BDwbU

7
evwYwR¨K kãvejx Ges kã ms‡¶c
(Commercial Terms and Abbreviations)

e¨emv evwYR¨ Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi m‡½ Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q I‡ZvcÖZfv‡e| †h †Kvb †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi
†¶‡Î e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i f~wgKv Acwimxg| e¨emvq ïay †`‡kB bq Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q mviv wek¦e¨vcx| e¨emvq
Ki‡Z †h‡q cwiPvjbv †¶‡Î bvbv mgq bvbviKg e¨emvwqK kã ev kã ms‡¶c Avgv‡`i mvg‡b P‡j
Av‡m| Avi GB kã ev kãms‡¶c m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i mg¨K Ávb bv _vK‡j e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î m„wó
n‡Z cv‡i bvbvb mgm¨v| GB mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ GKRb e¨emvqxi e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ e¨eüZ bvbvb kã I
kã ms‡¶c m¤ú‡K© ¯úó Ávb _vKv Riyix| GB Rb¨B GB BDwb‡U‡Z evwYwR¨K wewfbœ kãvejx I
kãms‡¶c wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

evwYwR¨K kãvejx (Commercial Term)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

evwYwR¨K I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ kãvejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
evwYwR¨K I †hvMv‡hv‡M e¨eüZ kãvejx t
1. PjwZ wnmve (Account Current) t GUv †µZv I we‡µZvi wfZi m¤úvw`Z †jb‡`‡bi GKwU
weeiYx| GB ai‡bi weK…wZ wKQy w`b ci ci FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi wbKU †cÖiY K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g †K
Kvi wbKU KZ UvKv cv‡e Zv w¯’i Kiv hvq|
2. weµq weeiYx (Account Sales) t GUv gvj †cÖi‡Ki cÖwZwbwa KZ©„K gvj †cÖi‡Ki wbKU cwi‡ewkZ
GK cÖKvi wnmv‡ei weeiYx| cÖwZwbwa KZ UvKvi gvj weµq K‡i‡Q Ges Zv †_‡K Zvi fvZv I
Ab¨vb¨ LiPvw` eve` KZ UvKv ev` w`‡q‡Q BZ¨vw` †`wL‡q welq weeiYx ˆZwi Kiv nq|
3. mywbcyY wnmve bexk (Actuary) t †h e¨w³ evwl©K e„wË, exgv BZ¨vw` wnmve wbKv‡k cvi`kx© Zv‡K
mywbcyY wnmve bexk ejv nq|
4. Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©k bvgv (Adjudication Order) t e¨w³‡K †`Dwjqv †NvlYv Kivi Rb¨ Av`vjZ
KZ©„K eû wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges †`Dwjqvq m¤úwË Zvi cvIbv`vi‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb Kivi Rb¨
GKRb wR¤§v`v‡ii Dci H m¤úwËi ZË¡veav‡bi fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq|
5. g~j¨vbycvwZK (Advalurem) t g~j¨vbycvwZK ej‡Z `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ Abymv‡i ïé wba©viY Kiv‡K eySvq|
6. njd bvgv (Affidavit) t GUv GK ai‡bi cÖwZkcÎ| kc_ MÖnY c~e©K Av`vj‡Zi ZË¡veav‡b fvicÖvß
wePvicwZi m¤§y‡L GB ai‡bi kc_ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
7. Pzw³ (Agreement) t †Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ ev bv Kivi ga¨ `yB ev `yB‡qi AwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨
AbywôZ e¨e¯’v‡K Pzw³ e‡j|
8. ga¨¯’Zv (Arbitration) t †Kvb wbi‡c¶ e¨w³i Øviv `yB c‡¶i ga¨Kvi weev` gxgvsmv Kiv‡K
ga¨¯’Zv e‡j|
9. wbjvg welq (Auction Sale) t GB e¨e¯’v Øviv wbjv‡g `ªe¨ mvgMÖx weµq Kiv nq| GB‡¶‡Î
me©vwaK WvK cÖ`vbKvix‡K `ªe¨ n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq|
10. evwl©K e„wË (Annuity) t wbw`©ó wKQy eQi a‡i ev AvRxeb †Kvb e¨w³‡K evrmvwiK wbw`©ó cwigvY A_©
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j D³ A_©‡K evwl©K e„wË e‡j |
11. wnmve wbix¶v (Audit) t wba©vwiZ GKwU mgq ci †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ †Kvb e¨w³ Øviv e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi
wnmve-wbKvk cix¶v Kiv‡K wnmve wbix¶v e‡j|
12. g~jZwe (Adjournment) t wbw`©ó †Kvb mgq ev ZvwiL ch©šÍ Awa‡ek‡bi Kvh© eÜ ivLv‡K g~jZwe
e‡j|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-140

 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

13. ‡diZ fvov (Book Freight) t hLb †Kvb Rvnv‡bi gvwjK gvj Lvjvm w`‡Z bv cvIqvi Rb¨ ev
AvswkK gvj LvjvK †`Iqvi Rb¨ †gvU fvovi wKQy Ask †diZ †`q, ZLb Zv‡K †diZ fvov e‡j|
14. ïévaxb cY¨vMvi (Bondel Warelouse) t GUv Ggb GK ai‡bi cY¨vMvi hv e›`‡i Aew¯’Z ïé
cÖvwaKvi KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z| we‡`k n‡Z Avg`vwbK…Z c‡Y¨i ïé Av`vq bv nIqv ch©šÍ cY¨ ïévaxb
cY¨vMv‡i Rgv ivLv nq|
15. kZ©vmv‡c‡¶ n¯ÍvšÍi (Bailment) t hLb †Kvb e¨w³ Aci c‡¶i wbKU wba©vwiZ kZ©mv‡c‡¶ `ªe¨
n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K kZ©mv‡c‡¶ n¯ÍvšÍi e‡j| kZ©¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡j D³ `ªe¨ mv‡eK gvwjK‡K
†diZ †`qv nq|
16. e¨vs‡Ki nvi (Bank Rate) t †h nv‡i †K›`ªxq e¨vsK wej cwi‡kva K‡i A_ev †h nvi my‡` †K›`ªxq
e¨vsK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ev Aci e¨vsK‡K FY`vb K‡i Zv‡K e¨vs‡Ki nvi e‡j|
17. ‡`Dwjqv (Banknupt) t †h e¨w³ Zvi m¤úwË n‡Z Zvi m¤ú~Y© †`bv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K
†`Dwjqv e‡j| Av`vjZ KZ©„K GBiƒc e¨w³‡K †`Dwjqv †NvlYv Kiv nq|
18. `ªe¨ wewbgq (Barter Trade) t `ª‡e¨i wewbg‡q `ªe¨ wewbgq Kiv‡K `ªe¨ wewbgq e‡j|
19. A½xKvibvgv (Bond) t GUv Ggb GK cÖKvi `wjj hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¨w³ GB cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡i
†h, wbw`©ó †Kvb NUbv msNwUZ n‡j †h wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡e|
20. eyg (Boom) t `ªyZMwZ‡Z `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi g~j¨ e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡j †h Ae¯’v‡K eyg e‡j|
21. enb cÎ (Boom) t GUv Rvnv‡bi Kvßvb KZ©„K ¯^v¶wiZ Rvnv‡R gvj †evSvB‡qi GKwU iwk`| GB
`wjj ißvwbKviK Avg`vwb Kvi‡K wbKU †cÖiY K‡i| GUv †`wL‡q Avg`vwbKvi‡K e›`i n‡Z gvj
Lvjvm Ki‡Z cv‡i|
22. Zjwe A_© (Bill of Lading) t GUv e¨vsK KZ©„K cÖ`Ë GK cÖKvi FY| gvÎ K‡qKw`‡bi †bvwU‡k
FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K Giƒc F‡Yi A_© Av`vq Kiv hvq|
23. cÖfve †jL (Call Money) t GBiƒc Qvo c‡Îi gva¨‡g ißvwbKviK ißvwbK…Z cY¨ †Kvb †`‡k
Drcvw`Z n‡q‡Q Zvi †NvlYv †`q|
24. ewYK mfv (Chamber of Commerce) t ewYK mfv e¨emvqx, Drcv`b cÖf„wZi m`m¨‡`i mgš^‡q
MwVZ GK cÖKvi mwgwZ| GB mwgwZ Zvi m`m¨‡`i bvbv cÖKvi myweav-Amyweav Ges †`‡k hv‡Z
e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi N‡U †m w`‡K j¶¨ iv‡L|
25. RvnvR fvov Pzw&³ (Charter Party) t ißvwbKviK Rvnv‡R gvj †cÖi‡Yi c~‡e© Rvnv‡Ri wKq`sk
A_ev m¤úbœ fvov cÖ`vb K‡i| GB wel‡q ißvwbKviK Ges RvnvR e¨emvqxi g‡a¨ GKwU Pzw³
m¤úvw`Z nq| GB Pzw³B RvnvRfvov Pzw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
26. jf¨vsk hy³ (Cum-Dividend) t †kqvi µq weµ‡qi †¶‡Î GB ai‡bi kã e¨envi nq| Gi A_©
†µZv Zvi µqK…Z †kqv‡ii Dci †NvwlZ jf¨vsk cvIqvi AwaKvix|
27. wbwl× cY¨ (Contra Bond) t †h mg¯Í c‡Y¨i Avg`vwb ißvwb wbwl× †h mg¯Í cY¨‡K wbwl× cY¨
e‡j|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-141
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

28. cvIbv wPwV (Credit Note) t GUv we‡µZvi wbKU †cªiY K‡i _v‡K| g~j Pvjvb c‡Î fyjekZ c‡Y¨i
g~j¨ AwaK †`Lvb n‡q _vK‡j A_ev †µZv gvj †diZ w`‡j c‡Y¨i AwZwi³ g~j¨ ms‡kvab Kivi Rb¨
GBiƒc wPwV †µZvi wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq|
29. myß RvnvR fvov (Dead Freignt) t Bnv GK ai‡bi ¶wZc~iY| RvnvRfvov Pzw³ Abyhvqx
ißvbxKviK Rvnv‡R ch©vß cwigvY cY¨ †evSvB Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Rvnv‡Ri Lvwj ¯’v‡bi ¶wZc~i‡Yi
Rb¨ RvnvRx †Kv¤úvwb‡K †h A_© cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K myß RvnvR fvov e‡j| ißvwb KviK RvnvR
†Kv¤úvwb‡K GBiƒc ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡i|
30. AvÁv A_© (Dear Money) t hLb F‡Yi Dci my‡`i nvi Lye †ewk nq ZLb H F‡Yi A_©‡K AvÁv
A_© e‡j| A_©vr GB ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z FYMÖnxZv‡K D”P nv‡i my‡` FY wb‡Z nq|
31. ‡LmviZ (Demorage) t wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Rvnv‡R gvj †evSvB A_ev RvnvR n‡Z gvj Lvjvm
Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j RvnvRx †Kv¤úvwb‡K GBiƒc †LmviZ w`‡Z nq|
32. jf¨vsk (Dividend) t †hŠ_ g~jabx Kviev‡ii gybvdvi †h Ask †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv nq
Zv‡K jf¨vsk e‡j|
33. ïé (Duty Custom) t ïé n‡jv Avg`vwbK…Z I ißvwbK…Z c‡Y¨i Dci wba©vwiZ Ki|
34. wb‡lavÁv (Embargo) t Bnv †Kvb RvnvR ev c‡Y¨i Dci GK cÖKvi miKvwi wb‡lavÁv| †Kvb
ˆe‡`wkK RvnvR ev c‡Y¨i Dci GB ai‡bi wb‡lavÁv Rvwi Kiv nq|
35. RvnvR fvov (Freight) t mgy`ª c‡_ gvj cwien‡bi LiP‡K RvnvR fvov e‡j|
36. fvmgvb eÜK (Floating Charge) t †Kvb †hŠ_ e¨emvi Zvi m¤ú` eÜK †i‡L FY MÖnYKi‡j
Zv‡K fvmgvb eÜK e‡j|
37. cY¨ fvÛvi (Godown) t cY¨ wbivc‡` gRy` ivLvi Ni cY¨ fvÛvi e‡j|
38. fvov Pzw³ µq (Hire Purchase) t GUv GK ai‡bi µq e¨e¯’v| GB e¨e¯’vq †µZv we‡µZvi wbKU
n‡Z av‡i †Kvb `ªe¨ µq K‡i c‡i wKQy wba©vwiZ wKw¯Í‡Z Dnvi g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡i| †kl wKw¯Íi A_©
cwi‡kva bv Kiv ch©šÍ c‡Y¨i gvwjKvbv ¯^Ë¡ we‡µZviB _v‡K|
39. gy`ªvùxwZ (Inflation) t cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †`‡k gy`ªvi mieivn †ewk n‡q ci‡j †h Ae¯’v‡K
gy`ªvùxwZ e‡j|
40. Aš—eZx© jf¨vsk (Interem Dividend) t e¨emv‡qi eQi AwZµvšÍ nIqvi c~‡e©B †hŠ_ e¨emv‡qi
cwiPvjK gÛjx A‡bK mgq jf¨vsk †NvlYv K‡i _v‡K| GB jf¨vskB AšÍeZx© jf¨vsk bv‡g cwiwPZ|
41. ‡RwUmb (Jettision) t mgy`ªc‡_ RvnvR ev Rvnv‡Ri cY¨ i¶v‡_© cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wKQy cY¨ mgy‡`ª
wb‡¶c K‡i †`Iqv‡K †RwUmb e‡j|
42. cwimgvwß (Liquidation) t †Kvb e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Aemvqb NU‡j Zv‡K D³ cÖwZôv‡bi
cwimgvwß e‡j|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-142

