Lesson - Midterm NSTP 1

BASIC FIRST AID (PHILIPPINE STANDARD)

FIRST AID
What is First Aid?
FIRST - preceding all others in time or order
AID- to provide with what useful or necessary
FIRST AID is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It
includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.
 Goals of First Aid: * ALLEVIATE SUFFERING PREVENT FURTHER INJURY or DANGER
*PROLONG LIFE One of the main objectives is to be able to help to reduce or totally alleviate suffering also
sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or danger of further injury first aid measures aim to
preserve and sustain life.
*Also to save the victim from imminent danger.
Characteristics of a Good First Aider
GENTLE - First aider should not cause, inflict pain as much as possible
RESOURCEFUL - Makes the best use of things at hand Characteristics of a Good First Aider
OBSERVANT - Should notice all signs. Aware of what is happening and what may happen.
TACTFUL - Handling the victim with utmost care and in a calm manner
EMPHATIC - Should be comforting.
RESPECTABLE - Maintains a professional and caring attitude

GENERAL GUIDELINES IN ADMINISTERING FIRST AID

1. Planning of Action – Established based on anticipated needs and available resources. • Example: Getting to
know where the First Aid Kits are located as well as other emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire
alarm switches and fire exits.

*Also by being aware of the emergency numbers such as Ambulance providers, Hospital emergency room, Fire
department and police stations. Getting Started

2. Gathering of needed materials – Preparation of equipment and personnel. Getting Started,

 70% Isoprophyl Alcohol Povidone Iodine Cotton Balls Sterile Gauze Pads Tongue Depressors Penlight
Band Aid Gloves Set of Scissors and Forceps Triangular Bandage Elastic Bandage Adhesive Plasters
 Initial Response (Sequence of actions) Getting Started A I D
 Ask for HELP Intervene.
 Give appropriate interventions
 Do no further harm
 SAFETY FIRST!
 • SURVEY THE SCENE – Is the scene safe? Safe for you and the injured person? – What happened? –
How many people are injured? – Are there someone who can help? – Get consent before giving first aid
care.
CARDIO – PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
Cardio – Pulmonary Resuscitation
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including
heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped.
• This is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths.
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE ON ADMINISTERING CPR
Survey The Scene
• Is the scene safe for you and the victim?
• Is there someone who can help?
--- If the scene is secure for you to perform first aid, kindly proceed by introducing your self and asking if you
can help. - this enables you to gain the trust of the victim as well as the people around the scene.
Primary Survey
C A B ---CONSCIOUSNESS –AIRWAYS- BREATHING CIRCULATION
CONSCIOUSNESS -AIRWAYS -BREATHING CIRCULATION
*TAP BOTH SHOULDERS AND ASK THE VICTIM FOR WHAT HAPPENED. TAKE NOTE OF THE
APPROPRIATENESS OF VERBAL RESPONSE.
*CHECK FOR THE PATENCY OF NOSTRILS AND MOUTH. USING HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT BREATH
MANUEVER
*CHECK FOR BREATH SOUNDS AS WELL AS THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CHEST. NOTE FOR
DIFFICULTY OF BREATHING.
*CHECK FOR PULSE. CAROTID OR RADIAL
o Conditions When CPR is Needed
• The victim is UNCONSCIOUS
• PULSE is WEAK or NO PULSE
. • NO BREATHING / DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING
*Cardiac Arrest caused by Coronary Heart Disease, Dysrhythmias, Respiratory arrest, Electrocution,
Drowning, Choking, and Trauma.

* Chest Compressions
• Using the heel of the palm, interlaced with the other hand, perform 30 compressions.
 Approximately 2 inches deep on the middle of the chest just in line with the sternum.

o Area of Chest Compressions

Chest Compressions
o • A cycle of chest compression is composed of 30 compressions at a rate of 80 – 100 per minute.
o • After a cycle, 2 Rescue breaths are administered.

Rescue Breaths
 Giving oxygen via mouth – to – mouth.
 HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT, pinch the nose and give a full blow of air directly to the mouth twice.
 Note for the rise and fall of the chest.
 If the chest did not move, check for airway patency or re tilt the head.
CPR Cycles
• 5 cycles composed of:
*Cycle 1 - 30 compressions - 2 rescue breaths Cycle 2 - 30 compressions - 2 rescue breaths And so on and so
forth until the 5th cycle.

• Re assess the victim after 5 cycles using the primary survey.

CPR Cycles C A B--- CONSCIOUSNESS- AIRWAYS -BREATHING CIRCULATION

When to STOP
*The CPR S T O P Spontaneous signs of circulation restored
* Turned over to medical services or authorized personnel Operator is already exhausted and cannot continue
CPR Physician assumes the responsibility

Care of the Victim after Successful CPR

• Transfer in a secured place.
• Place in a side lying position - Recovery position.
• Wait for the emergency response unit and continuously monitor the victim.

