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‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪد درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫رة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Define body temperature and discuss‬‬

‫‪the way it is measured.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 Introduction ‫ ﻳﻘﺎس‬.‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺾ‬
ً ‫ﺟﺰءا‬
ً ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
.‫ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ )ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ( أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬

• Temperature measurement is an important part of

the general examination of the patient. It is
measured by centigrade (Celsius) scale or
Fahrenheit scale. .‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬36.637.2 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﺗﺒﺎع ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬، ‫ أو ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎ‬C ‫ إﻟﻰ‬F ‫• ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬

• The normal range for body temperature is 36.6-

37.2C○.
• To change F to C or reverse you must follow
these equations.
Co = (Fo – 32) 5/9 ------------- Fo = 32 + 9/5 Co • 3
 ‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬، ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﻪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬

• Human being is able to maintain his central

temperature at a constant value, which is
independent of environmental temperature
• Human being has no fur on his skin, but
subcutaneous fat, which plays a similar role in
conserving heat.
• This constancy achieved by maintaining a
balance between the heat gained & lost.
.‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دو ًرا ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬً ﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬، ‫ ﺑﻞ دﻫﻮن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬، ‫• ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﺮو ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠﺪه‬
.‫• ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ واﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة‬

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5
 Temperature Balance
Balance between heat production and heat loss is
body temperature
‫• ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
٪2 ‫ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬-
• Heat production • Heat loss ٪97 ‫ اﻟﻌﺮق‬-
٪1 ‫ اﻹﻓﺮاز‬-

–Metabolism –Respiration 2%
–Hot environment –Perspiration 97%
–Food oxidation –Excretion 1%
‫إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
- ‫ اﻷﻳﺾ‬-
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎرة‬

–Muscles ‫أﻛﺴﺪة اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬-

‫ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬-

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The body tissues and cells function best within a
relatively narrow temperature range, from 36° C to
38° C (96.8° F to 100.4° F), but no single
temperature is normal for all people.
An acceptable temperature range for adults
depends on age, gender, range of physical activity,
and state of health.
‫ درﺟﺔ‬36 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬
ً ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ وﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎق درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺿﻴﻖ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ‬، (‫ درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬100.4 ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ إﻟﻰ‬96.8 ) ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬38 ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻄﺎق درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮل‬.‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة واﺣﺪة ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬
.‫ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ واﻟﺠﻨﺲ وﻣﺪى اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ واﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬

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 Temperature Regulation
- The human body temperature is regulated and
maintained within a narrow range by ''thermocenter''
in hypothalamus.
- When body temperature raises too high,
thermocenter in anterior hypothalamus is excited by
following mechanisms:
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎق ﺿﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل "ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺤﺮارة" ﻓﻲ‬-
.‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻬﺎد‬
، ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬-
:‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﺲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻬﺎد اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

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I- The mechanisms activated by heat
:‫اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮارة ﻫﻲ‬

are : :‫ زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺤﺮارة‬-‫أ‬

.‫ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬BV ‫ ﻳﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬-1
.( SNS ) ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺮق ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻮدي‬-2
.‫ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬-3

A- Increase heat loss:- :‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮارة‬-‫ب‬

.‫ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺔ‬-1
‫ اﻟﻼﻣﺒﺎﻻة واﻟﺠﻤﻮد‬-2

1- Skin BV dilate to transfer internal heat to skin.

2- Sweating through sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
3- Increases respiratory rate.
B- Decrease heat production:-
1- Anorexia.
2- Apathy and inertia
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II- The mechanisms activated by
cold are: ً

• A- Decrease heat loss:-

:‫ اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮودة ﻫﻲ‬-‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
:‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬-‫• أ‬
.‫ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﺪﻳﺔ‬-1 •
.‫ اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬- 2 •

• 1- Skin blood vessels constrict. :‫ زﻳﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮارة‬-‫• ب‬

.‫ اﻻرﺗﻌﺎش‬-1 •
.‫ اﻟﺠﻮع‬-2 •

• 2- Curling up. .( SNS ) ‫ زﻳﺎدة إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻨﻮرإﻳﺒﻨﻔﺮﻳﻦ واﻷﺑﻴﻨﻔﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬-3 •