 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

43. c~e©¯^Z¡ (Lien) t GUv Ggb GK ai‡bi AwaKvi, hvnvi e‡j GKR‡bi m¤úwˇZ Aci GKRb
e¨emvwq FYMÖnxZvi m¤úwˇZ F‡Yi A_© Av`v‡qi c~e© ch©šÍ GBiƒc AwaKvi ¯’vcb K‡i _v‡K|
44. cÖZ¨q cÎ (Letter of Credit) t mvaviYZ e¨vsK Avg`vwb Kvi‡Ki c¶ n‡Z ißvwbKvi‡Ki AbyKy‡j
cÖZ¨qcÎ Ly‡j _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g e¨vsK GB g‡g© A½xKvi cÖ`vb K‡i †h, Avg`vwbKviK
ißvwbKvi‡Ki we‡ji A_© cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j ev ¯^xK…wZ bv w`‡j e¨vsK we‡ji A_© cwi‡kva Ki‡e ev
we‡j ¯^xK…wZ w`‡e|
45. eÜK (Mortgase) t mvaviYZ F‡Yi wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ FYMÖnxZv‡K Zvi †Kvb m¤ú` FY`vZvi
wbKU eÜK ivL‡Z nq| FYMÖnxZv †Kvb Kvi‡Y FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j D³ m¤úwˇZ FY`vZv
AwaKvi emv‡Z cv‡i|
46. ‡jL¨ cÖv_wgK (Notary Public) t Bwb †`‡ki GKRb miKvwi Kg©Pvwi| GB Kg©Pvwii KvR n‡jv,
A¯^xK…Z I Abv`vqx wej ev ûwÛmg~‡ni †iKW© ivLv&
47. cyj (Pool) t Bnv KZ¸‡jv e¨emvqx cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨Kvi †RvU‡K eySvq| GB †Rv‡U cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨
Zv‡`i c„_K mfv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i|
48. Avg‡gv³vi bvgv (Power of Attorney) t †Kvb GKwU `wj‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¨w³i c¶ n‡Z †Kvb
Kvh© Kievi AwaKvi w`‡q Aci e¨w³‡K †h ¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K Avg‡gv³vi bvgv e‡j|
49. cÖw· (Proxy) t GKR‡bi c¶ n‡Z Aci Kv‡iv †Kvb Kvh© Kivi AwaKvi n‡jv cÖw·|
50. ‡Kvivg (Quorum) t †Kvb wgwUs ev Awa‡ek‡bi Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq by¨bZg m`m¨‡`i
Dcw¯’wZ evÂbxq; bZzev wgwUs Gi Kvh© gyjZwe ivLv nq| wgwUs ev Awa‡ek‡b Giƒc b~¨bZg msL¨K
m`‡m¨i Dcw¯’Z e¨e¯’v‡K †Kvivg e‡j|
51. wewbgq nvi (Rate of Exchange) t Bnv Aci †`‡ki gy`ªvi Zzjbvq ¯^‡`kx gy`ªvi g~j¨‡K eySvq|
52. cyivZb †PK (State Cheque) t †h †PK Qq gv‡mi I AwaK Kvj evRv‡i Nyivwdiv K‡i Zv‡K
cyivZb †PK e‡j|
53. mgwc©Z g~j¨ (Surrender Value) t †Kvb exgvMÖnxZv Zvi exgvcÎ evwZj Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zvi cÖ`Ë
exgv wcÖwgqv‡gi Rb¨ exgv †Kv¤úvwb / cÖwZôvb exgvMÖnxZv‡K †h A_© cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K mgwc©Z g~j¨
e‡j|
54. ïé (Tariff) t Avg`vwb I ißvwb ïé mv‡c‡¶ cY¨mvgMÖx ZvwjKv I Dnv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi c‡Y¨i
Dci ï‡éi cwigvY|
55. ‡UªW gvK© (Trade Mark) t e¨emvqx ev Drcv`‡Ki c‡Y¨i Dci †iwRw÷ªK…Z wPý ev bvg| Gi
gva¨‡g wewfbœ Drcv`‡Ki c‡Y¨i Abyaveb Kiv hvq|
56. ‡KvlvMvi wej (Treasury Bill) t Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU n‡Z ¯^í‡gqv`x mg‡qi FY MÖn‡Yi Rb¨
miKvi †KvlvMvi wej weµq K‡i _v‡K|
57. AwQ (Trusteel) t †Kvb e¨w³ mKj wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ Ac‡ii m¤úwË †`kvïbv Ki‡j Zv‡K AwQ e‡j|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-143

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

58. AbwaKvi PP©v (Ultra Vires) t ¶gZv ev AwaKv‡ii evB‡i †Kvb Kvh© Ki‡j Zv‡K AbwaKvi PP©v
e‡j|
59. hvÎv exgvcÎ (Voyage Policy) t `yÕwU e›`‡ii wfZ‡i RvnvR PjvP‡ji mgq m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZi wec‡¶
GB cÖKvi hvÎv exgvc‡Îi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| GK e›`i n‡Z Aci e›`‡i RvnvR †cŠuQvevi ci exgv
†Kv¤úvwbi Avi †Kvb `vwqZ¡ _v‡K bv|
60. Kvh©Kwi g~jab (Working Capital) t ˆ`bw›`b e¨emv‡qi Kvh©µg Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †h g~ja‡bi
`iKvi nq Zv‡K Kvh©Kwi g~jab e‡j|
61. djcÖm~ ev Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM (Effective Communication) t mvaviYfv‡e djcÖm~ †hvMv‡hvM
ej‡Z †evSvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welqe¯‘ MÖvnK KZ©„K mwVKfv‡e Abyaveb Kiv| cÖwZwU †hvMv‡hvMB Z‡_¨i
†cÖiK Zvi †Kvb AwfcÖvq MÖvnK‡K msev` AvKv‡i Rvb‡Z Pvq| GRb¨ †m †evaMg¨ †Kvb Dcvq †hgb
wjwLZ, †gŠwLK, Bkviv ev Bw½Z BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î †cÖiK Zvi
AwfcÖvq‡K †hfv‡e Ges †h A‡_© MÖvnK‡K AewnZ Kiv‡Z Pvq, MÖvnK hw` û-eû †mfv‡e Z_¨ ev
msev‡`i welqe¯‘ Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j †hvMv‡hvM djcÖmy ev Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨ nq|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j KvR nj Z_¨ wewbgq| myZivs ‡cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ mwVKfv‡e Z_¨ wewbgq n‡j
†hvMv‡hvM djcÖm~ nq| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM AwaK Kvh©Ki n‡e ZLbB hLb -
K. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ms‡KZ wjwc cwi®‹vi A_©‡evaK ev ب_©nxb nq;
L. †cÖwiZ msev` †Kvb Kvi‡Y weK…Z bv nq;
M. cÖvcK KZ©„K msev` cwic~Y©iƒ‡c M„nxZ nq;
N. M„nxZ msev‡`i g~jfve ev A‡_©v×vi †cÖi‡Ki cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx nq Ges
O. MÖvn‡Ki cÖZz¨Ëi †hvMv‡hvMKvixi cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx nq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv I †jLK‡`i gZvgZ we‡kølY K‡i ejv hvq, djcÖm~ ev Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM nj
Z‡_¨i mwVKiƒ‡c encode Kiv, wbS©v‡gjvq †cÖiY, MÖvnK KZ©„K m¤ú~Y© Z_¨ MÖnY Ges mwVKfv‡e H
Z‡_¨i g~jfve ev A‡_©v×vi Ges †cÖi‡Ki cÖZ¨vwkZ A‡_© cÖwZwµqv Ávcb|
62. †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv (Communication Process) t †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv ej‡Z Z_¨ ev msev` †cÖiY I
MÖnY cÖwµqv‡K †evSvq| G `„wó‡KvY n‡Z evZ©v †cÖiK, msev` Ges MÖvnK wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv msNwUZ nq| wKš‘, msev` †cÖiY I MÖnY Kvh© myôzfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ AviI
KwZcq Dcv`vb cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| G¸‡jv nj †cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv P¨v‡b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †cÖiY
MÖvn‡Ki c¶ †_‡K MÖnY, cÖZz¨Ëi BZ¨vw`| G mKj AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv
MwVZ nq|
Mr. Kreitner †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi †h msÁv w`‡q‡Qb Zv nj ÒKwZcq mywbw`©ó †hvMm~‡Îi gva¨‡g
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi †PBb M‡o I‡V| GB †PB‡bi AšÍf©y³ nj - †cÖiK, msev`, Gb‡KvwWs MÖvnK,
wW‡KvwWs Ges djveZ©b| AZGe ejv hvq, †h cÖwµqvq Z‡_¨i †cÖiK Zvi †Kvb we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ AR©b
Kivi Rb¨ D³ D‡Ïk¨ wfwËK msev` cÖYqK c~e©K wbe©vwPZ P¨v‡b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zv MÖvn‡Ki wbKU cvVvq
Ges MÖvnKI †m Abyhvqx Zvi cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv e‡j|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-144

 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

63. djveZ©b (Feedback) t Bs‡iwR (Feedback) kãwUi evsjv cÖwZkã nj djveZ©b| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
†¶‡Î Gi Øviv msev`MÖnxZvi cÖwµqv‡K †evSv‡bv nq| A_©vr msev` MÖvnK cÖvß msev‡`i †cÖw¶‡Z Zvi
†h g‡bvfve †cÖiK‡K AeMZ Kivq Zv‡K djveZ©b e‡j|
A‡b‡K djveZ©b‡K wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡Z, †hvMv‡hvM Z‡_¨i cÖevn
wØ-gyLx n‡j Zv‡K djveZ©b e‡j| cÖwZwU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj cÖvc‡Ki aviYv‡K †cÖi‡Ki
g‡Zi AbyK~j Kiv| Avi GRb¨ cÖvc‡Ki cÖwZwµqv ÁvZ nIqv Avek¨K| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wØ-gyLx cÖev‡ni
gva¨‡g †h cÖwZwµqv Rvbv hvq, Zv †cÖwiZ msev‡`i Kvh©KvwiZv cwigv‡ci mnvqK| GRb¨ cwic~Y©
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î djveZ© Acwinvh©| ZvB mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †hvMv‡hvMKvixi †cÖwiZ msev‡`i
†cÖw¶‡Z MÖvnK †h cÖwZwµqv ev cÖZz¨Ëi cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K djveZ©b e‡j|

wb‡gœ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wØ-gyLx cÖevn I djveZ©b †`Lv‡bv nj t

‡hvMv‡hvMKvix msev` msev` MÖvnK

cÖZz¨Ëi ev
djveZ©b

64. wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM (Two-way Communication) t ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Z‡_¨i wØ-gyLx cÖevn m„wó
n‡j Zv‡K wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| G ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM Z_¨ cÖ_‡g †cÖi‡Ki wbKU n‡Z cÖvc‡Ki
wbKU cÖevwnZ nq Ges cieZ©x ch©v‡q Zv cÖvc‡Ki cÖwZwµqvmn cybivq †cÖi‡Ki wbKU †diZ Av‡m|
G `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM djveZ©b cÖwµqviB bvgvšÍi| wØ-gyLx ‡hvMv‡hv‡M Z‡_¨i †cÖiK I
MÖvn‡Ki mwµqZv wbwðZ nq| G‡Z †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| Giƒc †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq
Z‡_¨i †cÖiK MÖvn‡Ki cÖwZwµqv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mdj cwimgvwß N‡U| wØ-gyLx
†hvMv‡hvM DaŸ©gyLx, wbgœMvgx I mgvšÍivj n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM †`Lv‡bv
nj t
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcK e¨e¯’vcK e¨e¯’vcK
(µq) (weµq)

kªwgK-Kwg©

wPÎ t K - DaŸ©Mvgx I wbgœMvgx wPÎ t L – mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡M wØ-gyLx cÖevn

†hvMv‡hv‡M wØ-gyLx cÖevn

65. †hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK© (Communication Network) t Network kãwUi evsjv A_© nj m¤úwK©Z ev
m¤^Ühy³ e¨e¯’v (wm‡÷g)| †hvMv‡hvM cÖm‡½ G kãwU e¨env‡ii A_© nj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
‡¶Î| A_©vr cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ e¨w³ ev wefvM †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †h †¶Î ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡K
†hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK© e‡j| GKwU cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ wefvM _v‡K, G wefvM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi d‡j †h †¶Î ˆZwi nq ZvB †hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK©|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-145

