1

lo
Chapter 8

au
8.1

oP
The electromagnetic potential has the form:

ρ(r0 )
Z
V (r) = Ze d3 r 0 . (1)
4π|~r − r~0 |

Sã
The potentials Fourier transform is
Z
V (q) =Ze e−i~q.~r V (r)d3 r

iv.
ρ(r0 ) 3 0 3
Z Z
e−i~q.(r +R)
~0 ~
Ze d rd r
~
4π|R|
~
e−i~q.R
Z Z
e−i~q.r ρ(r0 )d3 r0
~0
Un
3
Ze dr
4π|R|~

A0 (q)F (q)

(2)
O-

where F (q) is the form factor. The Moot cross-section is given by the equa-
tion (8.93). This cross-section is proportional to the zeroth component of the
TT

potential (8.92b). So:

dσ
(3)
RI

∝ |M |2 ∝ |A0 (q)|2
dΩ

The potential is |A0new (q)|2 = |A0 (q)|2 |F (q)|2 , and the new cross-section is:
.B

dσ 0
 
dσ
= |F (q)|2
dΩ dΩ M
.M
A.L
2

lo
The form factor, for low values of r, has the form:

au
 
4πr sin(qr) sin(qr) 1 3
Z Z
F (q) = ρ(r)dr = 4πr − r cos(qr) ρ(r)dr
q q 6 q=0
1 1
Z Z

oP
2
= 4πr ρ(r)dr − r4 ρ(r)dr = F (0) − rrms (4)
6 6

where rrms = hr2 i = r2 ρ(r)d3 r. Expanding F (q 2 ) in Taylor series:

R

Sã
dF (q 2 ) 

1
F (0) + = F (0) − rrms (5)
d|~q | q=0
2  6

and nally:
dF (q 2 ) 


iv.
rrms = −6 (6)
d|~q2 | |~q|=0
Un
O-
TT
RI
.B
.M
A.L
 3

lo
8.2

au
The scattering between a electron and muon is given by the diagram
bellow g.(1) Using the Feynman rules is possibly to nd the probability

oP
e− (p1) e− (k1)

Sã
µ− (p2)
µ− (k2)

iv.
Figure 1: Feynman diagram of electron muon scattering.

amplitude:
Un
−gµν
M = ē(k1 )igγ µ e(p1 )µ̄(k2)igγ ν µ(p2 ) (7)
q2
where the spinors are given by letter of the particle (electron spinor is e(p)).
The squared amplitude is (with the explicit spinors indices).
O-

(8)
TT

Taking the spin average of the probability:

1X g4 X 
RI

|M |2 = 4 ν α α ν
 
ef (k1 )e¯a (k1 )γab eb (p1 )e¯e (p1 )γef µd (k2 )µ¯g (k2)γgh µh (p2 )µ̄c (p2)γcd
4 spin 4q spin

(9)
.B

using the completeness relation (8.24a) ūu = (p/ + m)/2m.

P

g4 X k/1 + me ν p/1 + me α k/2 + m α p/2 + m ν

   
1X
.M

2
|M | = 4 Tr γ γ Tr γ γ
4 spin 4q spin 2me 2me 2m 2m
A.L
4

lo
The two traces are in the same form. To evaluate the trace it is necessary

au
use the gamma matrix properties.

k/1 + me ν p/1 + me α
 
Tr γ γ

oP
2me 2me
1 h
ν α 2 ν α
i
Tr k/ 1 γ p
/1 γ + m e γ γ
4m2e
1  µ ρ
k1 p1 4 (g µν g ρα − g µρ g να + g µα g νρ ) + 4m2e g να (10)

4me2

Sã
so the amplitude becomes

1X
|M |2 =

iv.
4 spin
16g 4 µ ρ µν ρα µρ να µα νρ
 2

[k1 p 1 (g g − g g + g g )] k 2µ p 2 ρ (g µν gρα − gµρ g να + g µα g νρ ) + m gνα
64q 4 m2 m2e
Un
g4 2
(11)


