Chapter

Electricity
12
12.1 Electric Current and Circuit 12.5 Factors on which the Resistance of a
Conductor Depends
12.2 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
12.6 Resistance of System of Resistors
12.3 Circuit Diagram 12.7 Heating Effect of Electric Current

12.4 Ohm’s Law 12.8 Electric Power

Topicwise Analysis of 2010-2008 Years’ CBSE Board Questions

8 Maximum weightage is of Resistance of System 8 Maximum SA II type questions were asked

of Resistors. from Resistance of System of Resistors.

QUICK RECAP

8 Charge : Electrons have a negative charge of 1 coulomb (C)

1.6 × 10–19 C, while protons have an equal X SI unit of current =
1 second (s)
positive charge of 1.6 × 10–19 C.
= 1 ampere (A)
8 Electric current : The quantity of electric X Small units of current are
charge flowing through a conductor in one 1 mA = 10–3 A (mA = milliampere)
second. 1 A = 10–6 A ( A = microampere)
Charge (Q) X Current may be direct, varying or alternating
Current (I) =
Time (t ) current.
220 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

I I
8. Resistor

9. Rheostat or
t t
Direct Current
+A –
Alternating Current 10. Ammeter
8 Electric potential : The work done in bringing 11. Voltmeter +
V
–
a unit positive charge from reference point to
a point against any electric field. + –
12. Galvanometer G
Work done (W )
V=
Charge (q)
13. AC source ~
X SI unit of electric potential
8 Ohm’s law : Under similar physical
1 joule (J) conditions, the current flowing through a
= = 1 volt (V)
1 coulomb (C) conductor is directly proportional to the
8 Electric potential difference : The amount difference in potential applied across its ends,
of work done in bringing unit positive charge i.e., I V or V = IR, where R is the resistance
from one point to another point in an electric offered.
field. V
8 Graphical representation :
W W
VAB = VB – VA = B − A V
q q Slope is a measure of
I
X It has the same SI unit as electric potential.
resistance offered (R). I
8 Electric potential energy : The work X The opposition caused to the flow of current
required to be done to bring the charges to is called resistance.
their respective location against the electric X The SI unit of resistance is ohm.
field with the help of a source of energy. 1 volt
This work done gets stored in the form of R= = 1 ohm (Ω)
X
1 ampere
potential energy of charges.
8 Factors affecting resistance :
8 Symbols of electrical components : The X Length of the conductor : The resistance of
symbols of the components that are used in
a conductor is directly proportional to the
making an electric circuit.
length of the conductor.
Component Symbol R l
X Area of cross-section of the conductor :
+ –
1. Electric cell The resistance of a conductor is inversely
+ proportional to the area of the conductor.
2. Battery –
R 1/A
X Material of the conductor : Two resistance
3. Lamp
made up of the same length and same area of
4. Electric bulb cross-section but of different materials have
different resistances.
5. Key (open) ( ) l l RA
R ∝ ; R = ρ or ρ =
A A l
6. Key (closed) ( ) ohm m2
X Resistivity, ρ = = ohm m (Ω m)
m
7. Wire crossing X Temperature : With rise in temperature, the
resistance of metals increases and decreases
Electricity 221

with decrease in temperature. Certain alloy V V V V

like nichrome, manganin whose resistance I = I1 + I2 + I3 or = + +
RP R1 R2 R3
vary negligible with temperature. – The equivalent resistance is given by,
8 Effect of temperature on 1 1 1 1
= + +
resistivity : RP R1 R2 R3
X Resistivity of a conductor 8 Heating effect of electric current :
increases linearly with X When electric current flows through the
increasing temperature. T resistive element, the flowing charges suffer
resistance. Work has to be done to overcome
X Resistivity of a semi- this resistance which is converted into heat
conductor decreases energy. The complete sequence is, electrical
with increase in energy does work which converts into heat
T
temperature. energy.
X Resistivity increases with X Joule’s law of heating : When a current I
rise in temperature in flows through a resistor R, heat is produced.
insulators. The heat produced H depends directly on
T the square of the current, resistance and the
8 Combination of resistances : time t for which the current is allowed to pass
X Resistors in series : When resistors are placed through the resistor, H = I 2Rt
in series. This is called Joule’s law of heating.
R1 R2 R3
X Y
8 Electrical power : The rate at which electrical
– V1 V2 V3
energy is consumed or dissipated is called
+
A
I electrical power.
I Work done W
+ –
K Power = =
() Time t
2
– The current through them will be the V qV
P = VI = I 2R = =
same. R t
– The sum of the potential difference, or X Power is expressed in joule/second or watt.
voltage across them is the total potential X Practical unit of electrical power is horse
difference, i.e., power (h.p.).
V = V1 + V2 + V3 = I(R1 + R2 + R3) 1 h.p. = 746 W
– The equivalent resistance is given by, 8 Electrical energy :
RS = R1 + R2 + R3 X Electrical energy = Electrical power × time
X Resistors in parallel : When resistors are X Commercial unit of energy is kilowatt hour
connected in parallel. (kW h).
R1 X 1 kW h = 3.6 × 106 J
8 Electrical fuse : It is a safety device connected
A R2 B
R3
in series with the electric circuit. It is a wire
I
+V – I made of a material whose melting point is
very low.
+ K – +
– () A X Fuse wires are made of copper or tin-lead alloy.
X When large current flows through a circuit
– The potential difference across their ends and hence through fuse wire large amount
is the same. of heat is produced. Due to this heat the fuse
– The sum of current through them is the wire and the circuit is broken so that current
current drawn from the source of energy stops flowing through the circuit. This saves
or cell. the electric circuit from burning.