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Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK© nj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ggb GKwU aib †hLv‡b †hvMv‡hvM
P¨v‡b‡ji wewfbœ e¨w³ wKsev `‡ji g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM m¤úK© M‡o I‡V|
66. †hvMv‡hvM g‡Wj (Communication Model) t Bs‡iwR g‡Wj kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© nj QuvP ev
Av`j ev †h bK&kv Abyhvqx †Kvb wKQz ˆZwi Kiv nq| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ G kãwU hy³ n‡j Zvi Øviv
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi bKkv ˆiwLK Dc¯’vcb‡K †evSvq|
‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq A‡bK¸‡jv Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| G Dcv`vb¸‡jv hLb †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb
Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K †hvM‡hvM g‡Wj e‡j| †hvMv‡hvM g‡W‡j †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv
µgaviv eRvq †i‡L Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| G‡Z cÖwµqvi ïiy †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ cÖwZwU Dcv`vb †iLvwP‡Îi
gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq hv †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µ‡gi DrcwË †_‡K mgvwß ch©šÍ cÖevn‡K wPÎvwqZ K‡i|
AZGe ejv hvq, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv †iLv wPÎ, Zxi-wPý ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q wPÎvwqZ
Kiv n‡j Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM g‡Wj ejv nq|
67. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g (Media of Communication) t mvaviY A‡_© gva¨g ej‡Z †Kvb Dcvq‡K
†evSvq, hvi mvnv‡h¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Z_¨ MÖvn‡Ki m¤§y‡L Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| GwU †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi
GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| †h †Kvb Z_¨ cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kivi Rb¨ gva¨g c_ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv
nq| eZ©gv‡b †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wewfbœ gva¨g e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K
me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki gva¨g wbe©vPb K‡i Zvi mvnv‡h¨ MÖvn‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨ Z_¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| †hvM‡hv‡Mi
gva¨g m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`qvi Rb¨ A‡bK †jLK mgv_© kã †hgb BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e GwU
†h A‡_©B †evSv‡bv †nvK bv †Kb mKj †¶‡Î GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| Avi Zv nj - msev`
†cÖiY| Kv‡RB †h mKj Dcvq Aej¤^b K‡i cÖZ¨vwkZ MÖvnK‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ Z_¨ ev msev` †cÖiY Kiv
nq †m¸‡jv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g ejv hvq|
68. kvwãK †hvMv‡hvM (Verbal Communication) t †hvMv‡hvM nj `yÕwU c‡¶i g‡a¨ Z_¨ wewbgq|
Giƒc Z_¨ wewbgq kã e¨envi K‡i wKsev A-kvwãK †Kvb cÖZxK e¨envi K‡i msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i|
G‡`i g‡a¨ fvlvwfwËK kã e¨envi K‡i †h †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôv Kiv nq Zv‡K kvwãK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
GwU †h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b m¤úwK©Z †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôvi cÖavb gva¨g|
cÖwZôv‡bi wbe©vnx I Kg©xMY Zv‡`i Kvh©mg‡qi †ewki fvM mgqB kvwãK †hvMv‡hv‡M e¨wqZ K‡i
_v‡Kb|
69. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Written Communication) t wjwLZ AvKv‡i †Kvb Z_¨ ev msev` wewbgq‡K
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ggb KZ¸‡jv †¶Î i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b †gŠwjK †hvMv‡hvM
ev Ab¨ †Kvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Zgb †Kvb ¸iyZ¡ †bB| Giƒc †¶‡Î Z‡_¨i †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨
wjwLZfv‡e Z_¨ ev fve wewbgq n‡q _v‡K|
70. kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM (Audio-visual Communication) t †UwjKv÷, kU©wdj¥, wfwWI †Uc
BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq Zv‡K kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| GwU `„k¨ Ges k‡ãi mgš^‡q
MwVZ GK ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ‡Uwjwfk‡bi c`©vi Ii m¨vjvBb ˆZwii
c×wZ †`Lv‡bvi mgq `k©KMY GKBmv‡_ msev` kªeY Ges m¨vjvBb cÖ¯‘Z Kivi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM‡K A-kvwãK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †kªYxfy³ Kiv n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ GwU Zv bq| KviY,
Giƒc †hvMv‡hvM‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ Gi mv‡_ cÖvq mgqB wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK eY©bv mshy³ Ki‡Z
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-146
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nq| MYcÖPvi, MYcÖcvKvÛ Ges MYwk¶vg~jK Kvh©µ‡g Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq|
G e¨e¯’vq ¯øvBWm G cÖ`wk©Z Qwei mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vL¨v we‡kølY mshy³ Kiv nq weavq MÖvnK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi welq‡K mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq Giƒc †hvMv‡hvM Z_¨ MÖvn‡Ki
¯§„wZ‡Z `xN© mgq ch©šÍ ¯’vqx _v‡K|
71. bxieZvi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM (Communication through Silence (Passive means) t bxieZv
A-kvwãK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gva¨g| A‡bK †¶‡Î bxieZv cvj‡bi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
fve wewbgq Kiv hvq| GwU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU Awµq Dcvq| Kv‡RB hLb wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK kã
wKsev `„k¨gvb ev kªeY‡hvM¨ †Kvb ms‡KZ e¨enKvi Kiv nq bv - A_P Z_¨ MÖvn‡Ki wbUK †cuŠ‡Q hvq,
ZLb H †hvMv‡hvM‡K bxieZvi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| e¯‘Z bxieZv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU kw³kvjx
gva¨g| A‡bK mgq Ggb cwiw¯’wZ nq †hLv‡b wbieZv hZUzKz Kvh©Kifv‡e msev` Ávcb Ki‡Z cv‡i,
Ab¨ ‡Kvb gva¨g Zv cv‡o bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, wgt K, wgt L Gi 1000 UvKv avi †`qvi Rb¨
Aby‡iva Kij| wgt K, L Gi Aby‡iv‡a mvov bv w`‡q wbiyËi iBj| G‡¶‡Î wgt L Gi bxieZv wgt K
†K msev`B Rvwb‡q w`j †h, †m wgt K Gi Aby‡iva cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Q|
72. `„k¨gvb †hvMv‡hvM (Visual Communication) t `„k¨gvb ‡hvMv‡hvM nj GK ai‡bi A-kvwãK
†hvMv‡hvM| G ai‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡M `k©K/†kªvZv‡K †`Lv‡bv hvq Giƒc KwZcq Dcvq ev c×wZ ev
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Avgiv Z_¨ wewbg‡qi Rbe¨ †h mKj kixix fvlv †hgb
- Bkviv-Bw½Z, †`nfw½, gyLveq‡ei fve, Pvnwb BZ¨vw` Ges PvU©, MÖvd, ZvwjKv, bK&kv BZ¨vw` e¨envi
K‡i _v‡K †m †KŠkj‡K `„k¨gvb †hvMv‡hvM wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
A-kvwãK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU eûj e¨eüZ gva¨g nj `„k¨gvb †hvMv‡hvM| G‡¶‡Î `„wó‡MvPi ev
gbP¶zi m¤§y‡L ¯úófv‡e D™¢vwmZ Kiv‡bv hvq Giƒc †KŠkj ev Dcv‡q †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| myZivs
ejv hvq, A½fw½ ev Bkviv-Bw½Z, †Pnvivi fve, Dcw¯’wZ, Qwe, PvU©, g¨vc, `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb BZ¨vw`i
gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fve wewbgqB `„k¨gvb †hvMv‡hvM|
73. Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Action) t `„k¨gvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU
Kvh©Ki gva¨g nj Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM| GKRb †hvMv‡hvMKvix we‡kl †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi gva¨‡g
Zvi cQ›`, AwfcÖvq BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ Ab¨‡`i‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq,
GKRb e¨e¯’vcK wbqwgZfv‡e h_vmg‡q Awd‡m Dcw¯’Z n‡q Zvi Aat¯Íb Kwg©‡`i m„wó AvKl©Y
Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, Zv‡`i mK‡jB mgqvbyewZ©Zv †g‡b Awd‡m Avmv DwPZ|
74. kªeY †hvMv‡hvM (Audial Communication) t Bs‡iwR kã 'Audial' Gi evsjv A_© nj kã
(Sound) hv cwi®‹vifv‡e †kvbv hvq| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î msev` Ávc‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi kã
e¨envi Kiv nq| Kv‡RB hLb ïaygvÎ kã e¨envi K‡i †Kvb msev` Ávcb Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K kªeY
†hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Avgiv Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b kã e¨envi K‡i eû †jv‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i
_vwK| Avevi A‡bK mgq evB‡ii kã kªeY K‡i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖZz¨Ëi w`‡q _vwK| e¯‘Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
†¶‡Î wewPÎ ai‡bi k‡ãi e¨envi j¶¨ Kiv hvq|
‡hvMv‡hv‡M e¨eüZ kã hLb A‡b¨i wbKU A_©‡evaK †Kvb Z_¨ Ávcb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K kªeY
†hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, hLb ‡KejgvÎ k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ MÖvn‡Ki wbKU ‡Kvb Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb
Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K kªeY †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| GwU A-kvwãK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g|
Avgiv wewfbœ ai‡bi kã e¨envi K‡i wfbœ wfbœ wel‡qi e³e¨ MÖvn‡Ki m¤§y‡L Dc¯’vcb K‡i _vwK hv
Zv‡`i Abyf~wZ‡K bvov †`q Ges Zviv †m Abyhvqx cÖZz¨Ëi Ávcb K‡i _v‡K|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-147
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myZivs kªeY †hvMv‡hvM nj Giƒc GK ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM, †h †¶‡Î fvlv e¨envi bv K‡i †KejgvÎ
k‡ãi Øviv †Kvb Z_¨ †kªvZv‡`i‡K AewnZ Kiv‡bv nq| †hgb -K¬vk ïiy ev †kl nIqvi NÈv aŸwb,
BdZv‡ii mgq mvB‡ib evRvi kã bvgv‡Ri Rb¨ Avhvb †`qv BZ¨vw`|
75. mvgbv-mvgwb K‡_vcK_b (Face to face Conversation) t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
gva¨g nj mvgbv-mvgwb K‡_vcK_b| G‡¶‡Î Z‡_¨i †cÖiK I MÖvnK mvgbv-mvgwb Dcw¯’Z n‡q Z_¨
wewbgq K‡i _v‡K| A_©vr Z‡_¨i †cÖiK I MÖvnK ci¯úi †`Lv-mv¶v‡Zi gva¨‡g †h †gŠwLK
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zv‡K mvgbv-mvgwb K‡_vcK_b ejv nq| GwU †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU eûj
e¨eüZ c×wZ| K‡_vcK_Z AbyôvbewR©Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ch©vqfy³| G‡Z Z‡_¨i †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki
†gRvR-gwR© Abyhvqx Av‡jvPbv P‡j| GwU †hvMv‡hvM wel‡q †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbvi GKwU DËg c×wZ|
myZivs ejv hvq, mvgbv-mvgwb Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †Kvb wel‡q aviYv wewbg‡qi Rb¨ Z‡_¨i
‡cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ †h †Lvjv‡gjv K_v-evZ©v nq Zv‡K mvgbv-mvgwb K‡_vcK_b ejv nq|
76. mv¶vrKvi (Interview) t mv¶vrKvi nj GK ai‡bi Avš—te¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM hvq mvnv‡h¨ `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ aviYv wewbgq nq| mv¶vrKvi Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Interview -Gi DrcwËMZ
A_©I GKB welq eywS‡q _v‡K| Interview -Gi BsiwR A_© nj 'View between' or 'Sight
between' Gi Øviv †evSv‡bv nq t G‡K Ab¨R‡bi m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bqv ev Rvbvi Rb¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
e¨w³i wgwjZ nIqv| Avevi A‡b‡Ki g‡Z †d«Ý kã entrevue ev 'Entrevior' n‡Z Bs‡iwR
Interview kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| hvi A_© n‡j G‡K Ab¨‡K †`Lv A_ev mv¶vr Kiv| e¯‘Z
mv¶vrKvi kãwU‡K †h A‡_©B Avgiv we‡ePbv Kwi - Zvi g~jfve nj cvi¯úwiK Rvbv‡kvbv ev aviYv
wewbg‡qi Rb¨ GKvwaK e¨w³i GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡q wba©vwiZ †Kvb wel‡q fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv |
77. mfv (Meeting) t mvaviY A‡_© mfv ej‡Z KwZcq †jv‡Ki ‡Kvb we‡kl wel‡q Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv ev
gZvgZ wewbg‡qi Rb¨ GK‡Î wgwjZ nIqv‡K eywS‡q _v‡K| e¨emvwqK †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welqmg~‡n
mw¤§wjZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mfv Abyôv‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| ZvQvov AvBbMZ AvbyôvwKZv cvjb Ges
cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welqmg~n mswkøó †jvKRb‡`i‡K AewnZ Kiv I Zv‡`i gZvgZ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
mfv AvnŸvb I Abyôvb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| cÖvwZôvwbK cwiKíbv, ev‡RU, Kg©m~wP, m¤úvw`Z Kvh©µg
BZ¨vw` cÖm‡½ gZvgZ, aviYv I wPšÍvi wewbg‡qi Rb¨B †ewkifvM mfv Abyôvb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Giƒc
mfv wbw`©ó Kvh© w`e‡m wba©vwiZ mg‡q wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GRb¨ mswkøó
†jvKRb ev m`m¨‡`i‡K Av‡Mfv‡MB †bvwUm †`qv nq|
78. wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM (Downward Communication) t msMVb KvVv‡gvi D”P¯Íi n‡Z wbgœ¯Í‡ii
w`‡K †h †hvMv‡hvM cÖevwnZ n‡q Zv‡K wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Gi Øviv cÖwZôv‡b M„nxZ cwiKíbv,
Kg©m~wP, Av‡`k, wb‡`©k, mvK©yjvi, ‡bvwUm, †g‡gv BZ¨vw` Aa¯Íb Kwg©‡`i‡K AewnZ Kiv‡bv nq|
79. DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM (Upward Communication) t cÖwZôv‡bi Aa¯Íb Kwg©MY Zv‡`i DaŸ©Zb
KZ©„c‡¶i mv‡_ †h †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zv‡K DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, EaŸ©Mvgx
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôv‡bi wbgœ¯Íi n‡Z D”P¯Í‡ii w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| A_©vr cÖwZôv‡bi wbgœ¯Í‡ii Kwg©MY
hLb DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi mv‡_ cÖvwZôvwbK †Kvb Z_¨ ev gZvgZ wewbgq K‡i ZLb Zv‡K EaŸ©Mvgx
†hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
80. MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM (Horizontal Communication) t cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wefv‡M Kg©iZ GKB
c`gh©v`v m¤úbœ †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ †h †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|

