ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACRONYMS

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PART I: INTRODUCTION
 PART I

BACKGROUND

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Gender-based violence against women, often referred to as violence against women

and girls, has been acknowledged worldwide as a violation of basic human rights.
Growing research has highlighted the health burdens, intergenerational effects, and
demographic consequences of such violence (United Nations 2006).

In Ethiopia, violence against women and girls continues to be a major challenge and a
threat to women’s empowerment. Women and girls face physical, emotional, and sexual
abuses that undermine their health and ability to earn a living; disrupt their social
systems and relationships; and rob them of their childhood and education. Ethiopia has
put in place appropriate and effective legal and policy provisions to promote the rights of
women and girls.

These rights are enshrined in the Constitution. Ethiopia has also ratified many of the
international and continental agreements that promote and protect women’s rights,
including the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW)1, and the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women in Africa. In
addition, Ethiopia has established specific legal measures and actions to address
violence, including the Revised Family Law in 2000 and the Revised Criminal Code in
2005 (UN Women 2016)2. The government has also put in place the requisite
institutional mechanisms at federal and regional levels, including the establishment of
(1) The Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs Offices MOWCYA, (2) Child and
Women Protection Units within the various police units, and (3) a Special Bench for
violence against women cases within the federal criminal court. Though all this
instrument to reduce e gender based violence is avail in the country, the prevalence of
violence against women and children is very high

Addis Ababa women and child affairs as one of the mandated organization for prevent
violence against women and child commissioned this research to assessment the
prevalence of violence against women and child in Addis Ababa city administration.
The main purpose of this study is to use the stud as a baseline for formulating different
strategy for addressing the root causes for Violence against women and child in Addis
Ababa city administration.

1.2. UNDERSTANDING OF GENDER BASED VUIOLENCE

Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the leading prevalent human rights violations
without considering social, economic, age, ethnicity, religion and national boundaries,
and which affects the health, dignity, security and autonomy of women. Even though it
involved in both women and men, GBV is a major threat to women in every society and
country in all age groups, communities and social classes. GBV includes physical,
sexual, economic or physiological abuse. It can manifest itself in various forms:
domestic, sexual violence or through harmful practices such as female genital mutilation
which shows that female is usually the victim in a manner that men are not. It is
resulting from an unequal power structures between men and women and gender-
based discrimination. It creates an environment of fear and prevents women from fully
participating in the society. Most women have at some point felt that their lives are
restricted out of fear of becoming victims of violence. GBV prevents women from
participating and contributing to society and this leads to further poverty and creates a
vicious cycle of violence.

The 1994 Human Development Report that encompasses human rights, good
governance and access to economic opportunity, education and health care states that
there may be no other aspect of human security so vital for individuals as their security
from physical violence. The report empathizes that women faces the worst personal
threats and that there is no society where women are as secure as men or treated
equally to men. The results are telling as the development report focused mainly on
issues that happen in the public as well as private sphere and was neither gender
focused nor was GBV given specific attention.

GBV can broadly be categorized as health impacts such as fistula and uterine
prolapse, violations of human rights and limiting ones choices. The health impacts relate
to adverse health at physical as well as psychological levels. Adverse physical health
impacts include physical harm, bodily injury, and even death. The psychological impacts
range from high level of stress, unhappy and unstable relationships to ostracizing by
society. GBV may also have huge implications on the life choices that a woman and/or
the girl child may have and exercise. HTPs such as child marriage and abduction lead
to discontinuation of schooling, early pregnancy and too many children and exposure to
HIV and AIDS. These occurrences tend to restrict the survivors to a predetermined life
cycle which may be difficult to change. The psychological violence also bars women
from functioning to their full capacity/potential in society. GBV constitutes violations of
human rights. This can be seen at different levels. The physical injury and associated
health impacts amount to the violation of the security of the person. Some forms of GBV
go to the extent of threatening the lives of women and children thereby affecting their
right to life. Furthermore, GBV discriminates against women and the child and enforces
their inferior status and the submissive role of women. The practice of GBV thus
constitutes violations of human rights of women at multiple levels.

According to UNFPA and Population Council Ethiopian Gender Survey conducted in

20103 , out of a sample of 4,785 women, one out of ten had experienced physical
violence from their husbands from the most common forms of physical violence
slapped, pushed, shoved or thrown something at. Physical violence is often interlinked
with psychological violence which accounts a considerable percentage of women
reported 7% among the ever-married women. The same study attempted to measure
the prevalence of rape and coercion by asking respondents about the context of their
first sexual experience. The study finding showed that one out of four sexually
experienced women experienced sexual initiation under coercive conditions. In rural
settings, this was the case of one woman out of three.

CARE Ethiopia also conducted a study on the status of GBV and related services 4 with
a total sample size of 700 households where the household heads and the spouses
were interviewed 36.6% the women have been survivors of physical violence, 76.6%
have experienced sexual violence, 26. 4% were subject to emotional violence while
92% were survivors of violence related to household chores at the hands of their current
or ex-partner. In this study the most common act of violence reported by women was
being slapped or having something thrown at them (34.7%), followed by being pushed
or shoved (33.1%), doing something deliberately to scare her (12.8%), deprive the
woman of food, water or sleep (5.7%) and threatening or actually using a gun, knife or
any other weapon, and being tied up or blindfolded (4.9%). Sexual violence by partner
was one of the focus areas of the same study. Findings show that 26.5% of married
women have experienced some type of sexual violence in the 12 months preceding the
survey. Among these women, 9% were physically forced to have intercourse.

Another study conducted by the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS,
20165) have national representation but cover limited aspects of GBV. From existing
studies and national level reports, the picture shows Female Genital Mutilation(FGM)
prevalence stands at 23% for the 0-14 age group in 2011 (welfare monitoring survey
2016), abduction is at 12.7% in 2009/10, and the prevalence of early marriage is at 8%
in 2012/13 (Ethiopia Beijing 2014/15 report). These and similar other studies have
revealed that there is no systematic data/statistics that covers all aspects of GBV in the
country. Furthermore, such a system for data/statistics collection and management is
not in place yet. This has implications in terms of designing adequate response and
prevention mechanisms, implementation of existing policy and legal frameworks and
Furthermore prevents evidence-based policy and legal revision in the country. In
Ethiopia the availability of adequate data and statistics on violence against women is
crucial for designing and implementing effective prevention and response mechanisms.
A review of secondary data from different literatures and official documents on GBV
covering various aspects of violence committed against women and shows how the
volume of GBV increase and need collective mitigation strategies from all actors.
Domestic violence is one of the most common and widespread forms of physical
violence perpetrated against women in Ethiopia

Studies conducted in various parts of the country confirms that the underlying and
immediate cause of GBV as well as the factors that increase the risk of its occurrence is
ultimately attributed to the systemic gender-based discrimination against women.
Discriminatory practices embodied in cultural and other forms of social practices justify
violence perpetrated against women in the country. Other factors such as economic
status, class, age, disability, and culture intersect or intertwine with patriarchy to give
violence against women particular forms or manifestations. Furthermore, these factors
act as immediate triggers or causes for GBV. These underlying as well as immediate
causes of GBV are equally applicable in the Ethiopian context.

1.1. THE PURPOSE OF THE GENDER BASED VIOLENCE STUDY

The primary purpose of this study was to conduct assessment on the prevalence of
Gender based violence on women and children in Addis Ababa city administration. The
finding of the study will significantly help All likeminded stakeholders to formulate
strategic for reducing gender based violence in Addis Ababa city administration

1.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE GENDER BASED VIOLENCE STUDY

1.1.1.

The overall objective of the assessment is to provide the Brooke Ethiopia with guidance
on gender analysis, planning, and actions to ensure that the needs, priorities, and
capacities of women, girls, men, and boys are considered in all aspects of program
response specifically in contribution to the equine animal welfare outcomes.

1.3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE GENDER BASED VIOLENCE STUDY

The specific objectives of the study are:
 To assess the prevalence of gender based violence in Addis Ababa city
administration.
 Identify the type of gender based violence and rank the most frequently
occurred gender based violence in Addis Ababa city administration
 To identify the most vulnerable women and children from gender based violence
from age perspective
 Assess the caused and impact of Gender based violence a in the Addis Ababa
city administration
 To identify the sub city and wordas where have high prevalence of violence
against women and children
 To understand the situation how, where and by whom the gender based
violence is committed in Addis Ababa city administration
 To identify critical actions and developing recommendations for additions,
adaptations or revisions to the program design and implementation approach to
minimize unintended consequences of gender based violence

1.4. STUDY SETTINGS

The study was conducted in thirty (30) district in the ten (10) sub city in Addis Ababa city
administration of Ethiopia. Three districts in each sub cities were targeted for this study
however the targeted districts were selected based on the prevalence of GBV as per the
discussion conducted with sub city women and child office as per the prevalence.
 PART II

METHODOLOGY

This section of the report provides a summary of the methodology employed to gather
the relevant data to meet the objectives of the study. It describes the study design,
study variables, study population, data collection methods, sampling, and data analysis
and approaches.

2.1. STUDY DESIGN

To meet the objective of the study and to analyse the prevalence of gender based
violence in Addis Ababa city administration in selected thirty(30) districts across-
sectional design was employed. Both qualitative and quantitative research design was
used for the study.

2.2. STUDY VARIABLES

This study assessed the gender based dynamics in the target community of the selected
study districts. Significant variables were identified. Therefore, the significant variables
emphasized in this study are:

 Sexual assault , violence , Rap

 Economic and income of the family
 Utilization of services (access to education, training) at the community level
 Vulnerability and coping mechanisms
 Culture, Social norms and practices
 Emerging opportunities and treats

2.3. STUDY POPULATION

The study population includes samples of women, girls, whose age group is between14-
49 were selected. Key service providers and informed stakeholders and influential
person community representatives were also involved in the study as key informants.

2.4. DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND TOOLS

The analysis used a mix of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and
collected both primary and secondary data. Household survey, Focus group discussions
(FGDs), key informant interviews (KIIs), and direct observation were the principal
primary qualitative and quantitative data collection methodologies.

The primary data collection tools (Survey Questionnaires, FGDs, KIIs and Observation
guides, and checklists) were adapted from EDHS, and UNFPA toolkit, which was used.

Secondary data, on the other hand, was collected using the desk review that has
provided an understanding of the current gender based violence in Ethiopia and
national gender based violence issues. To secure secondary data, the following were
among the reviewed documents:

2.5. DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS

During the fieldwork, the survey data collection and its quality were checked on the spot
by the consultant. After the fieldwork, the survey questionnaire was coded and entered
in to analyzed using SPSS software. Whereas the qualitative data generated through
key informant interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed and prepared for
analyzing. A thematic approach was followed to analyze such data. Descriptive
Statistics is mainly used as an analytical tool to analyze and summarize the information.
Simple correlation is also used to correlate some quantitative variables to see their
association with each other.
Quantitative data analysis used descriptive statistics and presented the output in the
form of frequencies, tables, and graphs. The review was carried out in a way
comparing the status of men and women.

Data obtained using primary and secondary sources were triangulated and discussed in
the report to provide a full picture of the situation of gender based violence study in
study communities.

2.6. THE VALIDITY OF THE STUDY

The draft report is produced and submitted to the Addis Ababa women and child affairs
office for comments and feedback. The final report is also produced and submitted after
incorporating the comments obtained from the office. Moreover; the findings of the study
will be validated to the staffs of the client.

2.7. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is delimited to thirty selected districts in the sub city of Addis Ababa city
administration, as the study took representative sample from each sub city
Due to time and resource constraints, the study considered only thirty project districts
among the intervention areas of the organization.

2.8. ETHICAL ISSUES

Confidentiality and privacy are assured in all the interviews and group discussions. All
participants are informed about the purpose of the study, and interviews are conducted
after their consent is secured. The consultant has got the Consent of the study
population to take a photo during the assessment. Efforts are made by trained
qualitative data collectors to identify interview places that ensure privacy and prevent
any interruption. Anonymity is maintained throughout this study.
PART II
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This section of the report presents the findings of the gender Base Violence
assessment. It is divided into two significant sub-topics: general profiles of the study
respondents, and the critical results of gender Based Violence (GBVs) assessment that
describes the main findings of the report.

3.1.GENERAL PROFILES OF THE STUDY POPULATION

The survey has covered thirty (30) woreda in the ten (10) sub cities of Addis Ababa city
administration. As shown in Table 2 below, quantitative data was collected from 4011
women in the age group of 14-65 years old living in the sample thirty(30) districts. Equal
percentage of the survey data, which accounts 402 questioners, was collected from
each sub city. Apart from the quantitative data, qualitative data were also collected
using key informants interviews and focus group discussions. Consequently, KIIs
and -----FGDs were conducted from each targeted district.