(k 1 k2 )(p 1 p 2 ) + (k 1 p 2 )(k2 p 1 ) − k1 p 1 m ≡ (P H × F M )
2q 4 m2 m2e

where FM is the part with the fermion momenta and PH is the remainder
O-

terms. The cross section is given by eq. 8.15

" #−1
dσ |~k1 |2 16m2e m2 ∂(E 0
+ E )
µ
(12)
TT

= |M |2
dΩ 64π 2 EmE 0 Eµ ∂|~k1 |

with vrel = 1 (E >> me ). Evaluating the derivative with Eµ =

p
E 2 + E 0 2 − 2EE 0 cos θ + m2
RI

and |~k1 | = E

∂(E 0 + Eµ ) 2E 0 + 2E cos θ Eµ + E 0 − E(1 − 2 sin2 ( 2θ )) E + m − E + 2E sin2 ( 2θ )

.B

=1+ = =
∂E 2Eµ Eµ Eµ
E 2 θ
1 + 2 m sin ( 2 )
=m (13)
Eµ
.M
A.L
 5

lo
The dierential cross-section take the form:

au
 −1
E 02 16m2e m2 16E 0 m2e

dσ 2 Eµ 2 E 2 θ
= 2 0
|M | E 2 θ
= 2
|M | 1 + 2 sin
dΩ 64π EmE Eµ m(1 + 2 m sin ( 2 )) 64π E m 2
(14)

oP
and using the P H
 −1  −1
16E 0 m2e g4 16α2 E 0
 
dσ E θ E θ

Sã
2 2 2
PH = 2
|M | 4 2 2 1 + 2 sin = 4 2
1 + 2 sin =
dΩ 64π E 4q m me m 2 16Eq m m 2
 −1
α2 E 0

E 2 θ
2 4 θ

1 + 2 sin
8EE 2 E 0 sin 2 m2 m 2
 −1
1 − sin2 2θ


α2

E θ

iv.
2
= 4 θ

2 θ

1 + 2 sin =
4E 2 sin 2 2EE 0 m2 1 − sin 2 m 2

−1
1 + 2mE
sin2 2θ
Un
 
dσ
= (15)
2m2 EE 0 1 − sin2 2θ



dΩ M

The gure (2) show how the process occur in the muon's rest frame.
O-

e− (k1)
TT

µ− (p2) θ
e− (p1)
RI

µ− (k2)

Figure 2: Electron muon scattering in the lab rest frame.

.B

In the lab frame the four vectors are given by p1 = (E, E p1)
ˆ , p2 = (m, 0),

k1 = (E 0 , E(pˆ1 cos θ + pˆ1 ⊥ sin θ and k2 = (E + m − E 0 , k2.(

~ pˆ1 + pˆ1 ). So,
⊥
.M

through the energy conservation, it is possibly to nd the inner product

A.L
6

lo
between four vectors.

au
(p1 + p2 )2 = (k1 + k2 )2 → m2 − 2p1 .p2 = m2 − 2k1 .k2 → p1 .p2 = k1 .k2 = Em

oP
In the same way it is possibly to nd the others four-vectors products
q 2 = −4EE 0 sin θ
, k1 k2 = p1 .p2 = Em, k1 .p2 = k2 p1 = E 0 m.


2

An another useful relation is q 2 = (p2 − k2)2 = 2m2 − 2k2 .p2 = 2m(m −

Sã
Eµ ) = 2m(−E + E 0 − m) = 2m(E 0 − E). So, it is possibly to write E 0 in
terms of E and q .
The fermion part FM can now be write in terms the components of the

iv.
four-vectors
 
2 2 0 2 θ 0 2 2
(k1 k2 )(p1 p2 ) + (k1 p2 )(k2 p1 ) − k1 p1 m = (Em) + (E m) − 2EE m sin
Un
2
4
 
q θ
= + 2EE 0 m2 − 2EE 0 m2 sin2
4 2
4
q2
     
q 0 2 2 θ 2 0 2 θ θ
O-

= + 2EE m cos = 2m EE cos 1− 2

tan
4 2 2 2m 2
(16)
TT

so the nal cross section is

−1
1 + 2mE
sin2 2θ q2
     
dσ dσ 2 0 2 θ θ
= 2 θ


2m EE cos 1 − 2
tan
dΩ dΩ 2m2 EE 0 1 − sin 2 2 2m 2
RI

 −1 
.B

q2
    
dσ dσ E θ θ
= 1 + 2 sin2
1− 2
tan (17)
dΩ dΩ M m 2 2m 2
.M
A.L
 7

lo
8.3

au
The Feynman amplitude can be found using the usual feynman rules on
the electron vertices and the using the form factors term in the proton vertice.