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 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vewj‡K wewfbœ wefv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| Gme wefv‡M wewfbœ †jvKRb wb‡qvM Kiv nq|
Zb¥‡a¨ A‡b‡KiB c`gh©v`v mggv‡bi nq| cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vewj myôzfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Ges wewfbœ
wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi j‡¶¨ AvšÍtwefvMxq †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| Giƒ‡c cÖwZôv‡bi
wewfbœ wefv‡M wb‡qvwRZ †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ mg i¨vs‡K AwawôZ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ cvi¯úwiKfv‡e
cÖvwZôvwbK †Kvb wel‡q Z_¨ wewbgq Ki‡j Zv‡K mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
81. AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM (Formal Communication) t cÖwZôv‡bi †h mKi Z_¨ wewbgq Kvh©µg
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Aby‡gvw`Z nq, Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK ‡hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, cÖwZôvb KZ©„K
M„nxZ wbqg-Kvbyb I ixwZbxwZ AbymiY K‡i †h †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôv Kiv nq Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM
e‡j|
82. AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM (Informal Communication) t cÖwZôv‡bi †h Z_¨ wewbgq Kvh©µg
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Aby‡gvw`Z bq, Zv‡K AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| A_©vr cÖvwZôvwbK wbqg-ixwZ
AbymiY bv K‡i `ywU c‡¶i g‡a¨ Z_¨ wewbgq n‡j Zv‡K AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| AbvbyôvwbK
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôvi Rb¨ cÖwZôvb KZ©„K cÖewZ©Z †Kvb wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pjv nq bv| cÖwZôv‡bi †h
†Kvb e¨w³ †h †Kvb mg‡q Zvi Kvw•¶Z e¨w³i mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î AvbyôvwbKZvi cwie‡Z© ¯^ZtùyZ©Zv cÖvavb¨ cvq|
83. Af¨š—ixY †hvMv‡hvM (Internal Communication) t cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i †h †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwôZ
nq Zv‡K Af¨š—ixY †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Giƒc ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôv‡bi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vw` cwiPvjbvi mv‡_
m¤ú„³| cÖwZôv‡bi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi wewfbœ c‡` wfbœ wfbœ c`gh©v`vi †jvKRb‡K wb‡qvM Kiv nq|
GmKj †jvKRb mvsMVwbK wewfbœ wel‡q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Z_¨ wewbgq K‡i _v‡K| Giƒc Z_¨ wewbgq
Kvh©µg GKB cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K e‡j G‡K Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM bv‡g
AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
84. evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM (External Communication) t evB‡ii wewfbœ c‡¶i mv‡_ cÖwZôv‡bi †h
†hvMv‡hvM nq Zv‡K evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Giƒc †hvMv‡hvM evB‡ii †Kvb c‡¶i mv‡_ cÖvwZôvwbK
†Kvb wel‡q Z_¨ wewbgq Kvh©µg n‡Z cÖwZwôZ nq| †QvU-eo, e¨emvqx-Ae¨emvqx, †h †Kvb ai‡bi
cÖwZôvb‡K cÖwZw`b evB‡ii wewfbœ c¶ †hgb - cvIbv`vi, †`bv`vi, MÖvnK, c„ô‡cvlK, e¨vsKvi, exgv
†Kv¤úvwb, weÁvcwb ms¯’v, cwienb ms¯’v, miKvwi wewfbœ wefvM ev `ßi, cÖf„wZi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| Giƒc †hvMv‡hvM cÎvjvc †Uwj‡dvb, †U‡j·, Pzw³cÎ cÖYqb, Pzw³i kZ© cvjb,
Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R Ask MÖnY, †`bv-cvIbv cwi‡kva I Av`vq cÖf„wZ Kv‡h©vcj‡¶ Kiv nq|
85. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv (Barries to Communication) t †hvMv‡hvM n‡”Q Z‡_¨i †cÖiK I
MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ Z_¨ ev msev` wewbgq| G Z_¨ wewbgq Kvh© kZKiv GKkZ fvM †¶‡Î mdj n‡e
GgbwU Avkv Kiv hvq bv| bvbvwea Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hvM evavMÖ¯’ n‡Z cv‡i| Gme evav I mgm¨v‡K
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv e‡j| †ewkifvM †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq, cÖwZôv‡bi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv, e¨eüZ
gva¨g, Abym„Z c×wZ, e¨eüZ fvlv, Z‡_¨i †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki gvbwmK Ae¯’v BZ¨vw`i
cÖwZK~jZvRwbZ Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hv‡M cÖwZeÜKZv ev AšÍivq m„wó nq| Gme cÖwZeÜKZv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
¯^vfvweK cÖev‡n evavi KviY n‡q `uvovq hv †hvMv‡hvMKvixi Kvw•¶Z j¶¨ AR©‡b weNœ m„wó K‡i|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î †h mg¯Í Dcv`vb cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i †m¸‡jv †Kej gvÎ cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY
e¨vcviB bq, cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡ii wewfbœ Dcv`vbI Gme cÖwZeÜKZv m„wói Rb¨ `vqx| Kv‡RB

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†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv ev AšÍivq¸‡jv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ Gi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Dcv`vb¸‡jv

mwVKfv‡e mbv³ Kiv Avek¨K| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †h mg¯Í Dcv`vb ev welq †hvMv‡hvM Z‡_¨i
¯^vfvweK cÖev‡n weNœ m„wói gva¨‡g Gi g~j j¶¨ AR©b‡K evavMÖ¯’ K‡i, †m¸‡jv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
cÖwZeÜKZv ev AšÍivq e‡j|
86. mvsMVwbK †hvMv‡hvM (Organizational Communication) t mvsMVwbK wel‡q †h †hvMv‡hvM
cÖwZôv Kiv nq, Zv‡K mvsMVwbK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Giƒc †hvMv‡hvM AvšÍte¨w³K wKsev `jMZfv‡e
Z_¨ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr hLb GKRb e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_ wKsev
GK`j Ab¨ †Kvb `‡ji mv‡_ mvsMVwbK †Kvb wel‡q Z_¨ wewbgq K‡i, ZLb H †hvMv‡hvM‡K
mvsMVwbK †hvMv‡hvM bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Giƒc †hvMv‡hvM GKB cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ e¨w³ ev `j
wKsev evB‡ii wewfbœ c‡¶i mv‡_ msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K|
87. AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM (Intrapersonal Communication) t †Kvb GKK e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h
†hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq Zv‡K AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| G‡¶‡Î e¨w³ wb‡R GKB mv‡_ Z‡_¨i
†cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| e¨w³i ms‡e`b m„wóKvix Bw›`ªq Zvi gw¯Í‡®‹ msev` †cÖi‡Yi ci
gw¯Í®‹ Zv‡K we‡kl Kvh© m¤úv`‡b DØy× K‡i _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, hLb †Kvb e¨w³ Aci
e¨w³i `ytL-Kó †`‡L ZLb Zvi gw¯Í®‹ H wel‡q msev` MÖnY K‡i H e¨w³‡K `yt¯’ e¨w³i Rb¨ wKQz
Kivi ZvwM` †`q| e¨w³i g‡a¨ Gfv‡e †h †hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq Zv‡K AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq e¨w³ Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K RM‡Zi DÏxcKmg~n n‡Z Zvi Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ,
cÖ‡qvRb, ¯^cÖ‡Yv`bv, cQ›`, AvKvs¶v, wk¶v, `¶Zv, AwfÁZv BZ¨vw`i Av‡jv‡K we‡kl †Kvb DÏxcK
wPwýZ K‡i| AZtci †m H wel‡q AšÍte¨w³K aviYv MVb I †m Abyhvqx Kvh© e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
88. MY‡hvMv‡hvM (Mass Communication) t mvaviY A‡_© MY‡hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z ‡evSvq A‡bK †jv‡Ki
mv‡_ ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôv Kiv| A_©vr GKB mv‡_ A‡bK MÖvn‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨ Z_¨ †cÖiY Kiv n‡j Zv‡K
MY‡hvMv‡hvM e‡j| wKš‘ G msÁvwU MY‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvwe©K aviYv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| hw`I
MY‡hvMv‡hvM AwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki mv‡_ Z_¨ wewbg‡q RwoZ, Z_vwc Gi Øviv mvgwMÖK wPÎ dz‡U I‡V
bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ MY‡hvMv‡hvM nj Z_¨ wewbg‡qi Giƒc GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g Drm n‡Z `~‡ii
AmsL¨ †jvKR‡bi mv‡_ ‡hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡M KwZcq ga¨eZ©x P¨v‡bj -Gi gva¨‡g
e¨vcK we¯Í„Z GjvKvi wewfbœ †kªYxi †kªvZv‡`i mv‡_ Z_¨ wewbgq Kiv nq| myZivs ejv hvq,
MY‡hvMv‡hvM nj Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv, †h †¶‡Î e¨vcK we¯Í„Z GjvKvi wewfbœ †kªYx/†Mvôxi †jvKR‡bi
wbKU msev` †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ ga¨eZ©x P¨v‡bj e¨envi Kiv nq|
89. B‡jKUªwb· †hvMv‡hvM (Electronic Communication) t Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv
nq, Zv‡K B‡jKUªwbK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i Dbœqb I Zv Z_¨ wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î
e¨env‡ii d‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq e¨vcK cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ eZ©gvb wek¦‡K
†Møvevj wf‡jR -G cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| AvRKvj Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i †h †Kvb ¯’v‡bi
†jvKR‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b mgqMZ Ges ¯’vbMZ
`~i‡Z¡i evav GLb Avi †Kvb evavB bq| Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv BbcyU K‡i †hgb `ªyZ Z_¨ cvVv‡bv hvq,
†Zgwb A‡b¨i cvVv‡bv Z_¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii WvUv e¨vsK †_‡K AwZ `ªyZ Z_¨ wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î B‡jKUªwbK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi e¨vcK e¨envi j¶¨ Kiv hvq|

