DIPLOMA IN PLANT ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (MECHANICAL)

SESI MEI-OKTOBER 2021

DPV 10402 CHEMISTRY

Report Writing:

HYDROCARBONS

PREPARED BY:

NAMA MATRIX NUMBER

MUHAMMAD HANIF ASHRAN BIN 333691226449
HISHAM

LECTURER:
EN. MOHD RIDZUAN BIN SAARI
 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

NO Contents
1 Topic, Tools and Theory/Introduction
Subtopic

1.1 Tools, materials, and equipment’s

1.2 Introduction of Hydrocarbons

2 Procedure and Result

2.1 Procedure
2.2 Result
2.3 Discussion

3 Conclusion, and References

1. Topic, Tools and Theory/Introduction Topic

Topic Introduction to chemistry and

measurement
Subtopic: Introduction to Hydrocarbons

Student Learning Outcomes: The objectives of this laboratory are:

1.To determine saturated and

unsaturated hydrocarbons

1.1 Tools, materials, and equipment’s

Materials

-Bromine, Alkaline Potassium Permanganate, Ammoniacal

Cuprous Chloride
Equipment’s
-Gas jar, tongs,
 1.2 Introduction of Hydrocarbons

Chemical compounds can be divided into organic compounds and inorganic

compounds. Organic compounds are compounds of carbon with a small number of
non-metallic elements, namely hydrogen, oxygen, halogens, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus. In contrast, the inorganic compound comprises almost all compounds
containing no carbon.
Classification of chemical compounds into organic compounds and inorganic
compounds were initially made based on the source of the compounds. Sources of
organic compounds are living things, ie animals and plants. For example, source of
sugar is from sugarcane and medicine from plants and animals. For inorganic
compounds, the source is from the mineral. These compounds are carbon dioxide
(CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and others.
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms. These
compounds are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and some aromatic compounds.
 2. Procedure and Result
2.1 Procedure

1. Prepared all the apparatus and material.

2. Place a few drops of hydrocarbon sample into separately labeled test tubes.

3. Carefully add a bromine, alkaline potassium permanganate, and ammoniacal

cuprous chloride in every sample.

4. Carefully ignite the samples with a match.

5. Observe the flame and smoke color of each sample.

2.2 Result
2.3 Discussion

Combustion is a process of burning some substances at high temperature. It is

an exothermic reaction which happens between fuel and oxygen, producing a
gaseous substance (smoke) as a product. Combustion is of two types; one is
complete combustion, and another is incomplete combustion. Whereas the
Hydrocarbons are compounds made only with the elements of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons are broadly classified as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Complete combustion of alkanes is the process of burning the alkane in the
presence of sufficient air or oxygen, it produces carbon dioxide, water, and a huge
amount of heat as a product. In general, it is used as a fuel since it produces a huge
amount of heat.
Incomplete combustion of alkanes is the process of burning the alkane in the
absence of sufficient air or oxygen. It produces carbon and carbon monoxide as a
product whereas carbon monoxide is a by-product which is a colourless poisonous
gas.The carbon black which is formed as a product of the combustion process is
used in the manufacturing of inks.
Complete combustion of alkene is the same as an alkane, alkene also
undergoes complete combustion. It occurs in the presence of excess air or oxygen
for combustion.
Incomplete combustion of alkene happens in the absence of oxygen during the
combustion process and carbon monoxide is formed as a product instead of carbon
dioxide.
Combustion of hydrocarbons is the process of burning the hydrocarbons which
lead to break the bonds either in the presence or in the absence of excess oxygen.
Complete combustion of hydrocarbons is the process of burning of
hydrocarbons in excess of oxygen and yields carbon dioxide and water as a product.
Oxygen should be present excess, and hydrocarbon is used as a limiting reagent to
achieve this process.
Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons is a process of burning hydrocarbons
in the absence of excess oxygen and produces the most oxidized form of carbon
which is carbon dioxide as a product. We should have oxygen as a limiting reagent
and hydrocarbons as an excess reagent.
3. Conclusion and References

Conclusion
-Hydrocarbons can be known and be differentiated by their physical properties and
chemical reactivity. For a hydrocarbon, if complete ignition occurs then it burns with a
blue flame. As the molecular mass of hydrocarbon increases it starts burning with a
yellow-colored flame showing incomplete burning.

Reference
• https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9FNNoeuSVK0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UMjo__EJGI
• https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/combustion-of-hydrocarbons