annexes B, Cand D. 7.5 Allowable stresses and deflections The allowable stresses and deflections shall be calculated according to 5.6. 7.6 Comparison of calculated and allowable stresses and deflections ‘The comparison shall be made according to 5.7. 00103131Page 13, prEN 13474-2:2000 8 Design of insulating glass units 8.1 General ‘This clause shall be used to design insulating glass units which comply with the following European Standards: prBN 1279 Glass in building - Insulating glass units prEN 1279-1 Generalities and dimensional tolerances prEN 1279-2 Long term test method and requirements on moisture vapour penetration prEN 1279-3 Initial type testing on gas filled insulating glass units: gas concentration and gas leakage rate prEN 1279-4 Methods of test for the physical attributes of edge seals, prEN 1279-5 Evaluation of conformity prEN 1279-6 Factory production control & Insulating glass units shall be designed to resist the extemal action (e.g. self-weight, snow and wind) acting normal to the glass. The intemal actions resulting from temperature, meteorological air pressure and geographical air pressure shall also be considered. ‘The calculation shall be carried out separately for both external and internal actions. 8.2 Shape of insulating glass unit ‘Whilst a flat insulating glass unit can alter its shape due to the actions, it is still designed as a flat pane. 8.3 Additional calculation parameters for insulating glass units 8.3.1. Stiffness of panes ee In the case of double glazing, the partition of the extemal loads is determined by the relative ee stiffness of the panes. Stiffness of pane I (the outer pane) is: he +h GB) Stiffness of pane 2 (the inner pane) 4) 00/103131DCPage 14 PEN 13474-2:2000 8.3.2 Insulating unit factor Additionally the partition of external loads and the the insulating unit factor * of internal loads is determined by (5) Where a is a dimension of the unit, as described in Annex B.1 for fectangular panes, or Annex C for circular panes and various triangular panes, and a* is the characteristic Tength of the unit: 0,25 shph} * = 28,9) a 8, (erie © Where ks is obtained from Annex B.1 for rectangular panes, or Annex C for cireular panes and various rectangular panes. 8.4 Design loads on insulating glass units 8.4.1 External actions The ultimate limit state design loads shall be determined in accordance with the following fauations, which are modified from the equations of table 1 to take into account the interaction of the panes of an insulating glass unit. For one variable action, Oxi, on the outer pane (pane 1) ‘The design load on pane 1 is: F,,=(6,+06, [Sre6u #1504 )+0-B)5 D796 0 ‘The design load on pane 2 is: Fy. =( -$)6, L7G +150,, |+(¢5, + 6, WDrGGauj (8) i 7 00103131DC.Page 15 prEN 13474-2:2000 } (9) ‘The design load on pane 2 is: 122 #5 Dr aGus 65,48] Bran #150.) For one variable action, Qx2, on the inner pane (pane 2) ‘The design load on pane 1 is: Fu = (6, + 88) E 7G Gy +1 #8 ZraGen +150, For more than one variable action: ‘The design load on pane 1 Fy =(6,+95, {Zre6 +1350, “(-0(Zro% +1350, (a) ‘The design load on pane 2 is: Fea (-05{ Erin +1950} +(96, +8 ( Era +1350, } (a2) i 8.4.2 Internal actions The serviceability limit state design loads shall be determined in accordance with the following equations, which are modified from the equations of table 1 to take into account the interaction of the panes of an insulating glass unit. 00/103131DCPage 16 prEN 13474-2.2000 ‘The design load on pane | is: seen : Fy, =(6, +02) L0G vy + 0,90, 7 +1-9)8) L7G Gry +0902 |[tO(Pyo tO9Peo) ay j ‘The design load on pane 2 is: Fa = (1-0), S746, +090, +(6, +8{ Eau 0,90. |£O(Ping $0,929) aw i The isochore pressures, pro for altitude and peo for climate, shall be obtained from prEN 13474-1. 