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90. B›Uvi‡bU (Internet) t eZ©gv‡b Z_¨ msMÖn, msi¶Y, cÖwµqvKY, weZiY cÖf„wZ Kv‡R e¨env‡ii Rb¨
wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖhyw³i Dbœqb N‡U‡Q| ZvB eZ©gvb hyM‡K ejv nq Z_¨ cÖhyw&³i hyM| Z_¨ cÖhyw&³i GB
hy‡M B›Uvi‡bU nj Information Super Highway| GB mgMÖ we‡k¦i wewfbœ cÖK…wZi †bUIqv‡K©i
wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM| GwU msL¨ †bUIq©v‡Ki mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU
mywekvj †bUIqvK©|
91. AwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs (Audio Conferencing) t †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs-Gi me‡P‡q cyivZb aib nj AwWI
Kbdv‡iwÝs| Giƒc Kbdv‡iwÝs -Gi Rb¨ †Uwj‡dvb e¨envi Kiv nq| G cÖm‡½ R.V. Lasiker Ges
J.C Pettit e‡jb "Audio conferencing is conducting meeting by telephones." A_©vr AwWI
Kbdv‡iwÝs nj †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g wgwUs cwiPvjbv Kiv| Giƒc Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi Rb¨ wZb ev
Z‡ZvwaK †jvK‡K GKwÎZ Kiv nq hviv †Uwj‡dvb Kj Gi gva¨‡g G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ Z_¨ wewbgq
K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î Kbdv‡i‡Ý †hvM`vbKvix †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨¶ †`Lv-mv¶vr bv n‡jI Zviv
G‡K A‡b¨i K_v ïb‡Z cv‡i Ges cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ ¯^í
msL¨K m`m¨‡`i gva¨‡g wgwUs Kivi Rb¨ Giƒc Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
92. Kw¤úDUvi †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs (Computer Teleconferencing) t Kw¤úDUvi †bUIq©vK Gi gva¨‡g
†h †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs Gi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq Zv‡K Kw¤úDUvi †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs e‡j| G cÖm‡½ Lesiker
Ges Pettit e‡jb "Computer teleconferencing is holding conferences" A_©vr Kw¤úDUvi
†UwjKbdv‡iwÝs nj Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© Gi gva¨‡g Kbdv‡iÝ Abyôvb Kiv| G‡¶‡Î Kbdv‡iÝ
m¤úwK©Z hveZxq Kvh© m¤úv`‡b Kw¤úDUvi Uviwgbvj e¨envi Kiv nq| A_©vr Kbdv‡i‡Ý
AskMÖnYKvixMY Kw¤úDUvi Uviwgbvj Gi gva¨‡g cvi¯úwiK Z_¨ wewbgq K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î
Kbdv‡i‡Ýi m`m¨‡`i WvqvjM Kw¤úDUv‡ii †g‡gvwi‡Z †÷vi Kiv _v‡K| ZvQvov Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨
wRÁvwmZ cÖkœ †hgb wj‡L ivLv hvq, †Zgwb DËi`vZvi DËiI GKB e¨e¯’vq msi¶Y Kiv nq| Giƒc
Kbdv‡i‡Ý AskMÖnYKvix‡`i‡K GKB mg‡q Dcw¯’Z _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| Zviv Kw¤úDUv‡ii
gwbUi -G A‡b¨i gZvgZ cvV Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i myweavgZ cÖvmw½K e³e¨ Aci c‡¶i Rb¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i K‡¤úvR K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i|
93. wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs (Video conferencing) t †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs -Gi Rb¨ D™¢vweZ c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
me‡P‡q DbœZ I AZ¨vaywbK cÖhyw³ mg„× c×wZ nj wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs| G‡¶‡Î wgwUs cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Qwe I KÚ¯^i †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©vq wWm‡cø Kiv nq| Kv‡RB
AskMÖnYKvixMY G‡K Ab¨‡K †Uwjwfk‡bi gwbU‡i †`L‡Z cvq Ges G‡K A‡b¨i e³e¨ kªeY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| G‡Z mfv cwiPvjbv nq A‡bKUv mvgbv-mvgwb e‡m wgwUs Kivi, gZ hv Kbdv‡iÝ Abyôv‡bi
¯^v_©KZv wbwðZ K‡i| G Rb¨B G cÖm‡½ Lesiker Ges Pettit e‡jb "Of all the
teleconferencing methods, videoconferencing most closely approximates a real
meeting" A_©vr Ab¨vb¨ mKj †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs c×wZi g‡a¨ wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs nj cÖK…Z wgwUs -
Gi KvQvKvwQ| Giƒc Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi myweav¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg myweav nj Gi wfwWI †Uc aviY I
msi¶Y Kiv hvq, hv cieZ©x‡Z Z‡_¨i m~Î wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq|
94. gvwëwfwWqv (Multimedia) t Bs‡iwR 'Multimedia' k‡ãi evsjv AvwfavwbK A_© nj eû gva¨g|
wUwf, Kw¤úDUvi, †Uwj‡dvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av‡iv KwZcq cÖhyw&³i mgš^‡q GKvwaK wgwWqv †hgb-
MÖvwd·, ‡U·U Ges kã‡K GK‡Î e¨envi K‡i MwVZ mgwš^Z e¨e¯’v‡K gvwëwgwWqv wm‡÷g e‡j|
ev¯Í‡e gvwëwgwWqv‡Z †Uwjwfk‡bi AwWI-wfRy¨qvj ¶gZv, QvcvLvi gy`ªY ¶gZv, Kw¤úDUv‡ii

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wg_w¯Œqv ¶gZv BZ¨vw` GKwÎZ Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hv‡M DbœZ cÖhyw&³ mg„×
gvwëwgwWqvi e¨vcK e¨envi j¶¨ Kiv hvq|
95. Awdm †g‡gv (Memorandum/Memo) t Bs‡iwR 'Memorandum' kãwUi msw¶ßiƒc nj
'Memo' hvi evsjv AvwfavwbK A_© nj fwel¨Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †bvU ev †UvKv, ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e Ggb
welq, `vßwiK †hvMv‡hvM m¤úwK©Z wjwc, ¯§viK ev ¯§viKwjwc BZ¨vw`| e¯‘Z †g‡gv nj GK ai‡bi
wjwLZ †bvU, hv †Kvb welq‡K ¯§„wZ‡Z aviY K‡i ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Awdm †g‡gv Awd‡mi
Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡M e¨eüZ GK ai‡bi wjwLZ Dcvq| Gi Øviv DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v I Aat¯Íb Kg©Pvwi
ev mg c`gh©v`vi Kg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ Z_¨ wewbgq Kiv nq|
96. cÖwZ‡e`b (Report) t mvaviYfv‡e cÖwZ‡e`b ej‡Z †Kvb NUbv m¤úwK©Z wee„wZ ev eY©bv‡K eySv‡bv
nq| Giƒc wee„wZ Aek¨B mswkøó wel‡q h_vh_ AbymÜvb I wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖYqb Ki‡Z
nq| GRb¨ cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖwZôvb/wb‡qvMKZ©v KZ…©K cÖewZ©Z wbqg-Kvbyb ev wewa wb‡la h_vh_fv‡e
AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| AZGe ejv hvq, cÖwZôvb/wb‡qvMKZ©v KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ cš’vq †Kvb we‡kl NUbv
m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvbc~e©K cÖvß Z_¨vewji e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †h weeiYx ˆZwi Kiv nq, Zv‡K
cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| Giƒc cÖwZ‡e`b †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b ˆZwi Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨ †h,
cÖwZ‡e`b wjwLZ wKsev ‡gŠwLK n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †gŠwLK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Zzjbvq wjwLZ cÖwZ‡`‡bi ¸iyZ¡
A‡bK †ewk|
97. e¨emvq cÖwZ‡e`b (Business Report) t e¨emvq welqK Z_¨vewji wfwˇZ †h cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwi Kiv
nq Zv‡K e¨emvq cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| e¨emvwqK Kvh©µ‡gi wewfbœ welq m¤^‡Ü AeMZ nIqv, ch©v‡jvPbv
Kiv Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨emvq cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq| G ai‡bi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g
e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó †jvKRb GKw`‡K †hgb e¨emvq welqK wewfbœ Z_¨ AewnZ n‡Z cv‡i,
Aciw`‡K ‡Zgwb e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi e¨vcv‡i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍI MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU
Z_¨, gZvgZ I mycvwik m¤^wjZ Ggb GK ai‡bi wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM hv cwiKíbv, msMVb I
e¨emvwqK Kvh©vewj wbqš¿‡Y e¨e¯’vcbv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i|
98. Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b (Informational Report) t †h cÖwZ‡e`‡b †KejgvÎ msM„nxZ Z_¨ ev
DcvËmg~n Dc¯’vwcZ nq, Zv‡K Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| e¨emv‡qi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj ev NUbvewj
m¤ú‡K© KZ©„c¶‡K AewnZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ G ai‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiv nq| Aek¨ ‡¶Î we‡k‡l
mvaviY cvVK‡`i ÁvZv‡_©I Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq| Giƒc cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki †Kvb
mycvwik ev gZvgZ _v‡K bv| Zvi KvR nj †KejgvÎ msM„nxZ Z_¨ ev DcvËmg~n Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
ZvB G ai‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b iPbvq †Kvb mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv ev welq web¨vm ixwZ AbymiY Kiv nq bv|
GgbwK Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi iPbvi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki we‡kl †Kvb `¶ZviI cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
welqe¯‘i mv‡_ mswkøó I `vwqZ¡ cÖvß †h †Kvb †jvK Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi
cÖwZ‡e`b Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvKv‡i †QvU n‡q _v‡K|
99. we‡kølYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b (Analytical Report) t msM„nxZ Z_¨vewji cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY
mnKv‡i †h cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K we‡k- lYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| G ai‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b iPbvq
wbw`©ó KvVv‡gv ev welq web¨vm ixwZ AbymiY Kiv nq| we‡kølvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`‡b g~j Z_¨vewj e¨vL¨v-
we‡kølY mnKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| GRb¨ GwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvKv‡i eo n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZôv‡bi
¸iyZ¡c~Y© I RwUj wel‡qi Dci we‡kølYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiv nq| G RvZxq cÖwZ‡e`‡b

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cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki mywPwšÍZ gZvgZ I mycvwik ms‡hvRb Kiv nq| G‡Z KZ©„c‡¶i c‡¶ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv
mnR nq| G ai‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki we‡kl `¶Zv I AwfÁZv _vKv evÃbxq|
100. wewae× mfvi cÖwZ‡e`b (Report of a Statutory Meeting) t cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
wewae× mfvq Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Gi cÖv_wgK cwiPvjKgÛjx †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb K‡i, Zv‡K wewae×
mfvi cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| Giƒc cÖwZ‡e`‡b †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi g~ja‡bi eY©bv, wbix¶K, Ae‡jLK, cÖv_wgK
e¨‡qi cwigvY, AvBb Dc‡`óv, †kqvi wewµ eveZ cÖ`Ë Kwgkb (hw` †`qv nq) I Avbylw½K Ab¨vb¨
wel‡qi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY †`qv nq|
‡Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx wewae× mfv Abyôv‡bi Kgc‡¶ 21 w`b c~‡e© wewae× cÖwZ‡e`‡bi
Kwc mfvq †bvwU‡ki mv‡_ cÖ‡Z¨K †kqvi‡nvìv‡ii wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| ZvQvov Gi GKwU
Abywjwc †Kv¤úvwbmg~‡ni wbe܇Ki `߇i `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| wewae× cÖwZ‡e`b GKwU cÖvgvY¨
`wjj| ZvB G‡Z Kgc‡¶ `yBRb cwiPvjK‡K ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z nq| Aek¨ cwiPvjKgÛjx ¶gZv
cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zv‡`i c‡¶ e¨e¯’vcK cwiPvjK ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
101. evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b (Annual Report) t †Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K mvaviY mfvq Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †h
cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiv nq, Zv‡K evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| cwiPvjKgÛjx †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i
cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e e¨emv‡qi hveZxq e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib| Zv‡`i †bZ…Z¡vax‡b
e¨emv‡q †h mKj Kvh©Kjvc m¤úbœ nq| †m m¤ú‡K© †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i AewnZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ evwl©K
cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq|
AZGe ejv hvq, †hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K mvaviY mfvq Dc¯’vcb, †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i AeMwZ
I Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvjKgÛjx weMZ Avw_©K eQ‡ii hveZxq Kvh©Kjvc I AwR©Z djvdj
m¤ú‡K© †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb K‡i Zv‡K evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| Giƒc cÖwZ‡e`b †Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K
mvaviY mfvq Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖYqb Kiv nq weavq G‡K evwl©K mvaviY mfvi cÖwZ‡e`b wn‡m‡eI
AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
102. cwiPvjKgÛjxi cÖwZ‡e`b (Directors Report) t †Kv¤úvwbi wewfbœ Kvh©Kjvc m¤ú‡K©
†kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i AewnZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiPvjKMY †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb K‡ib, Zv‡K
cwiPvjKgÛjxi cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| Giƒc cÖwZ‡e`b hLb-ZLb cÖYqb Kiv nq bv| KviY
†kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i‡K we‡kl †Kvb Dcj¶ Qvov GK‡Î cvIqv hvq bv| mvaviYZ evwl©K mfvq
†kqvi‡nvìviMY GKwÎZ n‡q _v‡Kb| G mfvq Zv‡`i AeMwZ I Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvjKgÛjxi
cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡g cwiPvjKgÛjx †Kv¤úvwbi weMZ Avw_©K eQ‡ii mvgwMÖK
Kvh©vewji GKwU wbi‡c¶ wPÎ Zz‡j a‡ib| GRb¨ cwiPvjKgÛjxi cÖwZ‡e`b‡K evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b
bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| cwiPvjKgÛjxi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g ‡kqvi‡nvìviMY †Kv¤úvwbi ev¯Íe
Ae¯’v, Kvh©Kjvc I fwel¨r KiYxq welq m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
wewfbœ wel‡q Zv‡`i mywPwšÍZ gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZI MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨
evwl©K mvaviY mfvi †bvwU‡mi mv‡_ †Kv¤úvwbi mvwe©K Ae¯’v I fwel¨r m¤¢vebvi GKwU ev¯ÍewPÎ
cÖwZ‡e`b AvKv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq| AZGe ejv hvq, †Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K
mvaviY mfvq Dc¯’vcb Z_v †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i AeMwZ I Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwbi mvgwMÖK wPÎ
Zz‡j a‡i cwiPvjKMY weMZ Avw_©K eQ‡ii Kvh©Kjv‡ci Dci †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb K‡ib, Zv‡K
cwiPvjKgÛjxi cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j|

