Normal Distribution Curve - Part 1

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ILOS
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 1- Describe the characteristics of a normal
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Prof. Fathi El-Gamal
distribution curve
 2- Calculate the standard Z score for

ordinary variable
By
Prof. Dr. Fathi M. El-Gamal
1
 3- Describe the different probabilities under the M.B. ChB, M. Sc, PhD, MD (UK)
normal curve Chairman of the Family Medicine Department
2
ILOS
Data
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 4- Describe the percentile and different quartiles
under the curve
 5- Describe the Z score table for the normal

probability curve
 6- Calculate the probabilities between different Z

score units under the normal curve
Scatter Plot 4
 7- understand the concept of level of significance 3
1
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6 5
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION “BELL SHAPED”
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Population 7
8
PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL
2
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2% 14% 68% 14% 2%

Height (cm)
Control Cases
130 – 149 CM 150 – 190 CM 190 – 200 CM
<130 CM > 200 CM
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<90 90 -100 100 - 130 mmHg 130 – 140 >140
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

Normal curve is the basis
Different PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 10 for comparison between different groups 9
units
Normal curve
Z score
Different
units
PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 12 PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 11
3
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Differ
according Units are
dimensionless
to units of
measurement
Ordinary values Standard values
14
PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 13

NORMAL AND STANDARD SCORES
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Control Cases
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Mean = 100 SD = 15 15
Thus one standard curve is suitable for
different variables because its units are dimensionless 16
4
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Characteristics
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of

a standard normal curve
[1] It is a bell shaped curve
[2] Mean, median and mode coincide on each other, in

the middle
18
PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 17

[3] It is symmetrical, around the average
DESCRIPTION OF NORMAL CURVE

CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORMAL CURVE
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Asymptotic
tail
 [5] The base line of the normal curve is measured in standard

deviation units. Labeled with z. [4]The tails are asymptotic, that is, the tails approach
20 the baseline but never quite reach it no matter how far 19
 [6] A score that is 1 SD above the mean is symbolized +1 z ; away from the mean you are.
and -1 z indicates a score that is 1 SD below the mean
5
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DESCRIPTION OF NORMAL CURVE DESCRIPTION OF NORMAL CURVE

[10] Of the total [7] In a normal
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 
distribution, 28% fall distribution,
between 1 and 2 SDs from approximately 34% of the
the mean: scores fall between the

 14% between 1 and 2 SDs mean and 1 SD above the
above the mean, and 14% mean.
between 1 and 2 SDs below
the mean
 [8] Because the curve is
symmetrical, 34% of the
 [11] Therefore 96% of the scores fall between the
scores fall between mean mean and 1 SD below the
and ± 2 SDs [34+34+14+14] mean.
 [12] Most of the last 4% fall  [9] Therefore, 68% of the

between 2 and 3 SDs from 22 scores fall between – 1z 21
the mean, 2 on each side and +1z
PROBABILITY IS FOR AN INTERVAL AND NOT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION CURVE

A POINT
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34%
P (-1 < z < 0) P (0 < z < 1)
14%
2%
=
50%
24 23
6
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Not all symmetrical

Normal distribution follows the law of : 68, 96, 99
curves are normal
Why?
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Is it a
normal
curve ?
26 25
CUMULATIVE PERCENT & PERCENTILE

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Cumulative percent
and
Percentile
28 27
7
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8
10/28/2021 Prof. Fathi El-Gamal 10/28/2021 Prof. Fathi El-Gamal
29
31
30
32
COMPUTING NORMAL PERCENTILE
The middle half lies in the inter quartile

90%
Percentile
th
90
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34 33
QUIZ Percentile rank formula

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[1] In a normal curve, mean =
………; why?
[2] Unit of measurement in a
normal curve is ….
[3] probability under the curve of
one SD above the mean is
………
[4] probability distribution of one
SD around the mean is
…………
[5] probability of finding values
between 2 and 3 sd above the
mean and around the mean are
……, and …….. Respectively 36 35
9
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10
37
39
SHOULD BE REPRESENTATIVE
Importance of the shape
of the distribution
OF THE POPULATION
SAMPLE
38
40
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INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Normal Curve
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P> 0.05

P< 0.05
500
42 41
Fundamental Basis of Statistics
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Abnormal shapes
of the
frequency distribution curve
44 43
11
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SKEWNESS Shapes of a
distribution
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 Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the
probability distribution of a random variable about its
mean.
 Skewness tells you the amount and direction of skew 46 45