8.5 — Calculated stresses and deflections 8.5.1 External actions ‘The stresses and deflections shall be calculated according to 5.5. 8.5.2 Internal actions The serviceability limit state stresses and deflections shall be calculated according to 5.5, & except when the insulating glass unit is not supported on all edges. The procedure for these“ cases, e.g. three-edge supported or two-edge supported insulating glass units, is given in Annex G. 2 8.6 Allowable stresses and deflections The allowable stresses and deflections shall be calculated according to 5.6. 8.7 Comparison of calculated and allowable stresses and deflections ‘The comparison shall be made according to 5.7. 001031310Cce & oes 8.8 Small insulating glass units Page prBN 13474-22000 Insulating glass units supported on all edges, for which the conditions in table 3 are valid, may be used in vertical glazing for a height of installation up to 20 m above ground level, assuming normal production and installation conditions, without any further calculation. Table 3: Deemed-to-satisfy conditions for insulating glass units Property Resinicuion Glass type Float glass or thermally toughened safety {elas a s Lom H = Surface area of the pane_ Thickness of each pane Difference in the thickness Cavity width amm s4mm 16mm External action ‘Altitude difference between production and site Wind loads only, $ 0,8 KN/m™ 500m 00/103131DCPage 18 PrEN 13474.2:2000 Annex A (normative) Glass edge support For special applications and for loads exceeding 2,0 kN/nv, the continuous edge support, as an important parameter for the calculation of stress and deflection, can only be assumed subject to the following condition: Eyl, 2 QUIK (AD where: 2 Young's modulus of the material of the supporting element ‘Moment of inertia of the supporting construction Coefficient according to the supported number of panes Fora pane on one side of the supporting member only For a pane on both sides of the profile Length of the supported edge of the glass pane Stiffness of the glass pane according to equation A2 RODD DSS IF the supporting member does not have sufficient stiffness, the influence of the deformation Of the edge support shall be taken into account for the calculation of the stresses of the glass pane, 00103131Dc.Pay prEN 13474- Annex B (normative) Rectangular glass panes B.1__ Four-edge supported glass panes Of the dimensions a and b of the pane, a shall be taken as the shorter dimension. The aspect ratio is given by 2=alb. For practical determination of the stress, the deflection and the change in volume (for the cavity of insulating glass units), formulae are given as follows: Maximum tensile stress BI) Effective stress 82) W, k af Deflection hag = hy (B3) - hE 4 a’ F, Volume V =k,—-*ab (Ba) WE In case of four-edge supported panes, the dimensionless coefficients ky, ka, ka, and ks depend on the aspect ratio, A, and the normalised load. The values of the coefficients are given in tables B.1 10 B.4. a‘ F, WE ‘The coefficients in tables B.1 to B.4 are valid for a Poisson number in the range 0,20 to 0,24. Normalised load pe (Bs) 00/103131DCPage 20 PrEN 13474-2:2000 ‘Table B.1; Coefficient for calculation of the maximum stress LOO F300 P00 FS yy [0.188 TOS | ates [0208 | 0703 | ike 0.210 | tive Azul | SHEE 0 Lo | 0272 | a2 | 26s oss | 09 | 0428 [6320 | vid OS P0383 | oats [aies | joe? “ones 21 0 029 0.590 [03 0.268 0.665 | 0.683 0.292 0,722 | 0714 | 0.349 | 0.337 | 0,423 0747 | 0.746 [0.561 | | [0.750 | 0.750_| . 