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103. wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b (Auditor's Report) t †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx ‡Kv¤úvwbi jvf
†jvKmvb wnmve I DØ©ZcÎ mb`cÖvß wbix¶K Øviv wbix¶v Kiv‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î wbix¶‡Ki KvR nj
†Kv¤úvwbi jvf-¶wZ wnmve I DØ„ËcÎ wVK Av‡Q wKbv Zv cix¶v K‡i †`Lv| Giƒc cix¶v-
wbix¶vi ci wbix¶K †Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K mvaviY mfvq †kqvi †nvìvi‡`i wbKU †ck Kivi Rb¨
GKwU weeiYx cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib| wbix¶K KZ©„K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv G weeiYx‡K wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b bv‡g
AwfwnZ Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨ †h, 1972 mv‡ji PvU©vW© GKvD›U¨v›Um Aa¨v‡`k Abyhvqx GKRb
wbix¶K‡K Aek¨B PvUvW© GKvD›U¨v›U n‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov †Kvb Askx`vix e¨emv‡qi Askx`viMY
mK‡jB hw` PvU©vW© GKvD›U¨v›U nb Ges Zviv hw` †ckv`vi wbix¶K wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k Kg©iZ
_v‡Kb Z‡e H Askx`vix cÖwZôvbI wbix¶K wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AZGe ejv hvq, PvU©vW© GKvD›U¨v›Um Aa¨v‡`k Abyhvqx mb` cÖvß GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³ wbix¶K
wn‡m‡e †Kvb wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi jvf-‡jvKmvb wnmve I DØZ©cÎ cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i D³
†Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K mvaviY mfvq †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i wbKU †ck Kivi Rb¨ ‡h weeiYx ‰Zwi K‡ib
Zv‡K wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b ejv nq|
104. evRvi cÖwZ‡e`b (Market Report) t †Kvb c‡Y¨i e¨emvwqK †jb‡`‡bi Dci †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb
Kiv nq Zv‡K evRvi cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| GwU wbw`©ó ev wbe©vwPZ †Kvb evRvi GjvKvq msNwUZ †jb‡`b
m¤úwK©Z Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖYqb Kiv nq| evRvi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU mgq‡K
we‡ePbvq Avbv nq| A_©vr †Kvb cY¨ evRv‡ii wbw`©ó mg‡qi µq, weµq, Pvwn`v, mieivn, g~j¨¯Íi
evRvi cÖeYZv, g~j¨ m~PK BZ¨vw` Z‡_¨i mvnv‡h¨ evRvi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq|
105. mwPe (Secretary) t B‡iwR 'Secret' kã n‡Z Secretary k‡ãi D™¢e n‡q‡Q e‡j A‡b‡Ki
aviYv| 'Secret' kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© nj †Mvcb ev †Mvcbxq| G A‡_© Secretary kãwU Øviv
Ggb GKRb e¨w³‡K †evSvq whwb †Kvb e¨w³ we‡kl, msMVb ev ms¯’vi †Mvcbxq Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b
K‡i _v‡Kb| Avevi A‡b‡Ki g‡Z Secretary kãwU j¨vwUb Secretarious kã n‡Z D™¢e n‡q‡Q|
j¨vwUb kã Secretarious Gi A_© nj Keeper of Secrets hvi evsjv Abyev` nj †Mvcbxq
welqvw`i msi¶K| A_©vr †h e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³, msMVb ev ms¯’vi †Mvcbxq KvMRcÎ cÖYqb I
hveZxq †Mvcbxq Kvh©vw` Z`vi‡Ki `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Zv‡K mwPe e‡j|
Kv‡RB, mwPe Ggb GKRb e¨w³‡K ‡evSvq whwb GKRb †eZb‡fvMx Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³,
msMVb ev ms¯’vi †Mvcbxq KvMRcÎ cÖYqb I mKj cÖKvi †Mvcb Kvh©vewj †`Lvïbvi `vwq‡Z¡
wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb| Aek¨ eZ©gv‡b mwP‡ei Kvh©vewj †KejgvÎ †Mvcbxq welqvw`i g‡a¨ mxgve× bq|
Zvi Kv‡h©i cwiwa AviI e¨vcK n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb Kv‡j mwPe mfvi †bvwUm cÖ`vb, Kvh©weeiYx cÖYqb,
`wjjcÎ msi¶Y, wPwVcÎ Av`vb-cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` QvovI cÖwZôv‡bi e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvi mv‡_
m¤ú„³ bvbvwea Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| Ggb wK †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î mwPe‡K Zvi wb‡qvMKZ©vi
Dc‡`óvi f~wgKvI cvjb Ki‡Z ‡`Lv hvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, mwPe nj GKRb †eZb‡fvMx Kg©Pvix whwb Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³, msMVb ev ms¯’vi
mwPexq, cÖkvmwbK I civgk©g~jK Kvh©vewj AZ¨šÍ wek¦¯ÍZv I †hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb|
106. GKvšÍ mwPe (Private Secretary) t †Kvb †jv‡Ki e¨w³MZ Kv‡R mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ †h mwPe
wb‡qvM Kiv nq, Zv‡K GKvšÍ mwPe ev Private Secretary e‡j| mgv‡R Ggb A‡bK †jvK i‡q‡Q
hviv wb‡R‡`i m¤úv`¨ KvR¸‡jv Kg©e¨¯ÍZvi Rb¨ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| G †kªYxi †jvKRb
Zv‡`i Kg©fvi jvN‡ei Rb¨ GKvšÍ mwPe wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb| e¨emvqxK, mvgvwRK, wKsev
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ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î cÖwZwôZ e¨w³eM© †hgb - Wv³vi, DwKj, MvqK-MvwqKv, AvBbRxex, e¨emvqx,
ivR‰bwZK †bZv, gš¿x cÖf„wZ †jvKRb GKvšÍ mwPe wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb|
GKvšÍ mwPe GKRb †eZb‡fvMx Kg©Pvix/Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM cÖvß nb| Zv‡K Zvi wb‡qvMKZ©vi
ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj †`Lvïbv Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ Zv‡K wb‡qvMKZ©vi c‡¶ wPwVcÎ MÖnY I †cÖiY,
Af¨_©bvKvixi `vwqZ¡ cvjb, wb‡qvMKZ©vi Rb¨ fvlY ˆZwi, †Uwj‡dvb Kj MÖnY, mfvi †bvwUm I
Av‡jvP¨m~wP cÖYqb, Kvh©weeiYx wjwce×KiY, wb‡qvMKZ©vi ˆ`bw›`b Kg©m~wPi ZvwjKv cÖYqb I
h_vmg‡q wb‡qvMKZ©v‡K Zv AewnZKiY, BZ¨vw` Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq|
GKvšÍ mwPe Ggb GKRb e¨w³ whwb Zvi wb‡qvMKZ©vi e¨w³MZ Kvh©vewj †`Lvïbv K‡i _v‡Kb|
GRb¨ GKvšÍ mwPe‡K we‡kl ¸‡Yi AwaKvix n‡Z nq|
107. †Kv¤úvwb mwPe (Company Secretary) t mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq †h, †eZb‡fvMx Kg©KZ©v
†Kv¤úvwbi mwPexq Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K †Kv¤úvwb mwPe e‡j| Giƒc mwPe cwiPvjKgÛjxi
ZË¡eav‡b †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbvq mnvqZv K‡i _v‡Kb| wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi GKRb
mve©¶wYK Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e wPwV cÎ Av`vb-cÖ`vb, ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `wjjcÎ cÖYqb I msi¶Y, mfv AvnŸvb,
mfvi Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©viY, Kvh© weeiYx wjwce×KiY BZ¨vw` Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| ZvQvov
wZwb cwiPvjKgÛjx‡K hveZxq cÖkvmwbK Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mn‡hvwMZv I civgk© `vb K‡i _v‡Kb|
†gvU K_v, †Kv¤úvwb mwPe nj Ggb GKRb D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v whwb †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi AvIZvq
wbhy³ n‡q GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi `ßi msµvšÍ I mwPexq Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv
m¤úbœ †h e¨w³ G AvB‡bi Aax‡b wbhy³ n‡q mwPexq Kvh©vewj I Ab¨vb¨ Dc‡`óvg~jK ev cÖkvmwbK
KZ©e¨mg~n cvjb Ki‡Z m¶g Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb mwPe e‡j|
G msÁvq PviwU wel‡q ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q -
(K) †Kv¤úvwb mwPe n‡e GKRb e¨w³, †Kvb dvg© ev ms¯’v bq|
(L) Giƒc mwPe‡K wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zvi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e|
(M) G AvB‡bi AvIZvq Awc©Z `vwqZ¡mg~n mwPe‡K cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
(N) mwP‡ei Kvh©vewj n‡e mwPexq Ges Dc‡`óvg~jK ev cÖkvmb msµvšÍ, e¨e¯’vcbv msµvšÍ bq|
evsjv‡`k envj 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b mwP‡ei GKwU msÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q| G AvB‡bi 2(1)
avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi Aax‡b mwP‡ei KZ©e¨ I Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vnx ev cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡
cvjbv‡_© wbhy³ Ges wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ †Kvb GKK e¨w³B n‡”Qb †Kv¤úvwb mwPeÓ|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †Kv¤úvwb mwPe n‡”Q wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ GKRb †eZb‡fvMx Kg©KZ©v| whwb
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi Aax‡b wbhy³ n‡q †hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi mwPexq `vwqZ¡mg~n cvjb K‡ib Ges
Ab¨vb¨ Dc‡`óvg~jK I cÖkvmwbK Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡ib|
108. †Kv¤úvwb mfv (Company Meeting) t mvaviY A‡_© ejv hvq, †Kvb wel‡q cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ `y&B ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i m‡¤§jb‡K mfv e‡jb| Giƒc mfvq
Dcw¯’Z m`m¨MY mswkøó cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Kvh©avivi wewfbœ wel‡q AvBbvbyM ev cÖPwjZ cÖ_v
gvwdK wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡ÎI wewfbœ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
Avek¨KZv i‡q‡Q| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bI G e¨vcv‡i mywbw`©ó weavb i‡q‡Q| ZvB †`Lv hvq, †Kv¤úvwbi
†kqvi‡nvìvi, cwiPvjKgÛjx, cvIbv`vi cÖf„wZ c¶ †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx wewfbœ mg‡q
mfvq wgwjZ nq| Giƒc mfvq †Kv¤úvwbi e¨emvq msµvšÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|

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109. wewae× mfv (Statutory Meeting) t †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÎ
cÖvwßi ZvwiL n‡Z GK gvm ci Ges m‡e©v”P Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwbi MVb cÖwµqv Ges Gi
cieZ©x Kvh©µg m¤^‡Ü mvaviY †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i AewnZKiY I Zv‡`i gZvgZ MÖn‡Yi AwfcÖv‡q
eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e †h mfv AvnŸvb I Abyôvb Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K wewae× mfv e‡j| D‡jøL¨ †h,
†KejgvÎ cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvwb‡K wewae× mfv Abyôvb Ki‡Z nq|
110. ewl©K mvaviY mfv (Annual General Meeting) t cÖ‡Z¨K Avw_©K eQ‡ii †k‡l †Kv¤úvwbi
mvaviY m`m¨‡`i wb‡q †h mfv Abyôvb Kiv nq Zv‡K evwl©K mvaviY mfv e‡j| Giƒc mfvq
Dcw¯’Z m`m¨MY †Kv¤úvwbi AMÖMwZ ch©v‡jvPbv I fwel¨‡Z Kvh©µ‡gi e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i|
evwl©K mvaviY mfv m¤úwK©Z †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb¸‡jv nj t
K) †Kv¤úvwbi wbe܇bi 18 gv‡mi g‡a¨ cÖ_g evwl©K mvaviY mfv Abyôvb Ki‡Z nq|
L) cÖ‡Z¨K Avw_©K eQ‡ii †k‡l evwl©K mfv AbywôZ n‡Z nq| Z‡e c~e©vci `y'wU mfvi ga¨eZ©x
weiwZ 15 gv‡mi †ewk n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
M) Giƒc mfvq †Kv¤úvwbi weMZ Avw_©K eQ‡ii Avq-e¨‡qi weeiYx m¤^wjZ cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡Z nq|
N) mfv Abyôv‡bi Kgc‡¶ 14 w`b c~‡e© †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i D‡Ï‡k †bvwUk cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
O) AvB‡b DwjøwLZ mg‡q evwl©K mvaviY mfv AbywôZ bv n‡j †h †Kvb †kqvi‡nvìv‡ii
Av‡e`bµ‡g Av`vjZ Giƒc mfv Abyôv‡bi wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i A_ev Av`vjZ wbR D‡`¨v‡M mfv
Abyôvb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
P) h_vmg‡q †Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K mvaviY mfv Abyôvb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j †Kv¤úvwb wb‡R Ges
†Kv¤úvwbi cÖ‡Z¨K cwiPvjK †`vlx n‡q _v‡Kb Ges Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K me©vwaK 500.00 UvKv
ch©šÍ Rwigvbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i|
111. Riywi mvaviY mfv/AwZwi³ mvaviY mfv (Extra-ordinary General Meeting) t wewae× mfv
I evwl©K mvaviY mfv e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY mfv‡K Riywi mvaviY mfv ev AwZwi³ mvaviY mfv
wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi evwl©K mvaviY mfv Avnev‡bi c~‡e© †Kvb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wel‡q
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Avek¨KZv †`Lv w`‡j AwZwi³ mvaviY mfv AvnŸvb Kiv nq| Giƒc mfv Abyôvb
m¤úwK©Z †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb¸‡jv nj t
K) we‡kl ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †Kvb wel‡q †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i gZvgZ †bqvi Rb¨ AwZwi³ mvaviY mfv AvnŸvb
Kiv nq|
L) Giƒc mfv †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK A_ev †kqvi‡nvìviMY AvnŸvb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
M) †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i c‡¶ Kgc‡¶ 1/10†kqvi g~ja‡bi AwaKvix †kqvi‡nvìviMY GKwÎZ n‡q
Giƒc mfv Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvjKgÛjxi wbKU wiKzBwR‡kb w`‡Z cv‡i|
N) Giƒc wiKzBwR‡kb ‡`qvi 21 w`‡bi g‡a¨ cwiPvjKgÛjx‡K mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z nq|
O) hw` cwiPvjKgÛjx D³ mg‡qi g‡a¨ mfv Abyôv‡b e¨_© nq, Z‡e †kqvi‡nvìviMY D³
wiKzBwR‡kb †`qvi wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡`i D‡`¨v‡M AwZwi³ mvaviY mfv Abyôvb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