Table 2: Sample Size by region and district

In the Districts In the sub GBV survival Total
Methodology city level centre

1. HH Survey 4011 81 4100

2. KIIs 90 25 10 125
3. FGDs 60 60

4. Total 4161 25 91 4285

 3.1.1 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESPONDENTS

As shown in Table 3 below, out of the total household survey respondents, 100% were
female. The target of the assessment is entirely on women.

The marital status of respondents is the key demographic variable that implies the
gender roles, access to and control over benefits and the prevalence of GBV in the
household as well in the community. In this GBV assessment, it was found that the
majority of the respondents were married (….)and ----- % were single whereas the
remaining ------% are divorced, widowed and separated,. Across the sub city and
district, there is no significant difference.

The educational background of the study population indicated that -----% of the study
population was illiterate followed by those who can read and write (------), while those
who completed elementary education accounts for ------% of the total study population.
The remaining -----% and ------% of the respondents are those who have completed
secondary and post-secondary school, respectively. In relative terms, more literate
study participants (both women and men) were found in the ----- sub city ( %)
where as small percentage of literate study population were found in ---- sub city(----
%) in Addis Ababa city administration.

Table 3: Household Characteristics of the Respondents

Addis Ababa
a/Ket Arad Ak/ka Bole Gule Kirk Ko Lide N/lafto Y T
am a lity le os lfe ta e o
k t
a al
%
Marital Married
status Divorce
of the d
respon Widowe
dent d
 Separat
Ed
Cohabit
ing
The Can’t
educati read
onal and
level of write
the Read
respon and
dent write
Elemen
tary
school
Second
Ary
Source: Survey data, sep 2020

3.1.2 FAMILY SITUATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

As per ---- family status and family status during child hood have a great
contribution for respondents vulnerability to GBV, Thus, the assessment team tried
to assessment with whom the respondents living with to know the vulnerability of
them for GBV. Accordingly, ------% if the respondents were living with their
husband/boyfriends, -- % of the respondents were living with their family, ------ % of
the respondents were living with relatives and the rest ------ % of the respondents
living alone.

To know with whom the respondents were living with in their childhood, until their 14
years, % of the respondents were living with their parents in their childhood until
their 14 years old. However ------ % of the respondents were living with relatives in
their child hood.

Regarding to the number of children the respondents have and the number of
family member living with the respondents. As it have shown under table -----, most
 of the respondents(-----%) have ----- children -----% have------children and the rest --
- % of the respondents have --- children. Most of the respondents have--------family
number in average. This indicate that also ---- % of the respondents have relatives
who live with them.

Table:

The respondents were specifically asked about the numbers of family member who
are living with them, and ----- % of the respondents live with -------- family number ---
-- % of the respondents have ------ family members and the rest----------respondents
have ------- family members. The assessment team were also further explore the
number of relatives and non-relative family member who are living with the
respondents as most of the GBV especial sexual harassment committed by
relative and non – relatives living in the household and the number of relatives and
non-relatives living in the household is summarized in the table below:

3.1.3 Education of the respondents

Regarding to children education, ---- of the respondents enrol their children in

government school whereas ---- % of the respondents enrol their children in private
school. Regarding to relative children education of the respondents ---- % of the
respondents enrol their relative in government school whereas ---- % of the
respondents relatives enrol in private school.
_--- % of the respondents who have children and relative children send their children
to private school where as send their relatives children to government school.
Among the relative children of the respondents % of relative children whose age
below 18 couldn’t get access to education whereas the respondents children were
attend school.

3.1.4 Livelihood of the respondent family

 Regarding to the employability of the respondents ----- % of the respondents were
movement employed …. % of the respondents - privative organization employed ……
% of the respondents engaged in business( trade) , ------ % of the respondents--- -we’re
not have income generating job the rest ----- % of the respondents were students.
The assessment team tried to identify the income of the family as income is the maim
variable for GBV assessment. As it is shown under ---- graph, the family income of
most of the respondents (-----%) were from husband employability , ----% of the
respondent family income is from wife employability , ------ % of the income of the
respondents from husband employment and from wife private work , ------ % of the
respondents from husband private work and wife employment, ------ % of the
respondent family from husband and wife private work, few number of the respondent
family income from agriculture and the rest ---- % of the respondents from family
support and remittance

Graph

Table ---- below indicated that the disparity of the amount of income of the
respondents family from all sources. It is stated that in all cases, men enjoyed a higher
percentage of income from all sources. The income of their household from all sources
as well as from equine, which is reported by women, is less than the income, which is
indicated by men. This indicated that most of the women in the target community are
either unable to estimate their annual income or they use their equine mainly for
domestic activities than a source of income. Women’s control over the income
generated from equines often remains substantially less than men. However, they have
the right to use these animals for their daily chores.

The respondents who report that their household income was not enough for covering
the monthly expense of the household, they were asked to explain their coping
mechanism to cover their monthly expense and ------ % of the respondents said that
we engaged boys to in different income generating activities ------- we engaged
additional girls in different income generating activities and ------------ % of the
respondents we engaged both boys and girls in different income generating activities --
----- % of the respondents taking loan from relatives and non-relatives and ----- % of
the respondents responded that the family tried to reduce the amount and frequency of
daily food consumption to cover the gap.

3.2. KEY FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

It is important to note that GBV have highly associated with the he histry of harmfully
traditional practices , history of sexual intercourse( forced and willingness) knowledge ,
attitude and practices of gender based violence on the women, men and the society ,
vulnerability of women for gender based violence and the response and protection
mechanism of the law enforcement bodies and the society to prevent gender based
violence.

During this gender Based Violence assessment, attempts were made to identify,
expoior and the extent to which women and children in the study districts to assess the
prevalence of gender based violence in Addis Ababa city administration to identify the
type of gender based violence and rank the most frequently occurred gender based
violence ,to identify the most vulnerable women and children from gender based
violence from age perspective, to ssess the caused and impact of Gender based
violence and identify the sub city and wordas where have high prevalence of violence
against women and children and to understand the situation how, where and by whom
the gender based violence is committed in Addis Ababa city administration

Accordingly, the gender Based violence study analysis findings are presented in the
following categories, which are presented in sections below.

3.2.1.VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN

Gender-based violence against women, often referred to as violence against women
and girls, has been acknowledged worldwide as a violation of basic human rights.
Growing research has highlighted the health burdens, intergenerational effects, and
demographic consequences of such violence (United Nations 2006). In Ethiopia,
violence against women and girls continues to be a major challenge and a threat to
women’s empowerment. Women and girls face sexual abuses physical, psychological
(emotional) economic (educational) abuses that undermine their health and ability to
earn a living; disrupt their social systems and relationships; and rob them of their
childhood and education.

In developing countries like Ethiopia, determining the rate of prevalence of gender-

based violence is difficult as the society is highly reliant on traditional practices. This
may be associated with many victims not reporting acts of violence because such
violence is considered traditionally acceptable or there is no recourse to redress.
According to UNICEF (2016), 40% of ever-married women in Ethiopia in their early 20s
were married before the legal marriage age of 18. Most of the early-married girls, about
60%, are in Amhara region and were married around 15-17. Likewise, about 74% of
girls and women in the age range of 15-49 years have undergone female genital
mutilation (FGM) (Ibid). Violence against women is not only an extremely rooted
problem in Ethiopia, but also an accepted rather than challenged problem (Abbi K. Lul
A. 2010:437). WHO (2005) showed that 71% of Ethiopian women experience either
physical or sexual violence—or both. The same study revealed that 49% and 59% of
ever-partnered women in the country experienced physical and sexual violence by a
partner at some point in their lives, respectively (Ibid). Ethiopian females are highly
disadvantaged and less privileged, being that the tradition favors the domination of
males in the society.

3.2.2. MEASUREMENT OF VIOLENCE

Sida defines
“ Gender-based violence as: Any harm or suffering that is perpetrated against a
woman or girl, man or boy and that has a negative impact on the physical, sexual or
psychological health, development or identity of the person. The cause of the violence is
founded in gender-based power inequalities and gender-based discrimination.”

In this study , information was obtained from women who had never married on their
experience of violence and from ever-married women on their experience of gender
based violence committed by them in their life time. Information is also obtained from
men to know their attitude , practices and knowledge of gender based violence.

Specifically, violence committed by the current husband/partner for currently married

women and by the most recent husband/partner for formerly married women was
measured by asking all ever-married women if their husband/partner ever did the
following:

 Sexual violence: physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him even
when you did not want to; physically force you to perform any other sexual acts
you did not want to; force you with threats or in any other way to perform sexual
acts you did not want. All women and men were asked about experience of
sexual violence committed or perpetrated by anyone by asking if at any time in
their life, as a child or as an adult, they were forced in any way to have sexual
intercourse or to perform any other sexual acts when they did not want to do so

 Physical violence: push you, shake you, or throw something at you; slap you;
twist your arm or pull your hair; punch you with his/her fist or with something that
could hurt you; kick you, drag you, or beat you up; try to choke you or burn you on
purpose; or threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or any other weapon
 Emotional violence: say or do something to humiliate you in front of others;
threaten to hurt or harm you or someone close to you; insult you or make you feel
bad about yourself
  Economic violence: ……………………………..

Gender-based violence is defined as violence that is directed against a person on the

basis of their gender or sex, 1 including acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or
suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty. It includes
physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned within the family,
the general community or by the State and its institutions. 2 Such violence can take many
different forms:

Overview of types of gender-based violence

Sexual violence Includes actual Includes attempted or threatened
(vaginal, anal or oral) rape, including
marital rape; sexual abuse and
exploitation; forced prostitution;
transactional/survival sex; and sexual
harassment, intimidation and humiliation.
Physical violence Includes actual, attempted or threatened
physical assault or battery; slavery and
slave-like practices; and trafficking.
Emotional and psychological violence Includes abuse and humiliation, such as
insults; cruel and degrading treatment;
compelling a person to engage in
humiliating acts; and placing restrictions
on liberty and freedom of movement
Economic / education violence

1
The term sex refers to biologically determined and fixed differences between males and females while ‘gender’
refers to social differences, that are learned, that can change over time, and that can vary widely both within and
between cultures. Gender is a socio-economic, cultural and political variable that can be used to analyze roles,
responsibilities, constraints, opportunities and needs of women and men in different contexts.
2
The term sex refers to biologically determined and fixed differences between males and females while ‘gender’
refers to social differences, that are learned, that can change over time, and that can vary widely both within and
between cultures. Gender is a socio-economic, cultural and political variable that can be used to analyze roles,
responsibilities, constraints, opportunities and needs of women and men in different contexts.
This study assessed the prevalence of GBV, causes for GBV , impact of GBV and
other variables which expected high correlation with GBV in the life of women and
children.

As the gender based violence has close relationship with sexual intercourse experience
, knowledge of GBV and socio-economic characteristic of the victim , the
assessment tried to analysis the prevalence of sexual harassment with the under
stated Patterns by background characteristics of the respondents.

3.2.3. Experience Sexual intercourse

As per the response of the target study group, ----- % of the respondents have sexual
intercourse experience. Among them ----- % of the responds had first sexual
intercourse before reach 18 years old with different pushing factors(----)%and due to
their will(------). However among those respondents who have sexual intercourse
before the age of 18 , ------% did not consider experience of sexual intercourse as
GBV and they deny their experience of GBV during the assessment. The perpetrator
older than the victim in ---- % of the victims in this study. This can be explained by the
late sexual initiation pattern of boys than girls 6

3.2.4. Knowledge of the respondents on Gender based

Violence

The study was assess the awareness and the perception level of the respondents
about gender based violence. The awareness level of women on the GBV has a
significant value on the prevalence of GBV in the study population. To assess the
knowledge about the different type of GBVs including sexual , physical ,
psychological and economical were asked for each target respondents more than 80
% of the women respondents able to identified the sexual , Abduction

Sexual assault, Attempt to rape, Rape, Unwanted touching or kissing and sever
Physical injury as the gender based violence and Burning, Denial of resource
ownership are not consider as a gender based violence by more than 80% of the
women respondents.

Most of the FGDs participants were not also denial of education and resource as a
gender based violence during the assessment. It is also witnessed that it is the least
reported GBV case in all sub cities in Addis Ababa city administration than other GBV
cases, which accounted ---- % of the reported cases in 2012 and 2013. Most of men
respondents did not have enough understanding about economical / education
violence than women respondents ( ------ men and --------- women ). Most of the men
were not consider the denial of wealth and education as a gender based violence
as women have considered.