oP
So the amplitude get the form:

−gµα µ

α κ αβ

M= ē(k1 )igγ e(p 1 )N̄ (k2 )ig γ F 1 (q) + F 2 (q)iσ q β N (p2 )
q2 2m

Sã
(18)

When we square the matrix M we get four terms:

iv.
g4
|M |2 = ×
q4
µ

ν κ αβ

ēa (k1 )γab eb (p1 )N̄c (k2 )
γ F1 (q) + F2 (q)iσ qβ Nd (p2 )
Un
2m cd
 κ ∗ 
N̄e (p2 ) γν F1∗ (q) − F2 (q)iσνσ q σ ν
N (k2 )f ēg (p1 )γgh eh (k1 ) (19)
2m ef

where we putted the spinors indices explicit. And summing over spins in the
O-

spinor part in (19) we get:

TT

X µ ν
eh (k1 )ēa (k1 )γab eb (p1 )ēg (p1 )γgh
 κ   κ ∗ 
N (k2 )f N̄c (k2 ) γ µ F1 (q) + F2 (q)iσ µβ qβ Nd (p2 )N̄e (p2 ) γν F1∗ (q) − F2 (q)iσνσ q σ
2m cd 2m ef

(20)
RI

And using the completeness relation (8.24a)

.B
.M
A.L
8

lo
au
1
Tr (k/1 + me )γ µ (p/1 + me )γ ν ×
 
4me2

1 κ κ ∗

oP
h    i
β ∗ σ
Tr (k/2 + m) γµ F1 (q) + F2 (q)iσµβ q (p/2 + m) γν F1 (q) + F (q)iσνσ q
4m2 2m 2m 2
(21)

the rst trace was evaluated in the previous exercise. The second one can be

Sã
writen as:

κF2∗ F1 σ
 
2
Tr (k/2 + m)γµ (p/2 + m)γν |F1 | + q (k/2 + m)γµ (p/2 + m)iσνσ +
2m

iv.
" #
κF2 F1∗ q β  κF2 2 β σ
 
Tr − (k/2 + m)σαβ (p/2 + m)γν +   q q (k/2 + m)iσµβ (p/2 + m)iσνσ
2m 2m 
(22)
Un
The second trace in (22) can be evaluated using the properties of gamma
matrices
O-



Tr (k/2 + m) .γµ . p/2 + m .iσνσ = 4m (k2ν gµσ − k2σ gµν − p2 ν gµσ + p2σ gµν )
(23)
TT

and the third one is very similar to the second



Tr (k/2 + m) iσνσ p/2 + m .γµ = 4m (k2β gµν − k2µ gβν − p2β gµν + p2µ gβν )
RI

(24)
put them together we have and contracting with qβ :
.B

2κF2∗ F1 (g µν (q · p2 − q · k2 ) + q µ (k2 ν − p2 ν )) + 2κF1∗ F2 (g µν (q · p2 − q · k2 ) + k2 µ q ν − p2 µ q ν )

(25)
.M

The last trace is the hader to compute, because is a trace of eight gamma
A.L
 9

lo
matrix.

au
q β q σ (k/2 + m) iσµβ p/2 + m iσνσ =

+ 8g µν (q · k2 ) (q · p2 ) − 4q 2 g µν (k2 · p2 ) + 4q 2 k2 ν p2 µ + 4q 2 k2 µ p2 ν − 4p2 µ q ν (q · k2 )

oP
− 4p2 ν q µ (q · k2 ) − 4k2 µ q ν (q · p2 ) − 4k2 ν q µ (q · p2 ) + 4q µ q ν (k2 · p2 ) − 4m2 q 2 g µν + 4m2 q µ q ν
(26)

Sã
Putting all the traces together (22):

I
z }|
{
|F1 |2 4 p2 µ k2 ν + k2 µ p2 ν − g µν (k2 · p2 ) + m2 g µν

iv.
2κF2∗ F1 (g µν (q · p2 − q · k2 ) + q µ (k2 ν − p2 ν )) − 2κF1∗ F2 (g µν (q · p2 − q · k2 ) + k2 µ q ν − p2 µ q ν )
 κF2 2  µν
 