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112. weÁwß (Notice) t †Kvb we‡kl mfv Abyôvb m¤ú‡K© †h wee„wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K weÁwß ev
†bvwUm e‡j| GwU mswkøó m`m¨‡`i mfvq Dcw¯’Z nIqvi GKwU AvnŸvb we‡kl| Gi gva¨‡g mfv
Abyôv‡bi ZvwiL mgq, ¯’vb I Av‡jvP¨m~wP m`m¨‡`i‡K Rvwb‡q †`qv nq| weÁwß ev ‡bvwUm †gŠwLK
wKsev wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e AvB‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wjwLZ weÁwßi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv ‡ewk| weÁwß
cÖwZôv‡bi c¶ †_‡K h‡_vchy³ e¨w³ KZ©„K cÖPvi Kiv nq| weÁwß Aek¨B mfv Abyôv‡bi
AvBbm½Z ev h_vh_ mg‡qi c~‡e© m`m¨‡`i wbKU †cuŠQv‡Z nq|
113. Av‡jvP¨m~wP (Agenda) t mfv ev Awa‡ek‡b †h mg¯Í welqvw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zvi ZvwjKv
ev m~wP‡K Av‡jvP¨m~wP e‡j| Av‡jvP¨m~wPi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã nj Agenda| Gi evsjv AvwfavwbK A_©
nj - hv Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr mfv ev Awa‡ek‡b †h mg¯Í welqvw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| mfv
m¤úwK©Z mvaviY wbqg n‡jv mfv Abyôv‡bi c~‡e© m`m¨‡`i‡K Av‡jvwPZe¨ welqvw` †bvwU‡mi gva¨‡g
ÁvZ Kiv‡bv| G‡Z m`m¨MY mfv ev Awa‡ek‡b †hvM`v‡bi c~‡e© Av‡jvP¨ welqvw` m¤ú‡K© aviYv
jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †m Abyhvqx Awa‡ek‡b e³e¨ ivL‡Z cv‡i| Av‡jvP¨m~wP e¯‘Z Kx Kx wel‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e Zvi GKwU wjwLZ weeiYx| G‡Z wbe©vwPZ welqvw` ¸iy‡Z¡i wfwˇZ µwgK b¤^i
Abyhvqx wjwce× Kiv nq|
AZGe ejv hvq, fwel¨r †Kvb wbw`©ó w`‡b AbywôZe¨ mfvq †h mg¯Í welqvw` Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e
†m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© mswkøó m`m¨‡`i‡K Av‡M fv‡M AewnZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ †h wjwLZ ZvwjKv ev m~wP
cÖYqb Kiv nq Zv‡KB Av‡jvP¨m~wP e‡j|
114. Kvh©weeiYx (Minutes) t mfv ev Awa‡ek‡b M„nxZ cÖ¯Íve I wm×všÍ mg~‡ni wjwLZ weeiYx‡K
Kvh©weeiYx e‡j| A_©vr Kvh©weeiYx nj mfvq Dcw¯’Z m`m¨‡`i cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g M„nxZ cÖ¯Íve I wm×všÍmg~‡ni msw¶ß A_P c~Y©v½ weeiYx| mfvq M„nxZ cÖ¯Íve I wm×všÍ¸‡jv
hv‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi fwel¨r cÖ‡qvR‡b m~Î wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq, †m D‡Ï‡k¨ Kvh©weeiYx ˆZwi Kiv
nq| G‡Z M„nxZ cÖ¯Íve I wm×všÍ ¸‡jvi cÖ¯ÍveK Ges mg_©‡Ki bvgI D‡jøL †h, †h †Kvb mfvi
Kvh©weeiYx cieZ©x mfvq Dcw¯’Z m`m¨MY KZ©„K Aby‡gv`b Kwi‡q wb‡Z nq|
115. wbhy³ cÖwZwbwa (Proxy) t †Kvb †kqvi‡nvìvi †Kv¤úvwbi mvaviY mfvq Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z bv cvi‡j
wZwb Zvi c¶ n‡q mfvq †fvU †`qvi Rb¨ Ab¨ GKRb †kqvi‡nvìvi‡K wbhy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Gfv‡e ‡fvU †`qvi Rb¨ †h cÖwZwbwa wbhy³ Kiv nq Zv‡K wbhy³ cÖwZwbwa e‡j| †Kvb †kqvi‡nvìvi
cÖwZwbwa wbhy³ Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvewji weavb Abymv‡i Zv Ki‡Z nq|
cÖwZwbwa wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wbw`©ó dig c~iY Ki‡Z nq| di‡g wbhy³ cÖwZwbwai bvg, wVKvbv I Ab¨vb¨
Z_¨vewj wj‡L wb‡qvMKvix‡K ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z nq| Aek¨ wb‡qvMKZ©v †Kvb e¨w³ bv n‡q †Kvb
K‡c©v‡ikb ev ms¯’v n‡j †m †¶‡Î wb‡qvM c‡Î ms¯’vi mxj‡gvni AsKb Ki‡Z nq| AZtci
cÖwZwbwa digwU mfv Avi¤¢ nIqvi 72 N›Uv c~‡e© †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Kvh©vj‡q Rgv w`‡Z nq|
cÖwZwbwa dig Rgv †`qvi ci mwPe wb‡qvMKvix I di‡g DwjøwLZ cÖwZwbwai bvg wba©vwiZ
‡iwR÷v‡i wjwce× K‡ib| Gfv‡e wbhy³ cÖwZwbwa mfvq †fvU`v‡bi AvBbvbyM AwaKvix nq|
116. mfvq †Kvivg/MYc~wZ© msL¨v (Quorum of a Meeting) t Bs‡iwR 'Quorum' kãwUi evsjv
cÖwZkã n‡j MYc~wZ© msL¨v| Gi Øviv Giƒc GKwU msL¨v‡K †evSv‡bv nq, †h wbgœZg msL¨K
m`‡m¨i Dcw¯’wZ e¨ZxZ †Kvb mfvi Kvh©µg‡K AvBbwm× Kiv hvq bv| KviY msL¨v jNy m`m¨‡`i
Øviv M„nxZ wm×všÍ Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ KZKRb m`‡m¨i
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z M„nxZ wm×všÍ mKj m`‡m¨i wbKU MÖnYxq n‡e, Zv mywbw`©ó nIqv Avek¨K| Avi GRb¨B

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wewfbœ ms¯’vi Dcwewa, MVbZš¿ ev †Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡Î cwi‡gj wbqgvewj‡Z †Kvivg MV‡bi wbqgKvbyb
D‡jøL Kiv _v‡K|
†h †Kvb msMVb ev ms¯’vi mfv ïiy Kivi cÖ_g KvR nj mfvq †Kvivg msL¨K m`m¨ Dcw¯’Z Av‡Q
wKbv Zv †`Lv| GB msL¨v hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Dcw¯’Z m`m¨‡`i gv_v MYbv wKsev nvwRiv LvZv cix¶v
Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨ †h, †Kvivg MwVZ bv n‡j mfv cwiPvjbv AvBbvbyM nq bv| GRb¨ mfv Avi‡¤¢i
mgq †Kvivg msL¨K m`m¨ Dcw¯’Z bv _vK‡j mfvcwZ AwZwi³ wKQz mgq gÄyi K‡ib| G AwZwi³
mg‡qI hw` †Kvivg MwVZ bv nq Z‡e mfvcwZ mfv g~jZex K‡ib Ges cieZ©x mfvi ZvwiL, mgq
I ¯’vb m`m¨‡`i‡K Rvwb‡q ‡`b| g~jZex mfv‡Z †Kvivg MwVZ bv n‡jI mfv cwiPvjbvq AvBbMZ
†Kvb evav _v‡K bv|
117. cÖ¯ÍveK (Motion) t Bs‡iwR 'Motion' kãwUi evsjv cÖwZkã nj cÖ¯Íve| mvaviY A‡_© cÖ¯Íve nj
mfvq we‡ePbvi Rb¨ †ck Kiv ‡Kvb e³e¨| B.N. Tandon cÖ¯Ív‡ei msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, "A
motion is a popostion or proposal subject to any amendment formally submitted
to the meeting for its consideration." A_©vr cÖ¯Íve nj ms‡kvabx Avbq‡bi j‡¶¨ mfvq
we‡ePbvi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ wee„wZ| cÖ¯Íve AvBbm½Zfv‡e DÌvcb Ki‡Z nq|
¸iyZ¡c~Y© †Kvb wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi †¶‡Î cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb Kiv nq| Giƒc cÖ¯Íve DÌvc‡bi ci
Zv Ab¨ †Kvb m`m¨ Øviv mgw_©Z n‡Z nq| Aek¨ mfvcwZ KZ©„K DÌvwcZ cÖ¯Ív‡ei †ejvq mg_©‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
cwi‡gj wbqgvewji weavb †gvZv‡eK cÖ¯Íve DÌvc‡bi Rb¨ Av‡Mfv‡M †bvwUm w`‡Z nq; hv‡Z D³
cÖ¯Íve‡K Av‡jvP¨m~wPi AšÍf~©³ Kiv hvq| Z‡e †Kvb cÖ¯Ív‡ei †¶‡Î c~e©v‡ý †bvwU‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
†hgb-†kvK cÖ¯Íve, mfvcwZ wbe©vP‡bi cÖ¯Íve, mfv g~jZex ivLvi cÖ¯Íve BZ¨vw`|
118. ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íve (Amendment) t g~j cÖ¯Ív‡ei Dci Av‡jvPbv PjvKv‡j wKsev †fvU ‡`qvi Av‡M
Gi †Kvb iƒc cwieZ©b Kivi cÖ¯Íve AvwbZ n‡j Zv‡K ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íve ev Amendment e‡j|
B.N. Tandon Gi g‡Z 'A Proposal by a member to make an alterationin the motion
before it is passed is called an amendment". A_©vr mfvq cvk nIqvi c~‡e© †Kvb m`m¨
KZ©„K †gvkb -G cwieZ©b Avbvi Rb¨ †h cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq Zv‡K ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íve e‡j| mfvq Dcw¯’Z
†Kvb m`‡m¨i cÖ¯Íve Abymv‡i G ms‡kvab n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e g~j cÖ¯Ív‡ei Dci Av‡jvPbvq Ask MÖnY
K‡i bvB Ggb †Kvb m`m¨ KZ©„K ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íev DÌvwcZ n‡Z nq| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, AvbyôvwbK
cÖ¯Ív‡ei Dci †Kvb ms‡kvabx Avbv hvq bv| wewfbœ Dcv‡q ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íve Avbv hvq| wb‡gœ G¸‡jv
D‡jøL Kiv nj t
K) g~j cÖ¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ †Kvb kã ev kã mgwó †hvM K‡i|
L) g~j cÖ¯Íve †_‡K †Kvb kã ev kã mgwó ev` w`‡q|
M) g~j cÖ¯Íve †_‡K †Kvb kã ev` w`‡q †mLv‡b bZzb kã †hvM K‡i|
N) g~j cÖ¯Ív‡ei †Kvb k‡ãi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i|
119. mfvq wm×všÍmg~n (Resolutions of Meeting) t †Kv¤úvwbi mfvq †Kvb cÖ¯Íve Dcw¯’Z m`m¨‡`i
me© m¤§wZµ‡g ev msL¨vwa‡K¨i †fv‡U M„nxZ n‡j Zv‡K wm×všÍ e‡j| B.N. Tandon -Gi g‡Z, "A
resolution is a motion or a proposition with or without any amendment which has
been adopted at a meeting" A_©vr wm×všÍ nj GK ai‡bi wee„wZ hv cwieZ©b mnKv‡i ev
cwieZ©b QvovB mfvq M„nxZ n‡q _v‡K| mfvq AvBbm½Z cš’vq cÖ¯Íve DÌvwcZ I mgw_©Z nIqvi