Lack of access to education, information and services increases the vulnerability of

people to various forms of violence. Uneducated or illiterate people are less likely to
have information about GBV, about available social benefits, and their rights, including
procedures to access the (social, health and legal) services when they exist/function.
They are less likely to have the technical and life skills to protect themselves from GBV,
and to resist various forms of violence. A recent WHO study found that higher
education of women was associated with less violence in many settings (e.g. Brazil,
Namibia, Peru, Thailand and United Republic of Tanzania). 7

Table: -------- Perceptions of the respondents about GBV

perceivable violence Response number Percent cases

Sexual harassment 3780 94.80%

Abduction 3458 86.80%
Sexual assault 3575 89.70%
Attempt to rape 3536 88.70%
Rape 3731 93.60%
Unwanted touching or kissing 3376 84.70%
Physical abuse 3371 84.60%
Biting/slapping 3231 81.10%
Burning 3158 79.20%
Denial of resource ownership 3040 76.30%

Denial of education 3121 78.30%

Early marriage 3268 82.00%

The respondents were aware of the GBV and its consequences. Even some
participants categorize them as sexual, physical, psychological, and social. From the
discussions, it can be concluded that the community has a very good knowledge of
GBV prevalence, cause, and its consequences.

The study were also asked the respondents where they accessed information about
GBV. Source of information have a great significant to evaluate reliability of the
information and the negative and positive impact of the information on the life of the
respondents to prevent gender based violence. Identifying the most popular and used
communication channels are also help the police makers and implementation partners
for utilizing the preferable challenge for broadcasting the right information, advocacy
messages to prevent GBV in Addis Ababa.
The study tried to show the significant of education, age and income of the respondents
with the level of understanding about GBV. Education, age and income level has a
significant association to level of awareness and understand about GBV. This finding
also triangulate with the FGDs/ KII findings from different stakeholders. When women
educated and have a better income, they can opportunity to access different media and
information than can help her to prevent GBV. The above graph is also show that
television, radio family and co-workers has a great contribution in proving information
on gender based violence, which are closely related with the socio- economic
background of the community.

As per the FGDs with the target community , participants perceived that the
consequences of gender-based violence were mild, and its elimination was difficult.
Domestic violence was found to be common, marital rape was not clearly understood,
and there was no tendency to disapprove it. This study revealed that the attitude of
people and traditional norms played the major role in determining the acceptability of
gender-based violence on women. Increasing awareness on the consequences of
gender-based violence, strengthening of women empowerment, involving different
stakeholders on the provision of education, amending and enforcing the existing laws,
and providing professional help to stop or reduce violence against women are
recommended.

3.2.5. Prevalence of Gender based Violence(GBV) in Addis

Ababa city administration

GBV takes on many forms and can occur throughout a person’s life cycle.8 Many
experience multiple episodes of violence that may start in the prenatal period and
continue through childhood to adulthood and old age. Examples of different forms of
violence that may be experienced throughout a person’s life is described in the following
box.

Life cycle Female

Infant Sex selection
Childhood: Sexual, physical and emotional abuse, prostitution, living with
domestic violence, child/forced marriage, FGM, femicide, upbringing
that does not allow deviation from traditional gender norms and
discrimination in nourishing food distribution, medical care and
education.
Adolescence FGM, prostitution and pornography, trafficking, sexual harassment at
school and in the street, forced marriage, forced recruitment of child
soldiers, honour crimes, intimate partner violence and rape and
sexual assault by relatives, known persons or strangers.
Adulthood Sexual harassment at work and in the public space, intimate partner
violence, rape and sexual assault, femicide, forced pregnancy, dowry
and bride price abuse, honour crimes, sexual exploitation and
trafficking, stalking.
Old age Elder abuse, intimate partner violence, rape, abuse of widows, sexual
harassment in public space, institutional abuse.
EXPERIENCE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

The type of GBV is described and categorized in different way. It differ from literature to
literature. For this study GBV is categorized in the four main pillars as sexual violence,
physical violence, psychological/emotional violence and Economical/ education/
violence. -------women from15-49 years experiencing of any form of GBV in the last
five years.

Women may experience a combination of different forms of violence.

Across the violence type, psychological

violence has a highest, which is 15.9%of
women respondents experiencing of
physical violence in the last five years.
12.4% psychological violence next to
sexual violence (7.5%). Economic
violence is least recorded violence
among the target women in the last five
years.

Prevlance of GBV
across
18 15.9violnce type( %)
16
1412.4
12
8 6.6 7.5
10
6
4
2
0 percent

econmical
violnce sexual
violnce
phsical violnce
pycological
violnce
 3.2.6. Gender based Violence Overlapping

A substantial overlap of perpetrating multiple types of GBV was reported by the

participants. In the “ the previous five years” out of those who reported perpetrating
any type of GBV, 3.5% (95% CI: 2.9 - 4.1) reported perpetrating all types of GBV acts
(Sexual ,Physical and Psychological), 6.4% (95% CI: 5.6 – 7.2) reported both sexual
and physical violent acts, 3.8% (95% CI: 3.2- 4.5) reported sexual and psychological
violent acts, 6.6% (95% CI: 5.9 -7.4) reported both physically and psychological violent
acts, 7.5 (95% CI: 6.7-8.3) reported sexual violent acts only, 12.4 (95% CI: 11.4 -13.4)
reported physically violent acts only, and 15.9 (95% CI: 14.8 – 17.1) reported
psychological violent acts only as shown in the overlapping diagram below.

Sexual violence
=7.5% 6.4%
Physical violence
=12.4%

3.5%

6.6%
3.8%

Psychological violence
=15.9%

Note that the total sum of precepts =56.1%. The remaining goes to economic&
educational violence and its interactions with sexual, physical and psychological
violence

26 | P a g e
This study confirmed that different type of GBV experienced in the life women. As it is
described in the table below among women who experience gender based violence in
the last five years, only 0.424% of women experienced one type of violence in the last
five year and more than ----- women who experience gender based violence in the last
five years experienced more than one gender based violence in the last five year.

95%Conf.Interval
Parameter Estimates Lower Lower
Bound Bound
Only Sexual Violence 0.075 0.067 0.083
Only Physical Violence 0.124 0.114 0.134
Only Psychological Violence 0.159 0.148 0.171
Only Econ& Educ Violence 0.066 0.058 0.074
Both Sexual & physical Violence 0.064 0.056 0.072
Both Sexual & psychological Violence 0.038 0.032 0.045
Both physical psychological Violence 0.066 0.059 0.074
Both Sexual & physical & psychological Violence 0.035 0.029 0.041
Both Sexual &Econ & Educ Violence 0.050 0.044 0.058
Both physical &Econ & Educ Violence 0.060 0.053 0.068
BothPsychological &Econ & Educ Violence 0.039 0.033 0.046
Both Sexual &Psychological &Econ & Educ Violence 0.029 0.024 0.035
Both Physical &Psychological &Econ & Educ Violence 0.036 0.030 0.042
Both Sexual &Physical &Psychological &Econ & Educ 0.028 0.024 0.034
Violence
Both Sexual &Physical &Econ & Educ Violence 0.049 0.043 .057

As per the FGDs discustion finding with different community groups, there is high
prevalence of GBV including sexual violence including rap, physical abuse like
hitting/slapping, psychological violence and dynamical of resource and education in
the last five years. However as per the woreda women and child and police report the
most reported cases in most study woreda are physical (hitting/slapping, and sexual
violence, leaving wife after women get pregnant and having child. Economic and
psychological violence is the least reported case in most study woreda though women
are highly experienced in the community the prevalence of the GBV is higher in the
woreda which found in outstrip of the city, which found in the low socio- economic-
economic condition

This is one of the first Gender based violence studies to investigate the prevalence of
different forms of GBV experienced on women and children in the last five years in
Addis Ababa. It adds important information to available literature concerning the
prevalence of GBV and the overlapping of emotional, physical, ecomonical and sexual
violence in the in the past five years. In this study, the prevalence of any type of GBV in
women in the last five years was 42.4%. This finding is higher than the studies
conducted in South Africa (31.1%; [9]); and Ghana (40.5%; [10]). This high prevalence
may be due to Emotional/psychological violence was included in this study and had not
been previously studied. Another possible explanation may be the time reference. For
example, the current study measured GBV in the “ever” timeframe and over the past
five years and 12 months, whereas other studies measured differing time periods.
Additionally, the sampled populations were varied ( women and men in background in
Addis ababa). Other differences could be attributed to age differences between the
study populations.

The high prevalence of GBV by women and men study population could be
explained by the modern and traditional culture in Ethiopian society that values men
over women. This reflects gender inequality, which is strongly associated with GBV
[11,12
,]. Moreover, societies with an ideology of male superiority have higher rates of GBV [v].

3.2.6.1. Prevalence of Gender based violence by sub city

and woreda
As it is shown in table ……… when study aggregate the reported GBV violence
across sub city , which is also represented by the study woredas, the highest
prevalence of all type of gender based violence reported by women in bole sub city in
the last five years in Addis Ababa city administration. All type of violence in bole sub
city is very high than other sub city. Akaki / Kality ranked as the second highest GBV
experiencing sub city. Though there is GBV report violation across woreda,Yeka sub
city recorded lowest GBV report as compare to other sub cities.

Table: Prevalence of gender based violence at Sub city level

Sexual Violence Physical Violence Psychological Violence Econ & Educ Violence

Sub city Count % Count % Count % Count %

Addis Ketema 35 11.7 40 8.1 56 8.8 30 11.4

Akaki Kality 41 13.7 62 12.5 62 9.7 36 13.7

Arada 7 2.3 22 4.4 78 12.2 7 2.7

Bole 96 32.1 107 21.6 116 18.2 91 34.6

Gulele 11 3.7 47 9.5 73 11.4 12 4.6

Kirkos 11 3.7 53 10.7 65 10.2 13 4.9

Kolfe Keraneo 19 6.4 46 9.3 45 7.1 22 8.4

Lideta 38 12.7 40 8.1 30 4.7 15 5.7

Nifas Silk Lafto 15 5 36 7.3 67 10.5 16 6.1

Yeka 2 8.7 42 8.5 46 7.2 21 8

 GBV Prevalance actoss woredas
Bole-09 57.8
Addis ketam-04 33.3
Bole-12 29.6
Akaki/kaliti-11 26.8
Kolfe-14 19.1
Bole-11 19.1
Akaki/kalti -09 16.8
N/lafto-13 14.2
Gulele-01 Yeka- 14
03 13.5
Ledita-05 12.8
Ledita--03 12.4
Kerkos-11 10.6
Kerkos-04 Arada- 10.2
05 Yeka-10 10.2
Yeka-02 N/lafto- 9.6
01 Kerkos-10 9.2
Gulele-03 Arada- 8.8
07 Gulele-09 8.5
Kolfe-11 8.5
AKaki/kaliti-10 6.9
Ledita-07 Kolfe- 6.6
03 N/lafto-11 6.1
Addis Ketema-01 6
Arada-10 5.9
Addis ketema-02 5.7
4.711
4.7
4.5
1.9
010203040506070

For effective programing and gender based violence prevention program, identify the
highest GBV experiencing on women woreda and ranking the woreda as per their
GBV prevalence is very important. Thus the assessment team investigated and ranked
the prevalence of gender based violence in the last five years across woreda as it is
described graph……… Among the target study 30 woredas in Addis Ababa city
administration for this stud, Bole sub city are woreda 09 from Bole sub city , which
called Goro reported the highest( 57.8%) GBV in the last five years ,that mean in the
last five years more than half of woreda 9 , in Bole sub city experiencing physical ,
sexual , economical and psychological violence. Almost it is doubled than and triple
than other study woreda in Addis Ababa city administration.

30 | P a g e
The other study woreda from Bole sub city which are woreda 12( 29.6%) which is
called Bole-Bulebulla and woreda 11(19.1%), which called Bole-Arabesa and have
also highest GBV prevalence as compare to other study woredas. Ass the study
woredas in bole sub city are known by its high prevalence of GBV and outstretch of
the city

Among the study population women in Addis Ketema woreda 01 and woreda 02
experiencing lowest gender based violence in the last five years. As per the finding of
many study , GBV which recorded more than 10% considered as there is highest
prevalence of GBV in the community.