0,748 | 0.746 | 0739 0,750_| 0,750 | 0.750 ; 0,750 [-0,750 ‘Table B.2: Coefficient , for calculation of the effective stress 10 [20 1oo_| 200 |" 300 [300 0,246 | 0.235 0,164 | 0,146 0437 | 0126 0,279 | 0.259 0174 | 0,156 | 0,147 {| 0135 [0.323 | 0,292 0.216 | 0,186 | 0,168 [0,159 | 0.147 0,398 E 0.330 0.237 | 6. | 0.183 | 0.173 0,463 0432_| 0, 0,267 | 0,220 [0,201 OA9L 0,527 0.495 [0 0.312 | 0,241 | 0,222 | 0.212 0,588 | 0581 0512, 0.639 | 0,637, 0,602 | 0,678 | 0.677 [0.676 | 0.672 0,383 | 0.281 | 0,247 [0.236 0,500 |” 0,384" [0,278 [0.265 0,644 | 0.577 [0,463 | 0.390 — 0.1 [0,699] 0,699 | 0.699 | 0,699 | 0.699] 0.698 | 0,697 |0,692 | 0,683 0 | 0,699 T 0,699 | 0,699 |” 0,699 [0,699 | 0,698 | 0,698 | 0,698 | 0.608 Table B.3: Coefficient k, for calculation of the maximum deflection eS 3 4 50, 100 _] 200 0.046 | 0,032 | 0.024_| 0,017 0.036 | 0,027 [0.019 | 0. L. {0,051 |G.041-10,030_| 0.021 [oars [on 0,059 [0,048 [0.035 | 0.920 [0.016 0.071 [0,057 [0 2: 0 0,019) 0.086 | 0.070 |"'0.051_|0,036 {0.030 | 0.023 {0.083 0 T0,099- | 0. 0.126 | 0.105 | 0.08%" [0.065 | 0,046 | 0.03% | 0,030_ _[atao ] oO 0.138 [0, 0,088 | 0.064 | 0.053] 0.041 0147 | 0.145 [0.140 [0.126 | 0.101 i 0.148 | 0, “0. GNA | Otas | 047 | Oa [0.143 [0.136 Olas 014s | 0.148 0,148 | 0,148 | 0,148 | 0,148 | 0,148 | 0,148 | 00/103131DCPage 21 prEN 13474.2:2000 ‘Table B.4: Coefficient ks for calculation of the volume change UIs. sf it | 10.) oo [odie | curs i [Bios | end | aga | 6.023 | 0.032 0,007 | 0,006 ! I 029") aa2s | 0.026 Vo. 35 | 0.035 | boos O42 | OAH? | 0.049 0,061 0074 0,031 0.042, 062, 0.050 0,058 | 0 (066 0,020 0.08 [0.086 _ 0,086 [0.085 | 0.084 | 0.081 | 0.077 [tes Be [0.095 | 0,095 | 0,095 | 0,095 | 0,095’ [0,095 | 0,095 [0.095 ee B.2_—_Three-edge supported panes a © } + Figure B1: Three-edge supported rectangular panes For practical determination of the stress and the deflection, formulae are given as follows: 2 a Maximum tensile stress nx = 2 Fy, (B6) Effective stress (BT) 00/103131DCPage 22 prEN 13474-2:2000 Deflection w, (B8) __| 0.165 0.167 Note. This table is approximate. The correct values will be available after enquiry. B3 — Two-edge supported panes For two opposite edges supported, the length a is the free span, as shown in figure B.2 Figure B.2: Rectangular panes supported on two opposite edges For practical determination of the stress and the deflection, formulae are given as follows: 2 a Maximum tensile stress = 0,75—~ F, 9) 00/103131DCprEN 13474-2:2000 2 o,= 0,699, F, 10) i Effective stress Deflection Warne (Bn) ‘The equations B9 to BLL are valid for a Poisson number in the range 0,20 to 0,24. 00/103131DCPage 24 prEN 13474-2:2000 Annex C (normative) ngular and circular glass panes C1 Isosceles triangular panes ‘The triangle is described by dimensions a and b as shown given by A = bla. Figure C.1: Isosceles triangular pane For practical determination of the maximum stress, the deflection and the change in volume (for ue cavity of insulating glass units), formulae are given as Follows: 2 a Maximum tensile stress Gon =k, 4 a F, Deflection Wann = ky WE 4 a F, Volume V =k,——ab WE in figure C.1, The aspect ratio is (cn (C2) (3) 00/1031310¢Page 25 prEN 13474-2:2000 The dimensionless coefficients 1. ks, and ks depend on the aspect ratio, 4. The values of the coefficients for linear deflection theory are given in table C.1 ‘The coefficients in table C.1 are valid for a Poisson number in the range 0,20 to 0,24, They can be interpreted linearly. Table C.1: Coefficients for isosceles triangular panes [n.o186 = ~ 0.000003 7 Fo.0200 0.0002, 0,000.10 ae [nos (0.0001 {,000026 10 © o.0007 0.0483 9.0010 [04 0.0014 LoisostHite 00624 [0.60 [0.70 0.0869 0.80 __ | 0.0966, O87 10. 