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ci mfvcwZ Zv Av‡jvPbvq †`b| Dcw¯’Z m`m¨MY D³ cÖ¯Ív‡ei LuywUbvwU wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi ci

HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQv‡Z bv cvi‡j mfvcwZi wm×všÍµ‡g Zv †fv‡U †`qv nq| cÖ¯Ív‡ei c‡¶ †ewk †fvU
co‡j Zv M„nxZ nq| Gfv‡e M„nxZ cÖ¯Íve‡K wm×všÍ e‡j|
wm×v‡šÍi †kªYxwefvM (Classification of Resolution) t evsjv‡`‡k envj 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb
AvBb Abyhvqx †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i mfvi wm×všÍmg~n‡K wZb fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v -
K) mvaviY wm×všÍ
L) we‡kl wm×všÍ
M) Riywi wm×všÍ|

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evwYwR¨K kã ms‡¶c (Commercial Abbreviations)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

wewfbœ iKg evwYwR¨K kã ms‡¶‡ci cyivcywi iƒc ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
evwYwR¨K kã ms‡¶c t
Abbreviated Form Full Form (meaning)
A. An no (in the year)
@ at: at the rate of
abbr. abbreviation
A/C Account Current.
acct. accountant
actg accounting
A.C.A. Associate of the Chartered Accountant.
A.C.R. Annual Confidential Report.
A.D. Anno Domini (in the year of our lord)
A/d After date; ante diem (before the day)
ADB. Asian Development Bank.
Ad. Val. A/V Ad Valorem (in proportion to the value)
Ad. Advt. Advertisement.
Admn. Administration.
AFP Agency of France Press.
AFTA Asian Free Trade Agreement.
A/G Accountant General.
Agt. Agent.
A-level Advanced level (examination)
Amt. Amount.
A.M. Ante meridiem (before noon)
App. Appendix.
Approx. Approximate. approximately
AP Associated Press.
APA Associated Press of America.
API Associated Press of India.
APP Associated Press of Pakistan.
A/S Account Sale.
ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations.
Av. Average.
BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation.
BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute.
BARC Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council.
BARD Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development.
B.B.A. Bachelor of Business Administration.
B.B.C. British Brodcasting Corporation.
B.C. Before Christ.
BCIC Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation.
BCS Bangladesh Civil Service.
BCSIR Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.

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BCI Bangladesh Chamber or Industries.

Bal. Balance.
B.D. Bank Draft.
B/d Brough down (in account books).
BDR Bangladesh Rifle.
B.E. Bill of Exchange; Bachelor of Engineering.
B. Ed. Bachelor of Education.
BEPZA Bangladesh Exportes Processing Zonal Authority.
B/f Brought forward (in account books)
BGP Bangladesh Govt. Press.
BGMEA Bangladesh Gornents Manufacteerers and Exporters Association.
BIIM Bangladesh Onstitute of Management.
BIDS Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.
BIBM Bangladesh Institute of Bank Management.
BIIS Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies.
BIM Bangladesh Institute of Management.
BIMSTEC Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Srilanka and Thailand Economic
Cooperation
BIRDEM Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetic
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder.
BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority.
BJMC Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation.
BL. Bill of Lading.
BMRE Balancing. Modernization. Replacement and
Extension/Expansion.
BOI Board of Investment.
BP. Bills Payable
BR. Bills Receivable
BS. Balance Sheet.
BSS. Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha.
BRTC Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation.
BSC Bangladesh Shipping Corporation.
BSCIC Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industires Corporation
BSFIC Bangladesh Sugar & Food Industries Corporation
BUET Bangladesh Univesity of Engineering and Technology.
BTMC Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation.
BTV Bangladesh Television.
BHBFC Bangladesh House Building Finance Corporation.
BSTI Bangladesh Student and Testeng Institution.
BTMA Bangladesh Textile Mills Association.
CA Chartered Accountant, Commercial Agent.
C/A Current Account, Capital Account.
CARE Coopertion for American Relief Everywhere.
CB Cash Book
CAT Computer Adaptive Test.
CBA Collective Bargaining Agent.
C/d Carried down.
CD-ROM Compact Disk-Read Only Memory.
C.,cet.,Cent. Centurm (a hundred)
C/c. Carbon Copy.

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CIA Central Intelligence Agency.

C/f. Carried forward.
C.I.F&C Cost. Insurance, Freight and Commission.
C.f.&i Cost freight and Insurance.
Cg. Centigram.
CEC Chief Election Commisioner.
CEO Chief Executive Officer.
CCCI Chittagong Chamber of Commer and Industry.
CIP Commercial Imporant Pesson.
cf. Confer (compare from).
CID Criminal Investigation Department.
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency.
CIRDAP Centre for Integrated Rural Development for Asia and Pasific.
cm Centimetre.
Co. Company.
C/o Care of.
C.o.d. Cash on delivery.
CPU Central Processing Unit.
Cr.P.C Criminal Procedure Code.
Cr. Credit, Creditor (in account books)
CNN Cable News Network.
d. Dele (to delete word).
D.A. Daily Allowance, Dearness Allowance.
D/D Demand Draft.
Deb. Debenture.
D.C. Deputy Commissioner.
DDT Dichloro-dephenyl-triehloroethane (an insecticide).
Deptt. Department.
Dis Discount.
D.O. Delivery Order, Demi-Official.
D/P Documents against Payment
Dr. Debtor, Doctor, Driver
D.G. Director Gereral
D.I.G. Deputy Inspector General.
d.s.p. decessit sine prole (died without issue)
D.S.P. Deputy Superintendent of Police.
Doz. Dozen.
D.V. Deo Volente (if God wills).
d.v.p. Decessit vita patris (died in his father's life time)
DCCI Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
DFI Development Financeing Institution.
e. com. electronic commerce.
Ecg. Electrocardiogram
ed. Edition.
Edn. Education.
EEC. European Free Trade Association Area.
EC-NCID Executive Committee of the National Councel for Industrial
Development.
e.g. exampli gratia (for example)
e. mail electronic mail.

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ENA. Estern News Agency.

Enc. Enclosure.
Ency, Encyc. Encyclopaedia (a book giving information on every subject)
E & O.E. Errors and Omissions Excepted.
Esq. Esquire (courtesy title meaning Mr.)
et. al. et alii (and others)
etc. et cetera or et ceteri (and so forth)
et seq. et sequentes (and the following)
EPB Export Promotion Bureau.
EPZ Export Processing Zone.
ESCAP. Economic and Social Commision for Asia and the Pacific.
ETS. Education Testing Service.
ex. example examined, executive, export, exclusive.
exc. except, excellent.
Ex. Div. Exclusive Dividend.
Exch. Exchange.
F. a. a. Free of all average.
FAO. Food & Agreecultural Organisation.
F.a.s. Free alongside ship.
FBCCI Fodgation of Bangladesh Chamber of Commerce and Insdustry.
FDI Foreign Direct Inlleygment.
F.C.P.S. Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons.
FDC. Film Development Corporation.
FEMA Fair Election Monitoring Alliance.
ff. fol. folios, and the following ones.
FIFO First in First Out (Accounting)
fig. (s) figure (s).
fl. oz. fluid ounce.
f.o.b. free on board.
f.o.r. free on rail.
FRCP. Fellow of the Royal College of Phsicians.
FRCS. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.
frt. freight.
ft. foot.
Fwd. Forward.
G.a. General average.
GATT. General Agreement on Tarins and Trade.
GPO General Post Office
GMT Greenwich Mean Time.
GMAT. Graduate Management Admission Test.
GNP. Gross National Product.
GP. General Practiner (Medical Doctor), Goverment Pleader.
Govt. Goverment.
GRE. Graduate Record Examination.
gr. wt. gross weight.
gym. gymnasium.
hf. half.
hi-fi high tidelity.
hp. horse power.
hr. hour.

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Hons Honours.
H.O. Head Office.
H.Q. Head Quarter.
hwy highway.
ib. ibid ibidem (in the same place)
I.B.A. Institute of Business Administration.
IBAIS. Institute of Business Administration & Information System.
IBS. Institute of Studies.
i/c. in charge of.
I.C.B. Investment Corporation of Bangladesh.
ICC. International Cricket Committee.
ICMA. Institute of Cost & Managemetn Accountants.
id. idem (the same)
I D A. International Development Association.
IDLCB. International Development Leasing Company of Bangladesh.
i.e. id est (that is).
I F C. International Finance Corporation.
i. h. p. indicated horse power.
I.G. Inspector General (of police. etc.)
ill. illustrated, illustration.
I.L.O. International Labour Organisation.
IMF. International Monetary Fund.
in. inch.
inc. incorporated.
inde. indefinite.
incl. including.
init. initio (in the beginning)
inst. institution. instant.
int. interest.
Inv. Invoice.
I.O.U. I owe you.
IP. Internet Protocol.
IPA International Phonetic Alphabet.
IPDCB. Industrial Promotion and Development Company of Bangladesh.
IRRI. International Rice Research Institute.
IRDP. Integrated Rural Development Programme.
I Q. Intelligence Quotient.
i. q. idem quod (the same as).
IS. Island.
ISD. International Subscriber Dialling.
ISSB. Inter-Service Selection Board.
ital. italic. italicized.
I.T.O. Income Tax Officer. International Telecommunication
Organisation.
J/A Joint Acount.
Jn. June. Junction.
Jr. Junior.
Kc. Kilocycle.
Kilo. Kg Kilogramme.
Kg. Kindergarten (School)

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km. Kilometre.
kw. Kilowatt.
kwhr. kwh. kilowatt-hour.
L. Lake. Left. 50 (Roman numeral)
LAFTA. Latin American Free Trade Association.
lat. Latitude.
Ib. Libra (pound weight)
L.b.w. Leg before wicket (in cricket)
L C. Letter of Credit
l.c. lower case (in printing)
IPO Industrial Public Offering
ISO International Standard Organization.
MCCI Metropolitian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
MIS Management Information Service.
NASCIB National Association of Small and Cattage Industry Bangladesh.
NBR National Board of Revenue.
NCIB National Counceil for Industrial Development.
NFCD Non-Resident Foreign Currency Deposit.
NPO National Productivity Organization.
NRB Non-Resident Bangladeshi.
PAYE Pay As You Earng.
PSI Pre-Shipment.
R and D Research and Development.
SCI Small and Cattoge Industries.
SEC Security and Exchange Comission.
SME Small and Medium Industries.
SOE State ouoned Enterprise.
VAT Value Added Tax.

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-165

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1| wUKv wjLyb|
PjwZ wnmve, weµq weeiYx, Pzw³, evwl©K e„wË, wnmve wbix¶v, g~jZwe, ïévaxb cY¨vMvi,
†LmviZ, cY¨fvÛvi, gy`ªvùxwZ, cÖZ¨qcÎ, †jL¨ cÖv_wgK, Avg‡gv³vi bvgv, cÖw·, †KvlvMvi
wej, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv, wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM, †hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK©, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g, kvwãK
†hvMv‡hvM, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv, B‡jKUªwb· †hvMv‡hvM|

2| wb¤œwjwLZ Abbreviated Form ¸‡jvi Full Form wjLyb t

ADB, AFTA, APA, API, BADC, BARC, BCSIR, Bal, C.f.&i, cm, Cg,
Deptt., Dis, Doz, ed, e.g., ENA, Ency., FAO, FEMA, GMT, GRE, ICB,
inc., int., IRRI, LC, l.c., NCIB, SME, VAT.

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-166

 e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

bgybv cÖkœ
e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM
†Kvm© †KvW© t BBS-2502
mgq t 3 NÈv
c~Y©gvb t 80
(Wvb cv‡k¦©i msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK)
K-wefvM t iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
(†h †Kvb cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e)
12×5=60
1. e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav-Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
3. †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †KŠkjmg~n eY©bv Kiyb|
4. Avš—te¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM wK? Bnvi mgm¨vejx e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
5. mfv wK? Bnvi †kªYx web¨vm eY©bv Kiyb|
6. evwYwR¨K c‡Îi KvVv‡gv eY©bv Kiyb|
7. cÖwZ‡e`b wK? KvíwbK Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi mvaviY mfvi cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiyb|
8. MY †hvMv‡hvM wK? Bnvi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb|

L-wefvM t msw¶ß cÖkœ

(†h †Kvb 4wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e)
4×5=20
9. †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv wK?
10. mv¶vrKvi †kªYxweb¨vm eY©bv Kiyb|
11. wb¤œMvgx I DaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiyb|
12. mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM wK?
13. Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?
14. AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM wK?
15. †MÖcfvBb Gi KviY wK?
16. Z_¨g~jK I we‡kølYg~jK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiyb|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-167