3.2.7. Gender based violence by type of violence

3.2.7.1. Prevalence of Sexual Violence

i. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Sexual violence: is an umbrella term that includes a wide range of sexual acts. The
term can include rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment, unwanted touching, sexual
coercion, sex trafficking, female genital cutting, child sexual abuse, child marriage,
enforced sterilisation, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution and forced pregnancy.
 Rape or sexual assault: An act of a sexual nature carried out against a
person’s will through the use of physical force, intimidation or coercion, including
any attempts to do this. This includes rape, attempted rape, aggravated sexual
assault (assault with a weapon), indecent assault, penetration by objects, forced
sexual activity that did not end in penetration, and attempts to force a person into
sexual activity.
 Sexual harassment is unlawful when it occurs in a specified area of public
life, such as the workplace, school or university. sexual harassment includes: an
unwelcome sexual advance, an unwelcome request for sexual favours and

31 | P a g e
 engaging in other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that is offensive,
humiliating or intimidating. sexual harassment include staring or leering,
unwelcome touching, suggestive comments, taunts, insults or jokes, displaying
pornographic images, sending sexually explicit emails or text messages, and
repeated sexual or romantic requests.
 Sexual abuse: it is similar to sexual harassment but Sexual abuse is mainly
used to describe behavior toward children, not adults.

Thus this study under two categories the sexual violence under two categories

i. Rape or sexual assault

ii. Sexual harassment or sexual Abuse

ii. Prevalence of sexual violence

As it is shown in graph, 7.5 % of women reported that they have sexual violence in the
last five years in Addis Ababa city administration. Meanwhile, among the targeted men
group 2% of males committed other forced sexual acts against women in the last five
years. As per the graph ---- presentation, the prevalence rate of sexual violence in
Bole woreda 09(18.1 %) sexual violence recorded woreda following Addis Ketema
woreda 04(10.4) , which is very highest than EDHS study which is 10% of women age
15-49 reported that they have experienced sexual violence at some point in their lives.
Kolfe- woreda 11 and Arada -woreda 10 are also recorded the least Sexual violence in
the last five years.
 Prevlance of Sexual violnce across woreda
20
18.
18
1
16
14
12 10.
10 4
8 8 8.4
66
4.7 5 5 5.7
4 3.7 3.7 4
2 2.7
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1 1 1 1 1.3 1.3 1.3 2
0 1
KolfArad
Addis KolfArad
Gulel
N/laft
N/laft AddisGulel
AKaki/kali KerkoYekArad
Kerko
KerkoGulel
Ledit
N/laftYekAkaki/kal
Yek Ledita LeditBolAkaki/kali
Kolf Bol
Addis Bol
e-ketema-02
a-10 e- a-07e-09o-01o-11
ti-10 e-03s-11 a- a-05s-04s-10e-01a-07o-13 a- a-
Ketema-01 ti -09--03a-05 e- e-ti-11ketam-04
e- e-
11 03 02 10 03 11 14 12 09

As per the finding of the assessment from the KII and FGDs , Sexual violence is the
second reported case of gender based violence. The community reported that the
prevalence of sexual violence on girls and boys is increased for the last 3- 5 years.
Though the prevalence of sexual violence is increased in the community , it is not
reported and the community is becoming reluctant to report the cases especially rape
on girls due to different reason like


 Lose low enforcement
 Poor system
 Discouraging response of police
and law enforcement body
 Discouraging decisions of the
court
 Fair of ravage by the perpetrator
and his family
 The study team was asked the study participants about their reporting stand for
sexual violence which may be happened in their family, almost half of them are
responded that

“We don’t want to report to police and women and child offices as they couldn’t make
anything one fourth of the respondents also said that we will make any harm action
on the perpetrator than reporting because we can’t get any justices by the offices. And
one fourth of the participants said that we do report to police and women and child
offices if sexual harassment and rap are happening on our family “

As per the response of the household survey respondent women who experience
sexual violence in the last five years, the majority of the victim (69.6%) never report
and talk to other about their sexual harassment incidents that committed on them and
18.9% of the victim respondents told to their friends and family member after some
days of the happening of sexual violence. However only 10.4% the sexual violence
victim report / told to others immediately the sexual violence committed on them. As
per the key informant from police, the poor and late sexual violence reporting culture of
community complicated the justice process and aggravated the prevalence of sexual
violence in the community.

Did you discuss your rape experience with someone?

Feed back Frequency Valid Percent

Yes immediately after the 52 10.4
incident
Yes, some days after the 74 18.9
incident
I have never talked to 287 69.5
someone
Total 413 100.0
During the assessment, the study population expected the prevalence of GBV in the
community is more than five times than the reported cases. During the assessment ,
the study team found huge number of sexual abuse on women , girls and boy( homo
sexuality).

Regardless to sexual violence on boys, the FGDs from the community as well as key
informants from women and children responded that the prevalence of home
sexuality in the community is increased for the last five years

KII from Addis Ababa health office reflected that, all one stop centers are not treating
rape case on boys. The services is only available at Tikure Ambessa and menelk
hospital. The case report to police or woreda women and child offices and the offices
report the case to one stop hospitals and the one stop hospital refer the case Tikur
Ambessa and Menelik for treatment, such long step and process fading up the victim
boy and their family. Though the boy victim tried to get treatment for the first time ay
Menelik one stop center , they couldn’t follow the medical treatment and psychological
support from their homes as the center don’t have in penitent service for victim boys.
Experts from one stop GBV center is recommended that availing full package one
stop center services including bed for victim boys and additional one stop center at
sub city level is recommended for both boys and girls to get treatment for victim
immediately , to make report the case to court on time, to avoid long process and
to strengthen the follow up service of the victim.

iii. Trends of Sexual violence across sex age and woreda

Though all kind of gender based violence are analyzed in this study, the prevalence of
sexual violence among the study population in the last five years 7.5%. The study tried
to analysis the situation of sexual violence in-depth by using different parameters. The
study described and analysis detail type of sexual violence including rap, Sexual
assault, abduction, Sexual harassment and Unwanted kissing or touching. The
respondents were asked about their and their family members sexual harassment
situation on women in the “ever” timeframe, in the last five years, in the last one years
and in the last six month prior to the study.

Trend of Sexual assault (rap) for the last five year

Rape on my slef(N) Rape on my Rape happen in my

18 children(N) family(N)
3.5
16 3.5
15
14 3 3 3 3

12 2.5 2.5
10 11
2 2 2
8
1.5
6 1.5
5 1 1
4 1 1
2 0.5
0.5
0 0
Five years 12 6 months Five years 12 6 months 0
months months Five 12 6
years months months

Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3

The graph in the above indicated that the no of women experiencing sexual violence
per month in the last five years , 12 months and six months is increasing at increasing
rate. For the study respondents who have experiencing sexual violence, 5
respondents per month were experienced sexual violence in the last five years , 11
respondents per month were experienced sexual violence in the last 12 months and
15 respondents per month were experienced sexual violence in the last six months.
The experience of sexual violence on the respondent’s children and other family
members is also increasing in the last five years as it is indicated in graph 2 and 3 in
the above.

 No the respondents’ children exposed to sexual violence in each month in the last
five years however one respondent children exposed to sexual violence in
each
 months of the last one year and three respondents’ children exposed to sexual
violence in each months in the last six months.
 For respondent family member( excluding children), one family member among the
respondent family members exposed for sexual violence in each month for the last
five years, two family members amonge the responses family members were
exposed to sexual violence in each month for the last one years and three family
members amonge the requested respondents exposed to sexual violence in each
month for the last six months

The study were also asked the respondents to explain their emotional response on
perpetrator when sexual harassment committed on them. As emotional response is a
natural response mechanism of human behavior when unexpected things happened.
The emotional response of the victim is described in the graph below

iv. Sexual violence perpetrator

Women who were respondent for this study and have experience of sexual violence
were also asked about sexual violence the preparatory

27.2 percent of women have ever Perpetator of sexual

experienced sexual violence committed Violnce
Relati 27.
8
by relative: 23.3% have experienced ves 2
2
Nieghbo 23.
7
sexual violence committed by urs 3
1
Husba 16.
5
Neighbors, and 16% have experienced nd 6
0
Bo 13.
4
sexual violence committed by husband s 3
0
co- 10.
3
and the least perpetrator for sexual worker 0
0
Unknown 6.
violence for the study population for the person 6 2
Fath 3. 0
last five years were Father. (Graph ). er 0
0 10920 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

N%age

Graph -------
 3.2.7.2. Prevalence of Physical Violence

As per the FGDs discussion finings of the survey, physical a violence especially by
husband on his wife is the most reported cases in all study woreda. Most of study
woreda women and child office handle 2-5 husband and wife cases a day. The victim
wife report the case to woreda’s women and child affairs and the office call the
husband and tried to provide advice and mediate the husband and the wife and
then send them to their home. If the case couldn’t solve by them they link them to
police and facilitate her to get free legal advisor. If the women get divorced and has
child, All target woreda’s women and child office also push the husband to facilities
support to his child.

Though the prevalence of reported and unreported physical violence is high .

15.9%of women experiencing of physical violence in the last five years in in the
community in all study woredas in Addis Ababa city administration . The heist
prevalence of physical violence is recorded in Bole – 09 woreda and Bole 12 woreda.
The prevalence of physically violence in Arada – 10 woreda is the lowest as compare
to other study woredas as it is described under graph --.
 Prevlance of Phsical violnce across woreda
14

12 11.
7
10

8
6.9
5.9 6.3
6
4.4 4.6 4.6
4 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 4
2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 33
2 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.2
0.6 0.8 1 1
0
Arad AddisN/laft
Addis LeditAradAradKolf YekGulelKolf
Kerko GulelYek
AKaki/kali N/laftBolLedit
Ledita
N/laft
KerkoAkaki/kal
Yek GulelKolf Kerko Addis Bol Bol
Akaki/kali
a-10
ketema-02
Ketema-01 o-11a-07a-07a-05 e- a- e-09 e- s-10 ti-10 e-03 a- o-01 e- a-05--03o-13s-04 a-ti -09e-01 e- s-11 ketam-04e- e-
ti-11
11 02 03 10 11 03 14 12 09

Though most of the physical abuse are committed by husband on their wife, There is
some cases like hitting and abusing girls by father , mother and brother due to
different reason. As per the finding from woredas women and child affairs, most of the
physical abuse are committed at home inform of children or when alone. Partners are
not worrying for phycology of their children when they abuse and slapping the mother

Case story of Mari from yeka woreda 02

Mare is 35 years old mother. She has two children and living in yeka sub city , woreda 02
around Ferensay legasion. There had been quarrel with her husband and he abuse her
physically and psychological. On May 25 , 2012 EC , discrepancy is happened between the
husband and Marie and he slip her and he told her he want to kill her. Marie brought her
 two children and went to woreda 02 women and child to get solution for his husband. The
woreda women and child called him and give him advise on the consequence of violence on
wife from legal prospective. Finaly woreda women and child personnel send them to their
home after they gave advice. Marie’s husband was very disappointing for the thing that
happened by Marie and woreda women and child and he was saying , “she is my wife and I
can do whatever I want Maries husband drunk alcohol in the evening and he came to home
at around 9: 30 pm in the evening and then what he did he skip up Marie month and
hitting her with shaping tools in front of her children and finally he thought she is passed
away and leave the home at 12:00 PM in the middle night. When Marie’s children crying
, the neignbiours came and observe the happening on Marie and they brought her to
Menelik hospital. she adimited Menelk hospital for one months and half of her face is
completed damaged and she became physically handicup. The Marie husband arrested
however he got bile right after ttwo month months. The people in the village and women
and child affairs was very surprising for his legal process and afraid happening of
additional violence when he leave in the same village.

The lady from woreda women and child offais said that

I was very afraid when I send Marie and her husband to their home after we gave
them advise the husband emotion was not good however the office don’t have
safe home to stay Maries and her children until things get down and most of the
people not give attention for the prevention of abuse before happening and people
may react after happening of the violence. After the violence happen on Marie
police, the leaders of women and child affairs at woreda and sub city level gave time
for the issues. Such kind of happing is common in our woreda so the government
should word on the preventions of violence and enabling environment should be
fulfill at woreda women and child affairs for case management like fiancé , safe
home and spate consoling room etc .

Some of the FGDs from community members said that Women and child office is like a
lion with no teeth. They advocate a lot for women right however when the woman
abused and discriminated, they can do nothing even they push us to spent the night
with the husband perpetrator and they couldn’t facilitate transport for victim to visit

40 | P a g e
hospital and they don’t have a legal person at office to advise us on the possible legal
options”

The assessment team also tried to triangulate the accusation of women on women
and child affairs office, the staff at women and child affairs office said that the office
doesn’t have the required service to women and to prevalence violence against
women at the expected level.