0,90 — {0.1170 — {0.0071 1,00 0.1320 __| 0.0086 1.50 __f 0.2010 0.0169 2.00) 0.2550 __ [0.0249 2.50 0.3000 0.0318 3,00 0,3350 0.0391 C2 Right-angled triangular panes ‘The triangle is described by dimensions a and b, where a is the shortest side, as shown in figure C.2. The aspect ratio is given by 2 = bla. Figure C.2: Right-angled triangular pane 00/103131DCPage 26 prEN 13474-2:2000 For practical determination of the maximum stress, the deflection and the change in volume (for the cavity of insulating glass units), formulae are given as follows: Maximum tensile stress (cay Deflection (cs) Volume (C6) ‘The dimensionless coefficients ky, ka, and ks depend on the aspect ratio, 2. The values of the coefficients for linear deflection theory are given in table C.2. The coefficients in table C.2 are valid for a Poisson number in the range 0,20 to 0,24. ‘They can be interpreted linearly. Table C.2: Coefficients for right-angled triangular panes ke ky 0.00: [0.0107 3 0.0143 0.0035 0.0175 0,0049 4 0.0197 0,0059 0,0208 0.0064 0.0242 is 0.0315 0.0383 10,0440 0.0491 0,0583 Looo 0,0645 C3 Other triangular panes Other triangular glass panes than those treated in C.1 and C.2, and with all three angles being at Teast 30°, can be assessed by substituting an equivalent circlular pane. The triangle is described by dimensions and L, where b is the shortest side, as shown in figure C3. 00/103131DC. Pa ZPage 27 prEN (3474-2:2000 1 Figure C.3: Equivalent circular pane For a uniformly distributed load, the diameter, a, shall be determined as follows: a=0,70L C4 Circular panes For practical determination of the maximum stress, the deflection and the change in volume (for the cavity of insulating glass units), formulae are given as follows: 2 Maximum tensile stress On = 0,303 ie F, cm 4 Deflection | Woes = oar s) a’ F, Volume V =0,0298 e ie 9 ‘The equations C9 to C11 are valid for a Poisson number in the range 0,20 to 0,24. 00/103131DCPage 2 PEN 13474-22000 Annex D (informative) Glass panes with other shape formats D.1_— Trapezoidal glass panes For trapezoidal glass panes supported on all edges, the trapezium can be wansformed into a rectangular pane (see Annex B.1 for calculation formulae) as shown in figure D.1 are(L-a) Figure D1: Transformation of a trapezoidal pane into an equivalent rectangular pane ‘The coefficient & is given in table D.1. Table D.1: Dimensionless coefficients, E & ue (aya é 0,50 0,64 i 0,75 is 0,55 1,0 eee eee 0,49 1,16 gece (ee 046 15 mi 0.43 i 2.0, 048 00/103131DC.Page 29 prEN 13474-2:2000 € D.2__ Rectangular glass panes with one raked edge Por raked glass panes supported on all edges, the shape can be transformed into @ rectangular pane (see Annex B.1 for calculation formulae) as shown in figure D.2 Figure D.2: Raked glass pane D.3__ Rectangular glass panes with one arched edge For arched glass panes supported on all edges, the shape can be transformed into a rectangular pane (see Annex B.1 for calculation formulae) as shown in figure D.3. & 0,85410,152 a Figure D3: Arched glass pane 00/1031310CPage 30 PrEN 13474-2:2000 Dal Irregular four sided panes with two opposite edges parallel For glass panes supported on all edges, the shape can be transformed into @ Fectangular pane (see Annex B.1 for calculation formulae) as shown in figure D.4 ce Figure D4: Irregular glass pane with two parallel sides 00/103131Dc& ae Se Page 31 prEN 13474-2:2000 Annex E (informative) Calculation procedure for stress ‘The calculation should proceed in the following order. If, at any stage, the calculated stress exceeds the allowable stress, the calculation should be restarted using a different glass type and/or thickness. E.1 Permanent loads except altitude If there are any permanent loads (except any altitude internal load on an insulating glass unit): Determine the calculated stress for any self-weight load combined with any other permanent loads (excluding any altitude internal load on an insulating glass unit). Compare this with the ultimate limit state allowable stress for permanent loads. E.2 Altitude loads If there are any altitude loads: Determine the calculated stress