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Wounds
• Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external Classifications:
• Closed Wound • Open Wound
Closed Wound • Break in the continuity of a body tissue without the skin being broken down
. • Causes: – Blunt object result in contusion or bruises – Application of external forces.
• Signs and Symptoms – Pain and tenderness – Swelling – Discoloration – Hematoma Closed Wound
• First Aid Management Closed Wound
** Rest the affected area.
 Movement may aggravate the closed wound condition. Ice Compress.
 Apply ice compress to the affected areas.
 It promotes vasoconstriction and it has an anesthetic effect Compression.
 Application of firm pressure.

To avoid further hematoma:

 Elevate the affected area. (For extremities) To promote venous return of blood and avoid pooling in the
area Splinting. For immobilizing the affected area. This helps in avoiding unnecessary movements.

 Perform further assessment and put the injured person under observation.
 SEEK FOR MEDICAL ADVICE IF:
 – The pain is unbearable
 – Hematoma is spreading
 – The affected area is the head (including face and neck)
 – Involves the spine area.
 – Bleeding is noted in mouth, ears and nose.
 – Coughing and vomiting of blood.

Open Wound • is an injury involving an external or internal break in body tissue, usually involving the
skin.

• Classifications:
 Puncture – wound caused by sharp & pointed object Penetrating the skin.
 Abrasion – caused by rubbing/scrapping of the skin against rough surfaces.
 Laceration – the skin is torn by sharp objects with irregular edges.
 Avulsion – tissues are forcefully separated from the body.
 Incision – skin and tissues are cut by a sharp bladed instrument. Open Wound

Dangers of an Open Wound

• Hemorrhage – severe bleeding.
• Infection – introduction of bacteria/parasites.
• Shock – decreased in circulatory (blood) volume. (a fatal condition)

First Aid Management for Open Wounds

• For wounds with severe bleeding.

INSPECT Inspect for foreign object lodged in the wound area. It can be removed manually by hand or using a
pick up forceps. Flushing with normal saline solution or just clean water is also applicable.

• For wounds with severe bleeding.

CONTROL BLEEDING Done by applying a sterile absorbent gauze pad over the bleeding site while applying a
firm pressure. Dressing can be secured with a bandage and splints.

First Aid Management for Open Wounds

• For wounds with severe bleeding.

REFER TO A PHYSICIAN It is essential in severe bleeding wounds.
Further medical/surgical management may be needed like suturing or administration of medications that control
bleeding.

• For wounds with severe bleeding.

CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT AND OBSERVATION FOR SHOCK
Signs and Symptoms:
 Pale/Cyanotic.
 Cold and Clammy Skin.
 Irregular Breathing.
 Weak/Rapid Pulse.
 Weakness.
 Thirsty sensation.
First Aid Management for Open Wounds
• For wounds with mild to moderate bleeding.
CLEAN Clean with mild soap and water.

First Aid Management for Open Wounds

• For wounds with mild to moderate bleeding.
DISINFECT Apply topical antiseptics. Povidone Iodine or Topical Antibacterials (Mupirocin, Fusidic Acid)

First Aid Management for Open Wounds

• For wounds with mild to moderate bleeding.
DRESS Apply sterile gauze pad with dressing. Secure with adhesive tapes.

Burns • Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels.
This results from exposure to direct heat (fire), chemicals, electricity, solar or other forms of radiation.
• Classifications:
– Thermal Burns
– Chemical Burns
– Electrical Burns

Thermal Burns •
THERMAL BURNS caused by direct or indirect contact to flames and other hot objects, steams or liquids.
• Classified in to 3
 According to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects only the first (epidermis) layer of the skin.
Very painful and skin is red.
 According to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects the first and second layer (epidermis + dermis) of
the skin. Blisters are expected to form.
 According to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects the first and second layer of the skin and may
extend up to the proximal subcutaneous tissues. Usually less painful.

First Aid Care for Thermal Burns

• For First and Second Degree Burn.

 RELIEVE PAIN Relieve pain by immersing burned area into clean tap water/iced water for maximum
of 5mins for iced water and 10mins for tap water.
 Prolonged exposure to extremely cold temperature may cause total numbness due to extreme
vasoconstriction.

• For First and Second Degree Burn.

 COVER Cover the burned area with clean cloth or dressing (if available) and make sure that it is
non sticking. If blisters are forming, do not attempt to pop it out to prevent infection. Always
maintain cleanliness on the burned area. Apply Burn Ointment if available.
• For Third Degree Burns.
 COVER Cover the burned area with a dry and non sticking dressing. Do not apply anything unto
the skin. Immersing into water is not advisable.
• For Third Degree Burns.
 PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY TRANSFER Continuously monitor for signs of dehydration
and shock. Keep the victim warm by covering with blankets during the transfer. Extend the
flexed burned extremities to avoid contractures.
Chemical Burns
• Burns caused by direct contact of chemical into skin.

– Car battery Solutions

– Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic)

– Bleach

– Ammonia

First Aid Care for Chemical Burns

• Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with water. Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing.

• Use mild soap for the final rinse.

• Pat dry the area using clean cloth and apply dressing into affected area.
• If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at least 20minutes using low pressure.

• Seek medical attention immediately for chemical burns.

By:rdcuenca