The survey report shows that physical physical violnce by Prepeprator(%)

violence is often committed by
mothe 5.2
individuals with whom women have an r
12.
Relatives
8
intimate relationship. Among women 12.
male
age 15-49 who had ever experienced Nieghbours
8
Husband42.
physical violence, 42.3% reported their 3
co- 6.2
current husband/partner/ boyfriends and worker
25.
25.6 % of the physical abuse Unknown
2
person
committed by relative and neibiours and Fathe 8.7
r
25.2 % reported by non- relatives or 0 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
. . 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
unknown person. The prevalence
0 0 . . . . . . . .
physical violence of the respondents of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

this survey committed by mother is

recorded as the least. ( graph---).

3.2.7.3. Prevalence of psychological/Emotional Violence

Psychological abuse/Emotional define as is any act that causes emotional harm and
targets someone because of their gender.13. Though gender based psychological/
emotional abuse is interlinked with different factors, the abuse exposed women and
children for other violence like sexual, economic and physical violence. The study
examined hopelessness, low self-esteem, mental health symptoms, substance

41 | P a g e
abuse, and GBV the impact of psychological factors 3. As per the response of FGDs from
the study community, most of the community are not aware about the psychological
violence and its impact, they consider it as normal communication and it is not reported
as other type of violence. Though the community is not recognize and reported the
psychological abuse , the prevalence of psychological gender based violence abuse
on women and children is very high, the impact of the violence experience in different
way like depression , hope less , divorce and school absenteeism and school drop
out and exposing for sexual and physical abuse and poor performance at work place.

As per fining of this study 15.9% of the respondents experience psychological abuse
because of their sex in the last five years. As it is described in the graph below --.
The prevalence of psychological abuse across the study woredas, is high in most
woreda that have sexual and physical abuse experience in the last five years. Thus it
can be concluded that the psychological abuse is highly interrelated with other form of
gender based violence in the study population.

pycolgical violnce across woreda

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Ledit
Addis
AKaki/kali
YekLeditaKolfKolf KerkoKolf
Addis LeditYek Gulel
N/laft Kerko
N/laftYekAradArad Gulel
Akaki/kal Gulel
Kerko
N/laft
Akaki/kali
BolArad
Addis Bol Bol
a-07 ti-10 a- --03 e-Ketema-01
ketema-02 e- a-05 a- s-11 e-o-11e-09s-10o-13 a- a-07a-10
ti -09e-03e-01s-04o-01
ti-11 e- ketam-04
a-05 e- e-
10 11 03 03 14 02 11 09 12

3
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011431/
As per the fining of the respondents , among women who experienced psychological
GB in the last five years, they are victimized by unknown person ( 34% husband(29%),
neibriour ( 24.6%) relatives (12.8%). Fathers are the least reported psychological
perpetrator in the study population in the last five years.

As per the key informants from woreda

women and child affairs, women in the
community are not consider
psychological violence as a violence.
Most victims for physical and sexual,
and economical violence victim
developed psychological disorder. Thus
a women may be a victim of three to
force violence at a time.

pycological GBV perptrator

Father 4.3

Mother 6.9

Bos 8.9

Co-worker 9.6

relatives 12.8

Male neigbours 24.6

Husband 28

Unknown person 34

0510152025303540

3.2.7.4. Prevalence of Education and economic based violence

Economic inequalities are one of the major causes of GBV, at all levels (individual,
household, community and society); they are evident in levels of utilization of household
resources; and in access to and control over productive resources, personal property,
employment, wages and credits. Inequalities in access and control not only reduce
women’s economic independence and reduce their capacity to act and take decisions,
but also increase their vulnerability to violence. Examples from study from Brooke
Ethiopia14 indicate that women’s subordination at a household level is maintained
through restrictions in access to and utilization of resources such as land, income and
or control of proceeds from their own labour, which often lead to gender based violence
including economic violence.

Economic restrictions and gender inequalities are also the factors that force women to
economic violence, which in turn can be the cause of other forms of violence and abuse
against them. While economic independence does not protect women from violence,
access to economic resources can enhance women’s capacity to make meaningful
choices, including escaping violent situations and having recourse to mechanisms for
protection and redress415

As per key informant from Police and woreda level women and child affairs, there is
high prevalence of economic violence in the community between wife and husband ,
most of the resource control by men and most of the women have access to use the
resource but they are mot an effective decision makers. Most women accepted the
men dominancy and not consider the economic violence as a violence due different
reason like fear of conflict with husbands, fear of divorce etc. The economic violence
reported to women and child affairs when there is sever conflict between husband and
wife happened and divorce is occurred

As a result of economic GBV, most men leaving wife after women get pregnant and
having child. As per the Key informant from Bole and Akaki women and child affras and
woreda police explained that most of daily labor women and women in informal sector
get married informally without making legal and without know the family background of
the husband. When conflict is happened between the two couple after she get
4
UNGA, 2006, p.32.
pregnant and having child, the husband leave the home and move to other place. At
that time the wife and her children faced a problem and couldn’t afford to leave with
their children. Such kind of report and compline are common in the woreda women and
child affairs.

economical / educational violnce across woreda

25

21.
20 3

15

11
10
7.6 8.4

5.7 5.7
5
3.4 3.4 3.8 4.2
1.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.7
1.1 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
0 0%
Arad
AddisN/laft
AddisGulelAradGulelAKaki/kali
Kolf Kerko Ledit
N/laft
Kerko
AradKolf YekKerko
Ledita
LeditYekGulelYek
N/laft
Akaki/kalBol KolfAkaki/kali
Bol Addis Bol
ketema-02
a-10 Ketema-01
o-11 e-09a-07e-03 e-ti-10 s-04a-07o-01s-10a-05 e- a- s-11--03a-05 a- e-01 a- o-13 ti -09 e- e- e-ti-11
ketam-04e-
03 11 10 02 03 11 14 12 09

Regarding to the prevalence of are the highest know economic and

Economical violence across the woreda, educational gender based violence
there is higher economic violence in perpetrator on the study respondents in
women living in Bole woreda -09 and the last five years.
Addis Ketam Woreda -04 in the last
five years . Mothers, husband , father
 Economic and ecucational
violnce%
Mother 42.4

Unknown person 34

Husband 29.5

Father 26.9

Male neigbours 24.6

relatives 18.6

Bos 7.2

Co-worker 5.4

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0

3.2.8. Place where GBV committed

Gender-based violence is usually perpetrated by persons who hold a position of power
or control others, whether in the private or public sphere. In most cases, those
responsible are known to the victim/survivor, such as intimate partners, members of the
(extended) family, friends, teachers or community leaders. The place where gender
based violence committed is varies as per the violence type.
The study population who experienced
common plance
GBV in the last 12 month were asked to
for GBV
explain the place where GBV 17.
2
committed. Thus 52.1% GBV
52.
experience committed in domestic 19.
5 1
(Home), 19.5 % of GBV is also
committed in the school environment by 11.2
teacher, students and other. 17.2 % of Ho work placeschool villla
me ge
committed in the village and 11.2 % of
the reported GBV committed in the work
place (please refer graph )
 Thus , This study is also confirm that other studies that report high prevalence of
d omestic violence against women and children in Addis Ababa and Ethiopia16 .
D omestic violence has direct relationship with sociodemographic characteristics of the
v ictim as well as perpetrator17.

“ The problem of domestic violence against girls and women in Ethiopia is beyond i
magination in the 21st century. Women suffer from sexual, physical and emotional v
iolence without making their voices heard and without getting the proper protection a
nd support they deserve as citizens of the country and as mothers of citizens.” 5

Y emane Berhane

As per Yemane Brehane finging, Ethiopia has one of the highest prevalence of both s
exual and physical violence by an intimate partner. In countries where the status of
w omen is generally low younger women are more likely to suffer from domestic violence
c ompared to older women.

3.2.9. Gender-Based Violence and Disability

This assessment recognized that women with disability experience various forms of
violence throughout their lifetime -including domestic abuse to sexual assault, female
genital mutilation, and child, early and forced marriage. Violence against women and
girls with a disability includes psychological, emotional and physical abuse 6. Women
with disability experience violence at home, in the street, at school, in the workplace,
during times. In most cases, the abuser is known to the woman, whether it's an intimate
partner or a family member. However, women also experience violence from other

5
Yemane Berhane, Ending Domestic Violence against Women in Ethiopia,
6
EDHS , 2016 , USAID 2019 gender report
members of their community and broader society, including the state and those meant
to protect them.7

All women are at risk of violence regardless of social background, position and identity.
Nonetheless, the violence women and girls experience are not only based on their
gender. Every woman's experience of discrimination and violence is different and is
shaped by many other factors. Many women face intersecting form of discrimination
based on race, age, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, caste, etc. For example,
women and girls with disabilities are 2 to 4 times more likely to experience intimate
partner violence than women without disabilities. 8

As per key informants from BoLSA, most of the rape on women with a disability takes
place in the home by relatives and non-relatives and men in the village deliberately.
Women with a disability are also vulnerable and exposed to different forms of gender-
based violence (GBV). 9

As per the FGDs participants' reflection, as the law enforcement personnel and
community elders are from the community and they accepted the culture of their
community, most of them are reluctant to take the right action when women with
disability are exposed to GBV and disability-based violence. They consider it as usual
and drive the community to solve it in traditional ways. For example, if there is a rape
case on women with no disability, the elders force the perpetrator's family to arrange
marriage however if the rape case happened on women with disability, the elders push
the perpetrator's family to give some money for her family. The community and the
family in the community hide the information from of rape case on women with disability.
Such kinds of GBVs are common for women with disability in the community. The key
informants from Nefassilk lafto sub city stated that the GBV case on women with
disability is under-reported in the community.

7
IASC Reference Group on Gender and Humanitarian Action, February 2018
8
ILO, 2017 , Gender and disability
9
Nardos Nikodimos(2016)Gender Based Violence against Women with Disabilities in Addis Ababa: The Case of
Ethiopian National Associations for the Blind and Ethiopian Women with Disabilities, AAU, 2016
With regarding the effort of the government, there is a one-stop center for rap survival
to provide health, legal and psychological services at one room in the Gandi Memerial,
Menelik and Terunesh Beging Hospital, and However one-stop center doesn’t have
disability disaggregate data to analysis the prevalence of registered rape case on
women with disability.

The study population were asked to

Vulerablity of WWDS to GBV
explain the vulnerability of women with
disability for different type of GBV and
as per the finding of the survey, 67.4%
22.5
of the respondents expressed that
9.8
women with disability are more 67.4

vulnerable for GBV violence than

women with no Disability. They disability
exposed them for the GBV. 22.5% of the
Vulnerable to GBV
respondents couldn’t associate the Not Vulnerable to GBV
I don't Know
vulnerability of women with disability for
GBV and the rest 9.8% of the
respondents said that women with
disability are not vulnerable for GBV,
please refer Graph -----

3.2.10. Most at Risk population for Gender Based

Violence
THE ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK: EXAMPLES OF RISK FACTORS AT EACH
LEVEL

The so call “ecological framework” is based on evidence that no single factor can explain why
some people or groups are at higher risk of interpersonal violence, while others are more
protected from it. This framework views interpersonal violence as the outcome of the interaction
between many factors at four levels – individual, relationship, community, and societal level18.

Source: Heise, L. Violence Against Women: An integrated, ecological framework , 1998, cited in
Population Reports/CHANGE, Volume XXVII, No. 4, December 1999.

3.2.11. Most at high risk population by Age

The assessment is analyses Women’s experience of violence with different age
categories. As it is indicated in table , the prevalence of sexual violence is very high
for under 18 women in the last five years. Women 15-18 age group are very vulnerable
for all form of violence than other age group women. A single women in the age group
of 19-34 years old are more vulnerable for all form of violence than married women in

50 | P a g e
the same age group. Women in the age group of greater than 34 years old are less
vulnerable for all form of GBV than other age group in the last five years.

Table: Prevalence of gender based violence by age category

Types of GBV Age category

Children<10 10 -14 15 - 18 19 – 34 19 – 34 >34

single girl married women women

Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Sexual Violence 161 7.7 198 7.2 241 9.5 119 9.6 62 13.3 49 20.5

Physical Violence 225 10.8 320 11.6 371 14.5 217 17.4 117 25.1 68 28.5

Psychological Violence 344 16.5 450 16.4 429 16.8 237 19.1 113 24.2 60 25.1

Econ & Educ Violence 129 6.2 174 6.3 205 8.0 102 8.2 65 13.9 47 19.7

3.2.11.1. Socio economic characteristics

Gender-based violence affects women and children of all ages and backgrounds.
Women and girls are the primary victims/survivors but boys are frequently targeted as
well. They may however face different forms of violence. As an example, women and
girls may be more often exposed to rape and other forms of sexual violence, while boys
may be more likely to be forcibly recruited, exposed to rap (home sexuality). Persons
that have been exposed to s gender based violence are referred to as
“victims/survivors.”