for the altitude loads combined with any self-weight loads and any other permanent loads. Compare this with the serviceability limit state allowable stress for permanent loads. £3 Snow loads If there are any snow loads or other medium duration loads (except any climatic internal load on an insulating glass unit): Determine the calculated stress for the combination of any snow loads and other medium duration loads, together with any self-weight loads and other permanent loads (excluding any internal loads on an insulating glass unit). Compare this with the ultimate limit state allowable stress for medium duration loads. E.4 Climatic loads If there are any climatic loads: Determine thé calculated stress for the combination of any climatic loads, snow loads and other medium duration loads, together with any self-weight loads, altitude loads and other permanent loads. Compare this with the serviceability limit state allowable stress for medium duration loads. 00/103131DCPage 32 prEN 13474-2:2000 E.5. Wind loads or other short duration loads If there are any wind loads and other short duration loads: (H Determine the calculated stress for the combination of all Loads (excluding any internal loads on an insulating glass unit). Compare this with the ultimate limit state allowable stress for short duration loads. (ii) For an insulating glass unit, determine the calculated stress for the combination of any internal loads with all other loads. Compare this with the serviceability limit state allowable stress for short duration loads. 00/103131DC& Page 33 prBN 13474-2:2000 Annex F (normative) Effective thickness and shear transfer coefficient for laminated glass F.1 Shear transfer coefficient, “The relative effectiveness of the interlayer in its ability to transfer shear forces is described for laminated glass by a shear transfer coefficient according to table F.1 ‘Table F.1 Shear transfer coefficients for the interlayers of laminated glass and laminated safety glass Type of glass ~__ Shear transfer coefficient for Short duration actions, e.g. wind Other actions Laminated glass 0 i 0 Laminated safety glass 1 Ee 0 F2 Effective thickness If the shear stress transfer coefficient is 1, then, then the effective thicknesses for calculating both the stress and deflection is: Negig = begin = DA eb If the shear stress transfer coefficient is 0, then, then the effective thicknesses for calculating deflection is: (F2) (3) Note. The stress calculation normally needs only o be performed for the thickest pane, unless there are different types of glass in the laminate. 00/1031310CPage 34 PrEN 13474-2:2000 Annex G (normative) Procedure for calculating stresses and deflections of insulating glass units which are not fully supported along all edges. While the effets of external actions on insulating glass units depends on the physical support given by the supporting members or frame, the intemal actions are reacted from one pare to the other through the hermetic seal, independently from the type of supporting member. As a result the effects of internal actions shall be calculated assuming all edges of the glass panes are fully supported. In order to calculate the combined effects of external and internal actions on insulating glass units which are not supported on all edges it is necessary to reconsider the equations 13 and 14 from 8.4.2. ‘The following procedure is shown for equation 13. The treatment of equation 14 is similar, ‘The design load shall be separated into two parts: F, £648, [ E764 +090, i +(-6)5| Dr Gnu, +0.90,. cn i Fass = $B +09 Peo) «@ ‘The design load from equation G1 shall then be used in the formula appropriate for the Support condition and shape of the insulating glass unit, to obtain that part of the effects of the