• B- Increase heat production:-

• 1- Shivering.
• 2- Hunger.
• 3- Increase secretion of norepinephrine and
epinephrine through (SNS). 10
 ‫‪Physiological variation‬‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻨﺴﺎء أﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 1‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺒﻮﻳﺾ‬
‫‪1- Women temperature may be 1○C higher after‬‬ ‫)ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎرة ‪ 0.5‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫‪ovulation (hormonal).‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺒﺎردة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎء ‪0.5‬‬

‫‪2- People who lived in hot area 0.5 ○C more temp.‬‬

‫درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺒﺎح ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻹﺑﻂ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ 0.5‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫‪than those in cold area.‬‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺒﻠﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.5‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪3- Temp. at evening 0.5○C more than morning due‬‬

‫‪increase metabolism.‬‬
‫& ‪4- Temp. in axilla is lower 0.5○C while in rectal‬‬
‫‪tympanic more 0.5○C than oral.‬‬
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 Terms
• Febrile: body temperature above patient’s normal range
‫ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺾ‬:‫اﻟﺤﻤﻰ‬
– Fever : sign of inflammation or infection ‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ‬:‫ ﻓﺮط اﻟﺤﻤﻰ‬- ‫ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب أو ﻋﺪوى‬:‫ اﻟﺤﻤﻰ‬-
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

– Hyperpyrexia : extremely high temperature • Afebrile: :‫ • اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.
.‫ زﻳﺎدة درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬:‫• ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

• Afebrile: normal body temperature.

• Hypothermia: decrease body temp.
• Hyperthermia: increase body temp.

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Measurement of the Temperature
Tympanic • Measurements
Oral
– Degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
– Degrees Celsius (centigrade; °C)
Temperature
Routes

Rectal Axillary
Temporal

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Routes of temperature measurement
1- Mouth route: used in a conscious adult & in children
older than 5 years.
2- Axilla route: used in unconscious adult and children
< 5 year.
3- Rectal route: rarely taken represent core temperature.
4- Tympanic route: In the ear, also represent core
‫ﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
temperature. ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ اﻟﻮاﻋﻴﻦ وﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬:‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﻢ‬-1
.‫ ﺳﻨﻮات‬5 ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻟﻠﻮﻋﻲ واﻷﻃﻔﺎل أﻗﻞ‬:‫ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻹﺑﻄﻴﻦ‬-2
5- Interdigital, frontal & infrared. ً
.‫ ﺳﻨﻮات‬5 ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﻧﺎدرا ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬:‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬-3
ً ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻷذن‬:‫ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻄﺒﻠﺔ‬-4 .‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
.‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ واﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬-5
Routes of temperature measurements
Axillary Rectal Tympanic
 Routes of temperature measurements

Interdigital Infrared Oral Temporal

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Objective:
• To measurement the body temperature.

:‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬
.‫• ﻗﻴﺎس درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬

Materials and instruments: :‫اﻟﻤﻮاد واﻷدوات‬

.‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺣﺮارة ﻃﺒﻲ أو إﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ‬-1 •
.‫ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻄﻬﺮة‬-2 •
.‫ ﻗﻄﻦ‬-3 •

• 1- Medical or clinical thermometer. .‫ اﻟﺤﺎوﻳﺔ‬-4 •

• 2- Antiseptic substance.
• 3- Cotton.
• 4- Container.
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Procedure
1- Before inserting thermometer in the mouth, wash it by
antiseptic. .‫ اﻏﺴﻠﻪ ﺑﻤﻄﻬﺮ‬، ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻢ‬-1
.‫ اﻣﺴﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺻﺎﺑﻌﻚ ﺑﻘﻮة واﻧﻔﻀﻬﺎ‬-2
.‫ ﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬-3
2- Hold it by fingers firmly and shake down. .‫ ﻳﺠﺐ إﻏﻼق اﻟﻔﻢ ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎم وﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻷﻧﻒ‬-4

3- Put it in the mouth under the tongue.

4- Mouth should be firmly closed, breathing is taken through
.‫ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺎدة ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ أو ﺑﺎردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻢ وﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻀﻎ اﻟﻌﻠﻜﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮاءة‬-5
nose. .‫ اﻗﺮأ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮاءة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬-6

5- No hot or cold substance is placed in mouth and no gum

chewing is prior reading.
6- Read temperature every half minute until a constant
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reading is obtained.