The study population were asked to identify most at risk population for GBV in the
community, economic condition of the family, living with step father living with relatives
and girls with living in the economical poor community considers as a key risk factor

51 | P a g e
that exposed women for GBV. Disability status, psychological disordered and girls
engaged in different IGAs considered as additional factors for exposed women for
GBV under the key mentioned factors. Refer graph below.

Most At risk population for GBV (%)

Girls from low economic situations family 83.1

Girls living with step father 71.4

Girls living with relatives 70.9

Girls living in poor community 53.5

Womon/girls with disability 48.2

Girls engaged in different IGAs 46.1

Girls/women with psychological disorder 32.7

Girls living with medium and higher income family 30.8

0102030405060708090

Graph --------

In all the discussions, it was understood that children and youth girls and boys are the
most victims of GBV such as rape. Economic deprivation and physical abuse are also
very common GBV on adult married women. The respondents unanimously stated that
the most affected are poor section of the community. In terms of family environment,
women who are less educated and married at younger age are suffering from physical
and economics deprivations. Girls who are living with step fathers and relatives are also
vulnerable. In Lideta Subcity Woreda 5, there were rape on older women (at the age of
more than 60) at home by relatives and while they were traveling during the night.

Another group of victims are those young girls and boys who illegally migrated to the
city forced to work as a house made, daily laborer, and other informal activities for their
employer. They are highly vulnerable to physical as well as sexual abuse, as they do
not have someone around who can protect them from abuse in addition to their low
education and awareness level.

3.2.12. Socioeconomic associations with reported gender based

violence

The hypothesis that states there is no association between housing condition and GBV
experiences tested with the Pearson Chi-square test of association. The result prevailed the
rejection of the null hypothesis at 1% level of significance and concluded the association
between housing condition and GBV experience of respondents. The GBV experience is higher
for rental housing conditions as compared to living in private house and government houses.

We also tested whether socioeconomic status of neighborhoods with GBV experience and found
a significant association at 1% level of significance. Comparing neighborhoods with middle and
low incomes, the GBV experience is higher for highest income neighborhoods. Pearson Chi-
square test also shows a significance association between the area where the respondents grew up
in their child hood (before your age of 14) and the situation of GBV in the community (see
Appendix 1 for the detail).

4.1. Regression Analysis

We use binary logistic regression to identify statistically significant determinant factors of
gender based violence. In model 1, we use whether or not the individual women reported any
experiences of sexual violence in their life as dependent variable. In model 2, we use whether or
not the individual women reported any experiences of physical violence in in their life as
dependent variable. In model 3, we use whether or not the individual women reported any
experiences of psychological violence in in their life as dependent variable. Results from the
logistic regression are presented in Table7 below.

Table9. Binary logistic regression results for gender based violence experience.

Sexual Violence Physical Violence Psychological violence

Risk factors Coeff. Odd. Ratio Coeff. Odd. Ratio Coeff. Odd. Ratio
 Age -0.008 0.992 -0.006 0.994 0.014*** 1.014
(0.005) (0.006)
(0.005)
Housing condition
Rented 0.239 1.270 0.303** 1.354 -0.071 0.931
(0.120) (0.137) (0.119)
Private 0.422** 1.525 0.461*** 1.585 0.228** 1.256
(0.118) (0.135) (0.114)
Neighbor_ income
High -0.181 0.834 0.100 1.105 0.219 1.245
(0.352) (0.369) (0.318)
Moderate -0.275*** -0.759 -0.172 0.842 -0.357*** 0.700
(0.098) (0.109) (0.098)
Have Children?
Yes -0.220* 0.802 0.128 1.137 0.000 1.000
(0.116) (0.131) (0.115)
Family size -0.047* 0.954 -0.092*** 0.912 -0.134*** 0.875
(0.026) (0.030) (0.027)
Denial of
resource?
0.466*** 1.593 0.724*** 2.064 0.385*** 1.470
Yes
(0.115) (0.122) (0.116)
Constant -1.333 0.264 -1.865 0.155 -1.508 0.221
(0.201) (0.231) (0.197)
Chi-square@ 52.771*** 62.102*** 66.194***

Note: Standard errors in parentheses, *** , ** and * are significant at 1%,5% and 10% level
of significance
Reference category: Government in Housing condition
Poor in Neighbor_
income No in Have
Children?
No in Denial of resource?
@
is Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients, it is significant in all models that shows our
model specification is adequate
As shown in table 1, respondents that live in their private house compared with the government
house are more likely to experience the three types of gender based violence. With increased
lifetime risk of reported gender based violence with respondents that own their private house
(odds ratio= 1.256) compared with respondents that live in government house. The risk of
experiencing gender based violence increased by 26% for those live in own house compared to
live in government house.

The risk of experiencing gender based violence is higher for respondents who deprives from
owning and using resources to respondents allowed to own and use resources (odds ratio =
1.470), compared with respondents who allowed to own and use resources, the risk of
experiencing gender based violence is increased by 47% for respondents who not allowed to own
and use resources.

The odds of psychological violence increased for one more year old respondents compared with
other respondents as indicated by the odds ratio 1.014.

The risk of experiencing sexual violence is lower by 87% for respondents that have children
compared with respondents without children (the odds ratio=0.128).

3.2.13. Aggravating factors for GBV

Gender-based violence, and in particular violence against women, is one of the most pronounced
expressions of the unequal power relations between women and men. As per different studies
and the assessment result of this study, there is no single factor that can explain gender-based
violence, but rather a myriad of factors contribute to it, and the interplay of these factors lies at
the root of the problem. There are four key factors that significantly contribute for committing
GBV against women and children 19, which are Cultural factor, Legal factor, Economic factors
and political factors.

Gender-based violence is deeply rooted in discriminatory cultural beliefs and attitudes that
perpetuate inequality and powerlessness, in particular of women and girls. Various other factors,
such as poverty, lack of education and livelihood opportunities, and impunity for crime and
abuse, also tend to contribute to and reinforce a culture of violence and discrimination based on
gender20

Similarly, the causes for gender based violence in the study area also varies across the type of
violence. The result FGDs, Key informants and survey data is summarized below.

As per the responses of Key informants and FGD participants from different stakeholders,
cultural norms often dictate that men are aggressive, powerful, and dominant, while women are
docile, subservient, and rely on men as providers. These norms can foster a culture of abuse
outright, such as sexually harassment, rape, sexual assault, early and forced marriage, physical
violence, economic, and psychological violence.

Due to men dominance culture, there is gender biased community and women and girls are
considered as subordinate to men. This contribute directly or implicitly to exposure of women
for different social, economic and political discrimination, which aggravates the violence against
women. Such discrimination throughout the life of women, make women to have law
performance in their education, which make them in lower economic, social, and political
position in the community. During the FGDs and the Key informant interviews, the following
contributing factors were identified:

 Gender based discriminatory cultural beliefs and attitudes that perpetuate inequality and
powerlessness
 Lack ethical practice in the community
 Substance use
 Inappropriate legal punishment and response of law enforcement body for GBV
including Poor system of case management and poor coordination in handling of the
GBV cases
 Weak GBV reporting culture of the community including fair of ravage by the
perpetrator and his family.
 Unemployment and have hopeless citizen is also aggravating the prevalence of GBV

As shown in Figure ---- below, during this survey, the assessment team were asked the survey
respondents to mentioned the most aggravating factor for high prevalence of GBV in the
community, 78% of the total respondents rated substance use as the highest cause of GBV
followed by unemployment rate (74%). Relatively the number of people living in one house is
considered as the lowest cause for GBV as rated by 48% of respondents. More than 50% of the
respondents still considered women’s economic dependency (58%) and lack ethical practice
(55%) as the cause of GBV in the study woredas.

Figure: GBV Aggravating Factors

90 Aggravating Factors for GBV(%)

80 78
74
70
60 58 55
50 48
40
30
20
10
0

Unemployment
Substance use
Women economic dependency
Many people living at the same
house Lack of ethics

The survey in-depth analyses the key factors that mentioned as GBV aggravating factors in the
community which was mentioned by the KII, FGDs and the survey respondents

3.2.13.1. Lack ethical practice and Substance use

As it is shown from graph -----, substance use and lack of ethical practices in the
community have a great contribute for high gender based violence prevalence. As per the
FGDs and KII response findings, the culture and the societal value that contribute for
having healthily society in the community is degraded and the perception , attitude and
practices of the community , especially men and youth towards watching pornography
films , substance use , alcohol drinking is increased and at a result gender based violence
especial sexual violence is increased in the community.
Some of the key informants from sub city women and child affairs and police commission
explained that

“The main cause that revealing youth for such things are lack of employment and
degrading of social value as a result to lose coaching from religion, community
leaders and the family and impact of social media and globalization. As huge number
of productive workforce are not included in the labor force, they become hopeless in
their life and they expose to different addiction that aggravated the GBV in the
community.”

Case story of W/ro Fantu

tear how she had been suffered to

W/ro Fantu is 47 years old mother ,
support her children in their child hood
living in Gulele sub city , woreda 2 , in
to create a better future for them , she
Menen village. I she has three sons. Her
said , all effort and suffering ended in
husband passed away before 10 years.
such situation, she was blaming the
Two of her sons were graduated from
government and her lack”
government university before 3 years,
however they don’t get job and the last
son is school dropout from 11 grade
before a year as he discouraged by his
two elder brother job less situation the
available job opportunity. She said
that” all my three sons were sent in the
village with nothing. Currently all the
three sons are addictive to substances
and chat , they are spoiled and the
elder son accused by sexual attempt
before a year., w/ro Fanitu was crying
and couldn’t explain how she is
suffering by the current
situation of
her sonsandshe also explain with
 During the assessment the assessment team found unreported and recently committed
gender based violence including rap cases prior to the assessment period by family members
and intimate relatives. Some of the FGDs respondents from the community responded that,

“Though we might mentioned the known cause for GBV , there are unexplained factors
especial the sexual violence by very closed family member including uncle and father
without having substances and alcohol couldn’t not explained by us and it is evil act”

3.2.13.2. Poor law implementation and coordination

i. Poor law implementation

During the assessment, almost all the targeted study population was accused the existing
legal frame work, the law implementation and the client friendly services of the law
enforcement bodies. The FGDs and the key informants concluded that the inappropriate legal
punishment and response of law enforcement body for GBV including Poor system of case
management and poor coordination in handling of the GBV cases contributed for the high
prevalence of GBV in the community and it is also contributed for not reporting the GBV
case as there Poor law implementation and coordination to provide justice for the victim.
Some of the FGDs participants were also explain their own reported and unreported GBV
experience. They are fading up by the existing law implementation, they explain how their
case were handled and the treatments during reporting were unfriendly and disgusting. They
said that the law enforcement boy, the system and the legal framework are abusive and it
expose us for further abuse.

The household survey was asked the
targeted study population the experience
and the perception of them on how the
response of law enforcement body when
the GBV cases reported, most of the
respondent 55.2% of them replied that
the police men don’t give attention for
GBV case reported. The reporting
system and the services is not friendly
and encouraging. However 19.7 % of the
respondents said that police personnel;
take fast attention when GBV case
 reported and 16 % of the respondents
said that the police personnel asked a lot
of information that couldn’t be accessed
and the rest 9.1% of the respondents
didn’t know about the response of the
police when GBV reported.

Response of police when GBV reprted

19.79.1

16

55.2

Don't know
Ask many information Give low attention Give fast action

Figure:

The assessment team further triangulated the law implementation and client t friendly
services provision of police during GBV reporting. Most of Key informants from each sub
city police commission women and child department said that though the team tried to
handle the case as much as possible , the capacity of the department in terms of human
resource as well as in term of facilities and logistics( including car) to handle case properly,
the psychological safety of the staff and the system that can encourage such personnel are
very poor. Thus, personnel in this department fading and exhausted with in short period of
time and they may reluctant in providing client friendly services as well as handling GBV at
the expected level. they don’t want to be assigned in women and child protection department
due to such burden and lack of enabling environment to handle the GBV case.

ii. Poor GBV reporting culture:

60 | P a g e
 Raction of victum /family for
sexual Violnce 80
75.
35 70 4
60 62
57.
3029 50 4
40 42.9
25 24.
5 30 28.
20 20 2
10
15
11. 12. 0
10 8 2
inform toKeeping
Handling
Handling the
the case Taking
case with the case to
with relegious
6.9 police quit WCA
elders
fathers
5

0
Informing Hide the Negotia Social Leave the
police case tion sanction village

iii. Institutional framework and Lack of Coordination

Though a policy and legal framework conducive to gender equality and protective of people’s
human rights, implementing and enforcing policies and laws requires effective formal and
informal institutions at all levels. In organization in the like-minded stakeholders, legislation and
policies do exist and appropriate institutions are in place but do not function adequately to provide
the specific services demanded. Yet, the law enforcement body including police and court fail to
hold perpetrators accountable, the knowledge of impunity not only intensifies the subordination
and powerlessness of those affected by violence, but also strengthens the perception that male
violence against women is both acceptable and inevitable.