(departure from horizontal symmetry).
SEVERITY OF SKEWNESS SEVERITY OF SKEWNESS

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 As a general rule of thumb:  As a general rule of thumb:
 If skewness is  If skewness is
less than -1[ -1 < SK > 1 ]  [ -1 > SK or > 1 ]
 or greater than 1, the distribution is highly skewed.  the distribution is highly skewed.
 If skewness is between -1 and -0.5 or between 0.5 and  If skewness is

1, the distribution is moderately skewed.  [-1 < SK< -0.5] or [ 0.5 < SK < 1]
 the distribution is moderately skewed.
 If skewness is between -0.5 and 0.5, the distribution
is approximately symmetric.  If skewness
48
 [-0.5 < SK and < 0.5] 47
 the distribution is approximately symmetric.
12
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KURTOSIS
KURTOSIS OF A NORMAL CURVE IS 3
 Kurtosis is a measure of the combined weight of
the tails relative to the rest of the distribution.
kurtosis is all about the tails of the distribution
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

 So, kurtosis is all about the tails of the
distribution, not the ‘peakedness’ or ‘flatness’.  It measures the tail-heaviness of the

distribution.
The kurtosis of a normal distribution is 0.
 If a dataset has a positive kurtosis,

 it has more in the tails than the normal distribution.
 If a dataset has a negative kurtosis,

 it has less in the tails than the normal distribution.
50 49
KURTOSIS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE CATEGORIES:
 Mesokurtic:
A distribution that has tails
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
shaped in roughly the same
way as any normal
distribution. (kur= 0)
 Leptokurtic:
 It is identified by peaks that
are thin and tall. The tails
are thick and heavy.
(Kur > 0)
 Platykurtic:
 It has lean tails. Many times
they possess a peak lower
than a mesokurtic
distribution. All uniform
52 51
distributions are platykurtic.
The kurtosis decreases as the tails become lighter. It increases (Kurt < zero)
as the tails become heavier.
13
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HOW DO I DETERMINE WHETHER MY DATA

ARE NORMAL?
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1- Look at a
histogram with the

normal curve
superimposed.
In practical session
A histogram provides
useful graphical
representation of the
data.
54 53
to
t HOW DO I DETERMINE WHETHER MY DATA
ARE NORMAL?
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2- Look at the
values of Skewness and Kurtosis
(should be 0)
Normal
56 distribution 55
14
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ARE NORMAL?
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3- Look at established tests for normality

that take into account both Skewness
and Kurtosis simultaneously.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S) and

Shapiro-Wilk (S-W) test are designed to
test normality by comparing your data to
a normal distribution with the same mean
and standard deviation of your sample.
58 If the test is NOT significant, then the data 57

are normal, so any value above 0. 05
indicates normality

ARE NORMAL?
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4- Look at normality plots of the data.
The black line indicates the values your sample should

adhere to if the distribution was normal.
60 59
15

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10/28/2021

 2- Calculate the standard Z score for

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

 5- Describe the Z score table for the normal

 6- Calculate the probabilities between different Z

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION “BELL SHAPED”

2% 14% 68% 14% 2%

PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL

130 – 149 CM 150 – 190 CM 190 – 200 CM

<130 CM > 200 CM

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 12 PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 11

10/28/2021 Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Ordinary values Standard values

PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 13

NORMAL AND STANDARD SCORES

PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

[1] It is a bell shaped curve

[2] Mean, median and mode coincide on each other, in

PROF. FATHI EL-GAMAL 17

DESCRIPTION OF NORMAL CURVE

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

 [5] The base line of the normal curve is measured in standard

DESCRIPTION OF NORMAL CURVE DESCRIPTION OF NORMAL CURVE

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

 [12] Most of the last 4% fall  [9] Therefore, 68% of the

PROBABILITY IS FOR AN INTERVAL AND NOT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION CURVE

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Not all symmetrical

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

CUMULATIVE PERCENT & PERCENTILE

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

The middle half lies in the inter quartile

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

QUIZ Percentile rank formula

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Normal Curve

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

frequency distribution curve

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

 Skewness tells you the amount and direction of skew 46 45

SEVERITY OF SKEWNESS SEVERITY OF SKEWNESS

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

 If skewness is between -1 and -0.5 or between 0.5 and  If skewness is

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

The kurtosis of a normal distribution is 0.

 If a dataset has a positive kurtosis,

 If a dataset has a negative kurtosis,

KURTOSIS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE CATEGORIES:

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

HOW DO I DETERMINE WHETHER MY DATA

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal

HOW DO I DETERMINE WHETHER MY DATA

Prof. Fathi El-Gamal