actions (i. stress or deflection) due to the extemal actions. For example, for calculating the stress, ott, for a three-edge supported rectangular insulating glass unit, the formulae from ‘Annex B.2 shall be used. The design load from equation G2 shall then be used in the formula appropriate for full edge Support condition and shape of the insulating glass unit, to obtain that part of the effects of the actions (i.c. stress or deflection) due to the internal actions. For example, for calculating the Stress, Gia, for a three-edge supported rectangular insulating glass unit, the formulae for a four-edge supported rectangular pane from Annex B.1 shall be used, ‘The two results shall then be added to obtain the total of the effects of the actions. For example, for calculating the stre Feale = Ceatexe + Feet 00/1031310CPage 35 prEN 13474-2:2000 Annex H (informative) Calculation examples H.1 Single glazing Vertical pane of single glazed 15 mm float glass, 1400 mm wide x 2000 mm high, supported only at the top and bottom, subjected to a wind load of 0,9 kN/m? A=1,4x2,0= 2,8 m? From prEN 13474-1: k, = AM 32,89 = 1,042 Fox Yuka Yq, =0,72X a —— x 1,0 = 17,3 Nimm? ak Fora = Ron 1,8x1,042 From table 1: For ultimate limit state: F,= L6G +1,50,, =1,35x0+1,5 0,9 = 1,35 kNim? i = 1350 Nim? For serviceability limit state: Fy =D Gy + Qy, =0+0,9 = 0,9 enim? ij = 900 N/m? From equation B10: ; : oy = 0,699, F, = 0,699x 22, 1350 =16,8 Winn? (4172 h 15,0 From equation B11: a‘ F, 2,0 x 2000? 900 = 0148-4 = 0,148 x = x ——. = 9,0 mm BE “700007 " 00/103131DC.Page 38 PEN 13474-2:2000 H.2 Insulating glass unit Vertical insulating glass unit 4 mm toughened float glass / 12 mm cavity /}6 mm float glass, 1301mm wide x 989 mm high, supported on all four edges, subjected to a wind load of 1,51 kKN/m?, glazed at an altitude of less than 400 m. Aspect ratio = 989/1301 = 0,76 From table B.2: ko = 0,362 From table B.3: y= 0,074 From table B.4: ks = 0,031 From equation 6: shins)?" 12x4°x6? \"* += 28,9 Site = 28,9) & ‘ (+k, (4 4+6°)x0,031 © = 340 mm From equation 5: ¢ From table 2: For the 4 mm toughened glass: For wind load (ultimate limit state): Fa = 49,6 Nimes? For wind load (serviceability limit state): f',., = 80,7 Nimm? : a = 65,3 Ninn? For climate load (serviceability limit state) f, 00/103131DcPage 37 prEN 13474-2:2000 For altitude load (serviceability limit state) ff, = 61,5 imme For the 6 mm float glass: For wind load (ultimate limit state): Sf ga = 17,0 Nim? For wind load (serviceability limit statey: — f',. = 30,7 N/mm? For climate load (serviceability limit state) Fyia =15,3 Némm* For altitude load (serviceability limit state) f, ay = 11,5 Nimm? ‘The procedure from Annex E is followed. E.1 Not necessary (no permanent loads other than internal loads). E.2 From prEN 13474-1, table 1: pit = +3,6 KN/m? or ~3,6 N/m’. For the 4 mm toughened glass: From equation 13: =(6, + 46,{ Dre +090, +(1-9)6, (Zro6u +090. | APu +0 Peo) Fyyq = (0,229 +0,0138x 0,771)x(0) + (1-0,0138)x0,229 x (0)-0,0138 x (-3,6+0,9x0) F,,, = 0,050 nim? = 50 Nim? From equation B7: ot = hy r= =0,362x 298 x50 = 1,1 Nm? {<61,5] 00/403131DCPage 38 PrEN 13474-2:2000 From equation BS Similarly, for the 6 mm float glass: From equation 14: Fy.) = 0,050 kim? = 50 Nim? From equation B7: 0,989? Oy = ne R «np, =0,. 362% x x50 =0,5 Nimm? (<11,5] From equation B8: 2 2 ve =k 5% 20074 0,989 ae 50 =0,2 mm h 6 70000 E.3 Not necessary (no medium duration loads other than internal loads). E4 From prEN 13474-1, table 1 Pug = +12,0 kN/m? or -15,0 KN/m’, For the 4 mm toughened glass: From equation 13: Fax = (6, +85, DraGiy +090, : 7 +(1 #8 (Sra +092, } Pn, +0,9 Peo) i F,,,, = (0,229 +.0,0138 x 0,771)x (0) +(1-0,0138)x 0,229 x (0)--0,0138x (-3,6 +0,9 x-15,0) F,,, = 0,236 kvm? = 236 Nim? 00/103131Dc