Coordinating action with partners from other
sectors When intervening in the context of
GBV and humanitarian settings, it is
important to liaise with actors in other
sectors to coordinate activities and support.
This coordination can prevent the
61 | P a g e
fragmentation of the approach and services
that can lead to confusion or even division
within the communities, as well as to
continuing violence. Figure ------ depicts a
multi-sectorial and coordinated response to
GBV. The public health response at one stop
center or at health center and legal response
and the livelihood and rehabilitation
response should coordinated to provide
integrated services to ensure effective
justices and recovery from negative health
outcomes.

Figure : coordinated response to GBV1021

Adapted from FAO/IIEP/UNESCO/ADEA, 2005.

10

Education for Rural People in Africa: Policy Lessons,

Options and Priorities, Ministerial Seminar, 7-9
September 2005 (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), Working
document.
 As per the Key informant from police and EWLA, there is very weak coordination and
fragmented effort in providing services and justice for GBV victim. Law enforcement bodies
including, police, prosecutor and judiciaries don’t have the same level of understand and
commitment in providing service. Sometime the police request additional time for collecting
additional evidence and demanding the court for not allowing the bail right of the suspected
perpetrator however court may allow the bail right and the police may not get the expected
evidence as the suspected may effacement the evidence when he is out of prison. There is not
similar commitment in the leadership and experts of women and child affairs at woreda level.

Key informants from woreda women and child affairs said that

We are under a big challenge to provide services for victim due to different reason like lack
of logistic for accessing legal and health related service for victim , low comment of the head
of woreda women and child affairs as there is high turnover and they are assigned also
political and most of them engaged in mobilization work rather giving attention for gender
based violence.

FGDs result from sub city and woreda women and child affairs also confirmed that 80 % of the
office work focused on mobilization for sack of political consumptions to engaged women in
different structure. Thus, activities relating to preventing gender based violence, empowering
women overlooked due to different reason. The regular community conversation program of
the office , which enhance the awareness level of the women on GBV, is not also providing at
per the plan due to budget constraint.

The real role of women and child in preventing GBV and empowering women in social,
economic and political is not at the expected level. The mandate that given from adds Ababa city
administration is not allow to undertaken more role that expected by the community. The office
role mainly focused on mobilization, providing information and legal advice and mediating
husband and wife case.

The Key a law experts from Arada sub city and Nefaselk Lafto said that

The given mandate cannot allow us to give a lot of services for victim. A lot of victim came to
our office every day. We only give them advisory and legal service linkage, we couldn’t even
provide attorney services in the half of women and child victim as ministry of custom did. We
only heard the legal process of such victim case from third party (prosecutors). Some time we
assumed by ourselves as the victims expect a lot from us and we only can do a little and they
come to the office now and then as they thought that we have a power to do more.

3.2.14. IMPACTS OF GBV ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN

Impacts on people’s skills, knowledge, health and ability to work GBV negatively
influences human assets of both perpetrators (mainly men) and survivors (mainly
women) of violence)

Health consequences, Iinability to work Decreased productivity

GBV in Withdrawal of children from school and
including HIV, STDs
particular Dropping out of school Orphaned
abortion and SRH
physical, children
complication
sexual and abort
Discrimination Social Increased food insecurity and malnutrition
psychosocial stigma & exclusion Loss Psychological, mental health problem and
forms of life Social crises Exclusion from social and
Migration Commercial community activities
sex for survival purposes Loss of support from family and
( Women) community networks Relationships of
Insecurity and fear trust, reciprocity and exchange
Reallocation of family undermined
resources
The health, emotional and psychological consequences of GBV may be so devastating
that the victims/survivors will not be able to continue being productive. Social stigma
and exclusion, loss of role and functions in a community society – with consequent
deficit of income and increased gender inequalities – may as well push the persons
affected by GBV into a downward spiral of poverty, preventing them from living a
healthy and dignified life. Negative impacts of GBV are particularly devastating for
women and girls. Girls are forced out of school because of defilement, rape and or
constant sexual harassment from, for example, teachers and guardians. Others cannot
build skills required for future survival because they are forced by families into early
marriages or commercial sex as a way of gaining food, income and school fees, among
others. By restricting women’s movements and their involvement in education and
trainings, including agricultural extension services or farmer field and life schools,
psycho-social forms of violence hinder their access to information and better farming
practices.1122 The result is that agricultural programmes that target ‘farmers’ may fail to
achieve their objectives if women, who carry out the majority of farming activities, are
not involved. Fatal GBV outcomes may result in labour shortages and declines in
productivity. Declining productivity, in turn, leads to declines in income through both
decreases in the household’s own production and through declines in off-farm income
and remittances, which may lead to increased food insecurity and malnutrition.

Social capital is critical for farmers’ ability to cope with external shocks, recover from
their consequences and continue normal life and work. Illness and death, emotional and
psychological consequences, as well as stigma and discrimination related to GBV,
disrupt people’s links to their extended family and the larger community.
Victims/survivors as well as perpetrators often avoid engaging in social and community
activities.1223 Moreover, services offered exclusively for survivors of violence or HIV-
positive people contribute to stigma and exclusion, as many communities and societies

11
7 See for example, Swaans, L, Broerse, E.W., Mudhara, M., Mweli, M. and Bunders, J.F.G., 2008. The Farmer Life
School: experience from an innovative approach to HIV education among farmers in South Africa, in Journal of
Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, Vol. 5, No. 2, July 2008, p.62.
12
FAO field assessments in Uganda and Kenya
still consider violence as a norm, or do not fully accept persons living with HIV. 1324
Violence in the households also has a strong psychological impact on children. It may
lead to children dropping out of school, irregular school attendance and a general
negative impact on their wellbeing. At a community level, GBV influences the
socialization processes whereby boys and girls come to accept violence as a norm in
family life.

While the most immediate impacts of GBV and its consequences affect individuals –
victims / survivors and perpetrators – and their families directly, these impacts combine
to exert effects on the wider community and society. At the same time, disrupted
livelihoods, food insecurity and loss of social and community support exacerbate the
risk and vulnerability environment for GBV (see Figure 2).

Poverty, food and livelihoods insecurity, economic inequalities and conflicts over
the control over resources exacerbate the risk and vulnerability environment for
GBV

GBV (Physical, sexual, emotional and psychological, socio-economic and harmful

traditional practices) Harmful coping strategies, with increased risk of HIV infection
a. Disability and sexual harassment

Health and psycho-social consequences, including HIV infection, social stigma and
exclusion, loss of life, loss of land, property and belongings, migration

Reduced work capacity with adverse effects on land and labour productivity
Reduced agricultural production and ensuing negative implications for national
development and growth Increased expenditures directly related to the violence
13
aEgnhdteessnasdui,inRg., 2d0e0c8l. iGneendiner hviooulesnecheoalndd HinIVc:oRmeveerNsiengg
atwtiivneepinidteemr-igcse, ninerEaxtcihoannagle oenffHeIcVt/sA, IDS, sexuality and
gewnditehr, knowledge and skills Undermined relationships of trust,
Neor.o3s,ioppn. 1o-
4 f.

66re|cPiparogceity and exchange within households and communities Further

increased gender inequalities, human rights abuses and poverty Protracting
crises and reduced chances for reconstruction and populations’ return
 3.2.15. What is the general context under which the programme
operated/was implemented?

A brief look at the context under which the programme was implemented/operated i.e.
the available policy and institutional frameworks are important as these serve as either
facilitating and/or barriers for adequate implementation. Furthermore, the knowledge
and utilization of the available frameworks during the implementation of the programme
is expected to have a bearing on the outputs. The Ethiopian legal framework provides
good level of protection against gender based violence. However, the scope of
coverage of laws dealing with GBV falls short of internationally accepted standards in
some respects. Although the law addresses the major types of GBV: physical, sexual,
psychological and economic violence, the coverage is not done in a comprehensive
manner. For instance, in relation to physical violence, the law fails to take into account
the gendered features of violence i.e. that it is violence perpetrated against women
because they are women; it is committed repeatedly; it occurs in situations where the
woman is under the influence of the man mainly where she is economically dependent;
it is a manifestation of power of men over women etc. In addition to the legal framework,
the country has adopted the Strategic Plan for an Integrated and Multi-Sectoral
Response to Violence against Women and Child Justice in Ethiopia in 2018 25. The
strategic plan focuses on prevention, protection and response mechanisms. The plan
intends to improve the situation by addressing gaps and challenges at the policy,
institutional and practical level and by initiating a comprehensive multi-sectoral and
integrated prevention and response to gender based violence including violence against
women and children as well as child justice. In addition, the government has also
adopted the National Strategy on Harmful Traditional Practices and the accompanying
action plan on three major forms of HTPs: FGM, early/child marriage and abduction in

67 | P a g e
2013. The legal and policy frameworks criminalize all acts of violence against women,
including all forms of harmful traditional practices and provide sanctions for their
practice. In terms of institutional framework, specialized structures within law
enforcement bodies dedicated to addressing GBV have been established. The major
ones are: child and women protection units in police stations responsible for handling
cases of GBV; the GBV Investigation and Prosecution team (established by the Addis
Ababa Bureau of Justice to handle GBV cases); and child and survivor friendly benches
with the Federal First Instance Court that handle cases of GBV particularly where
sexual violence cases occur in survivor friendly benches. Gender sensitive proceedings
in the prosecution of GBV cases have been instituted in the Federal First Instance Court
in Addis Ababa city administration. In addition to law enforcement bodies, the Women
and Children Affairs offices at various levels (federal, regional and woreda) level are
manned with legal officers that provide advice for women on several rights related
issues including GBV. The existence of these frameworks should translate into concrete
measures of prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of GBV. However the situation
on the ground leaves a lot to be desired. Survivors of GBV need access to support
systems like shelters, legal aid, and medical, transport services and psycho-social
support. The policy framework in Ethiopia provides for a multi-sectoral approach
whereby various sectors including non-governmental organizations can come together
to provide the required package of support. In line with this, the government has
established a one stop centre. In addition, non-governmental organizations provide
shelter as well as psycho-social support to survivors of GBV. Non-governmental
organizations such as the Association for Women Sanctuary and Development
(AWSAD), Addis Ababa women association, and others go to the extent of providing
skills training to enable survivors to engage in income generating activities after
rehabilitation. Although the support service as stipulated in the policy framework is quite
commendable, the coverage of the service (both governmental and non-governmental)
is not adequate compared to the extent and gravity of the problem. More than 95 %of
the gender based violence victim from the One stop centres and police, court sent to
the Association for Women Sanctuary and Development (AWSAD) for rehabilitation
though they have restricted capacity to accommodate all these victim as their budget
supported by donors and they also paid huge amount of money for rehabilitation
centre and office rent and they are not also get support from the government in
availing land for rehabilitation centre and office rent. The assessment team couldn’t find
any rehabilitation centre managed by government like Addis Ababa women and child
affairs and police commission. These also create a big challenge for police and
women and child staff at woreda and sub city level to provide the required series to
the victim and sometime Due to lack of enough services owned by the government
and logistics to transport the victim to AWSAD , they pushed the victim to stay with
perpetrator in the same house which exposed the victim for additional violence.

Furthermore, the implementation of the multi-sectorial approach envisaged in the policy

framework is quite weak. According to the key informants from participating woredas
stated that there is a problem of coordination among the various sectors/stakeholders
that are required to respond to GBV. One does not often see systems of cooperation
and referral among the different sectors. Furthermore, women do not have adequate
information regarding where they should go to/report when faced with GBV cases. As a
result even where GBV is committed there is low level of reporting
 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
i.1. Response for GBV
a) At household level
At household level, the survey showed a mixed result. The family is taking the possible
care for children. However, when the incident happens and if perpetrator is a family
member, there is a tendency of hiding case. Respondents indicated that this is
particularly the case in families where there is economic dependency on the perpetrator.

b) Community level
In general, from the discussion, it can be deduced that the community is not fulfilling its
role of preventing the wellbeing of the community. There is fear of the perpetrators and
prefer silence.

c) Government level: police and court

The community

i.2. Stakeholders roles for minimizing GBV (Actors)

a) Roles of individual
b) Role of religious institution
c) Government
d) Media
e) NGOs
f) Community based organization

i.3. Conclusion and Recommendations

7.1. Conclusion

The KIIs and FGD participants

70 | P a g e
  Continuous community awareness
 Coordinated work, awareness raising, the police and WCA office should be close
to each other to provide efficient and timely service
 Economic empowerment of women should be give attention, awareness raising
of the community

7.2. Recommendations at different level

 Religious institutions
 Individually
 NGOS
 Community Government (Police, Court, Idder, ….)

71 | P a g e
1
UN:Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
2
Revised Family Law in 2000 and the Revised Criminal Code in 2005 (UN Women 2016).
3
Population counsel( 2010): Ethiopia gender survey Ethiopia gender survey: A study in seven regions
4
CARE Ethiopia(2008) The Status of Gender Based Violence and Related Services in Four Woredas (Woredas
surrounding Bahir Dar town, Burayu woreda, Bako woreda and Gulele Sub-city of Addis Ababa)
5
EDHS(2016) , Ethiopia demography and health survey
6
Raffaeilli M, Campos R Merritt P.A siqueira E sexual practice and attitude of youth
7
WHO, 2005. Multi-country study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women: executive summary
of initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responses, Geneva, WHO, p. 9.
8
Compare WHO/PATH (2005) Researching Violence against Women. A practical guide for researchers and activists.
http://www.path.org/publications/files/ GBV_rvaw_complete.pdf
9
Abrahams, N.; Jewkes, R.; Laubscher, R.; Hoffman, M. Intimate partner violence: Prevalence and risk
factors for men in Cape Town, South Africa. Violence Vict. 2006, 21, 247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

10
Chirwa, E.D.; Sikweyiya, Y.; Addo-Lartey, A.A.; Alangea, D.O.; Coker-Appiah, D.; Adanu, R.M.; Jewkes,
R. Prevalence and risk factors of physical or sexual intimate violence perpetration amongst men in four
districts in the central region of Ghana: Baseline findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS
ONE 2018, 13, e0191663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

11
Le Mat, M.L. ‘Sexual violence is not good for our country’s development’. Students’ interpretations of sexual
violence in a secondary school in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Gend. Educ. 2016, 28, 562–580. [CrossRef]
12
Kedir, A.; Admasachew, L. Violence against women in Ethiopia. Gend. Place Cult. 2010, 17, 437–452. [CrossRef]
13
UN definition , 2018
14
Gender analysis 2019 , Brooke Ethiopia
15
UNGA, 2006. In-depth study on all forms of violence against women, Report of the Secretary-General, UN doc.
A/61/122/Add.1 of 6 July 2006.
16
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12978-015-0072-1
17
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/118353
18
https://www.who.int/violenceprevention/approach/ecology/en/
Appendix : Type of violence by woreda

Sexual Violence Physical Violence Psychological Violence Econ & Educ Violence

Wereda Count Percent Count Percent Count Percent Count Percent

Akaki/kalti -09 14 4.7 20 4 25 3.9 11 4.2
AKaki/kaliti-10 3 1.0 13 2.6 8 1.3 3 1.1
Akaki/kaliti-11 24 8.0 29 5.9 29 4.5 22 8.4
Arada-05 4 1.3 10 2 32 5 5 1.9
Arada-07 2 0.7 9 1.8 23 3.6 2 0.8
Arada-10 1 0.3 3 0.6 23 3.6 0 0

Addis Ketema- 3 1.0 4 0.8 16 2.5 1 0.4

01
Addis ketema-02 1 0.3 5 1 4 0.6 0 0
Addis ketam-04 31 10.4 31 6.3 36 5.6 29 11
Bole-09 54 18.1 58 11.7 43 6.7 56 21.3
Bole-11 17 5.7 15 3 30 4.7 15 5.7
Bole-12 25 8.4 34 6.9 43 6.7 20 7.6
Gulele-01 6 2.0 22 4.4 27 4.2 9 3.4
Gulele-03 3 1 13 2.6 26 4.1 2 0.8
Gulele-09 2 0.7 12 2.4 20 3.1 1 0.4
Kolfe-03 1 0.3 12 2.4 14 2.2 2 0.8
Kolfe-11 0 0 11 2.2 13 2 5 1.9
Kolfe-14 18 6. 23 4.6 18 2.8 15 5.7
Kerkos-04 4 1.3 18 3.6 27 4.2 3 1.1
Kerkos-10 4 1.3 12 2.4 21 3.3 4 1.5
Kerkos-11 3 1. 23 4.6 17 2.7 6 2.3
Ledita--03 15 5. 17 3.4 11 1.7 6 2.3
Ledita-05 15 5 15 3 16 2.5 6 2.3
Ledita-07 8 2.7 8 1.6 3 0.5 3 1.1
N/lafto-01 2 0.7 14 2.8 27 4.2 3 1.1
N/lafto-11 2 0.7 5 1 19 3 3 1.1%
N/lafto-13 11 3.7 17 3.4 21 3.3 10 3.8
Yeka-02 3 1 11 2.2 21 3.3 7 2.7
Yeka-03 12 4 18 3.6 16 2.5 9 3.4
Yeka-10 11 3.7 13 2.6 9 1.4 5 1.9

Appendix 1: Cross tabulation with Chi-square tests

Where do you grew up in your child hood (before your age of 14? * The situation of GBV in the community
Cross tabulation

Count

The situation of GBV in the community

Total
Very High High Medium Low Very Low

AA with Family 104 173 498 1272 481 2528

AA with Relative/other
5 29 61 146 82 323
persons

Regional cities with

Where do you grew up 6 28 57 137 90 318
Family
in your child hood
Regional cities with 0 8 15 34 13 70
(before your age of Relative/other persons
14? 11 52 143 251 133 590
Rural with Family

Rural with 1 6 12 18 6 43

Relative/other persons
2 1 4 8 9 24
Abroad with Family
1 1 5 9 0 16
Abroad with
Relative/other persons
130 298 795 1875 814 3912
Total
 Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 69.756a 28 .000

Likelihood Ratio 74.045 28 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association .040 1 .842

N of Valid Cases 3912

a. 11 cells (27.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .53.

House condition * Have you ever experienced GBV in the last Five years? Cross tabulation

Have you ever experienced GBV

in the last Five years?

No Yes Total

Rental Count 1059 233 1292

Expected Count 1099.1 192.9 1292.0

% within House condition 82.0% 18.0% 100.0%

 % within Have you ever
experienced GBV in the last 32.9% 41.3% 34.2%
Five years?

Private Count 1038 173 1211

House
Expected Count 1030.2 180.8 1211.0
condition
% within House condition 85.7% 14.3% 100.0%

% within Have you ever

32.3% 30.7% 32.1%
experienced GBV in the last
Five years?

Government Count 1117 158 1275

Expected Count 1084.7 190.3 1275.0

% within House condition 87.6% 12.4% 100.0%

% within Have you ever

34.8% 28.0% 33.7%
experienced GBV in the last
Five years?

Total Count 3214 564 3778

Expected Count 3214.0 564.0 3778.0

% within House condition 85.1% 14.9% 100.0%

% within Have you ever

experienced GBV in the last 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Five years?

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 16.664a 2 0.000

Likelihood Ratio 16.493 2 0.000

Linear-by-Linear Association 16.103 1 0.000

N of Valid Cases 3778

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 180.78.
Status of the Income of the Community * Have you ever experienced GBV in the last Five years? Cross tabulation

Have you ever experienced

GBV in the last Five years?

No Yes Total

High/Rich Count 53 23 76

Expected Count 64.5 11.5 76.0

% within Status of the 69.7% 30.3% 100.0%

Income of the
Community

1.6% 3.8% 1.9%

% within Have you ever
experienced GBV in the
last Five years?
Middle Count 1386 212 1598

Expected Count 1355.2 242.8 1598.0

 Status of % within Status of the
86.7% 13.3% 100.0%
Income of the Community
the Income
% within Have you ever
of the Community
experienced GBV in the last 41.5% 35.5% 40.6%
Five years?

Low/poor Count 1899 363 2262

Expected Count 1918.3 343.7 2262.0

% within Status of the

84.0% 16.0% 100.0%
Income of the Community

% within Have you ever

56.9% 60.7% 57.5%
experienced GBV in the last
Five years?

Total Count 3338 598 3936

Expected Count 3338.0 598.0 3936.0

% within Status of the

84.8% 15.2% 100.0%
Income of the Community

% within Have you ever

experienced GBV in the last 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Five years?

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 19.281 a

2 0.000

Likelihood Ratio 16.997 2 0.000

Linear-by-Linear Association .429 1 0.513

N of Valid Cases 3936

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 11.55.

Appendix 2: Results of binary logistic regression

 Variables in the Equation

B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)

Step 1a Age -.008 .005 2.157 1 .142 .992

Q220House 12.851 2 .002

Q220House(1) .183 .116 2.488 1 .115 1.201

Q220House(2) -.239 .120 3.985 1 .046 .787

Q222IncComm 7.998 2 .018

Q222IncComm(1) -.181 .352 .265 1 .607 .834

Q222IncComm(2) -.275 .098 7.956 1 .005 .759

Q204(1) .220 .116 3.587 1 .058 1.246

Q206_1 -.047 .026 3.306 1 .069 .954

Q323_10(1) .466 .115 16.488 1 .000 1.593

Constant -1.314 .228 33.341 1 .000 .269

a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, Q220House, Q222IncComm, Q204, Q206_1, Q323_10.

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients

Chi-square df Sig.

Step 1 Step 52.771 8 .000

Block 52.771 8 .000

Model 52.771 8 .000

Variables in the Equation

B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)

Step 1a Age -.006 .006 .976 1 .323 .994

Q220House 11.808 2 .003

Q220House(1) .303 .137 4.886 1 .027 1.354

Q220House(2) .461 .135 11.655 1 .001 1.585

Q222IncComm 2.675 2 .262

 Q222IncComm(1) .100 .369 .074 1 .786 1.105
Q222IncComm(2) -.172 .109 2.461 1 .117 .842
Q204(1) .128 .131 .953 1 .329 1.137
Q206_1 -.092 .030 9.186 1 .002 .912
Q323_10(1) .724 .122 35.455 1 .000 2.064
Constant -1.865 .231 65.284 1 .000 .155

a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, Q220House, Q222IncComm, Q204, Q206_1, Q323_10.

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients

Chi-square df Sig.

Step 1 Step 62.102 8 .000

Block 62.102 8 .000

Model 62.102 8 .000

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients

Chi-square df Sig.

Step 1 Step 66.194 8 .000

Block 66.194 8 .000

Model 66.194 8 .000

Variables in the Equation

B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)

Step 1a Age .014 .005 7.516 1 .006 1.014

Q220Hous 7.182 2 .028

e
 Q220House(1) -.071 .119 .358 1 .550 .931
Q220House(2) .228 .114 3.964 1 .046 1.256
Q222IncComm 14.408 2 .001

Q222IncComm(1) .219 .318 .473 1 .492 1.245

Q222IncComm(2) -.357 .098 13.167 1 .000 .700
Q204(1) .000 .115 .000 1 1.000 1.000
Q206_1 -.134 .027 24.954 1 .000 .875
Q323_10(1) .385 .116 11.070 1 .001 1.470
Constant -1.508 .197 58.594 1 .000 .221

a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Age, Q220House, Q222IncComm, Q204, Q206_1, Q323_10.

19
https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/what-causes-gender-based-violence
20
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) www.unfpa.org
21
Adapted from FAO/IIEP/UNESCO/ADEA, 2005. Education for Rural People in Africa: Policy Lessons, Options and
Priorities, Ministerial Seminar, 7-9 September 2005 (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), Working document.
22
7 See for example, Swaans, L, Broerse, E.W., Mudhara, M., Mweli, M. and Bunders, J.F.G., 2008. The Farmer Life
School: experience from an innovative approach to HIV education among farmers in South Africa, in Journal of
Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, Vol. 5, No. 2, July 2008, p.62.
23
FAO, 2008. Gender, Property Rights and Livelihoods in the Era of AIDS – Proceeding Report of FAO Technical
Consultation, by Carpano, F., Izumi, K. and Mathieson, K., 28-30 November 2007, Rome, FAO (available at:
ftp://ext-ftp.fao.org/ES/data/ESW/HIVAIDS/FinalConsultationReport.pdf
24
Eghtessadi, R., 2008. Gender violence and HIV: Reversing twin epidemics, in Exchange on HIV/AIDS, sexuality and
gender, No. 3, pp. 1-4.
25
Strategic Plan for an Integrated and Multi-Sectoral Response to Violence against Women and Child Justice in
Ethiopia in 2018