+  8g (q · k2 ) (q · p2 ) − 4q 2 g µν (k2 · p2 ) + 4q 2 k2 ν p2 µ + 4q 2 k2 µ p2 ν − 4p2 µ q ν (q · k2 )
Un
2m 
−4p2 ν q µ (q · k2 ) − 4k2 µ q ν (q · p2 ) − 4k2 ν q µ (q · p2 ) + 4q µ q ν (k2 · p2 ) − 4m2 q 2 g µν + 4m2 q µ q ν


(27)
O-

where we dropped the terms with me . The rst trace in (21) is

4(k1µ p1 ν + p1 µ k1ν − (k1 · p1 )gµν ) (28)

TT

so, the term I with times (28)

RI

32((k1 · p2 ) (k2 · p1 ) + (k1 · k2 ) (p1 · p2 ) − m2 (k1 · p1 )) (29)

.B

The II term times (28) is

8κ(F2∗ F1 − F1∗ F2 ) ((k1 · p1 ) (q · k2 ) − (k1 · p1 ) (q · p2 ) +

.M

(k1 · k2 − k1 · p2 ) (q · p1 ) + (k2 · p1 ) (q · k1 ) − (p1 · p2 ) (q · k1 )) (30)

A.L
10

lo
The last term times (28)

au
16(−2 (k1 · k2 ) (q · p1 )2 + 2m2 (q · k1 ) (q · p1 ) + m2 q 2 (k1 · p1 ) − 2 (k1 · p1 ) (q · k2 ) (q · p1 )

+ q 2 (k1 · p1 ) (k2 · p1 ) − 2p21 (q · k1 ) (q · k2 ) + 2p21 q 2 (k1 · k2 )) (31)

oP
where the two last terms are dropped because p21 = m2e . So, using the rela-
tions in earlier problem k1 · p2 = k2 · p1 , k1 · k2 = p2 · p1 and:

Sã
q2
q · k2 = k2 (k2 − p2 ) = = −q · p2
2

and analogue p1 · q = −k1 · q = q2

. Now it is possibly to rewrite the equation

iv.
2

(29) as
Un
32 [(k1 · p2 ) (k2 · p1 ) + (k1 · k2 ) (p1 · p2 ) − m2 (k1 · p1 )] |F1 |2 =
q2
   
θ θ
2
64m EE cos 0 2
1− 2
tan |F1 |2 (32)
2 2m 2
O-

where we used (16) The eq.(30) can be writed as:

4q 2 κ(F2∗ F1 + F1∗ F2 ) (2 (k1 · p1 ) − k1 · p2 − k2 · p1 + k1 · k2 + p1 · p2 )

TT

4q 2 κ(F2∗ F1 + F1∗ F2 )(2k1 · p1 − 2mE 0 + 2mE) = 4q 2 κ(F2∗ F1 + F1∗ F2 ) 2k1 · p1 − q 2

 
∗ ∗ 2 0 2 θ
κ(F2 F1 + F1 F2 )4q 4EE sin =
2
RI

  2  
θ q θ
2
64m EE cos 0 2
2
tan 2
(33)
2 2m 2
.B
.M
A.L
 11

lo
The (31) becomes:

au
 
q 4 /4 −q 2 /2
2  2 z }| {2 2 2 2 2 4
z }| {
2 2
2q (k · p ) −4q (k · p ) − 4q (p · p ) + q (k1 · p1 ) −2m q (k1 · p1 )

2 1 1 1 2 1 2
m


oP


+2q 4 [(k1 · p2 ) − (p1 · p2 )] + m2 q 4  =


| {z } | {z }
q 2 /2 4m2 q 2 k1 .p1

Sã
1  2 2 2 2 2
(34)
 
= −2q + 8q (k 1 · p 2 ) (p 1 · p 2 ) + m k1 .p 1
m2

and using (16):

iv.
κ|F2 |2
  4 
2 2 q 0 2 2
− −2q + 8q + 2EE m + m k1 .p1
m2 4
  
2 2 0 2 θ
Un
= −16κ|F2 | q EE 1 + sin
2
  2 2 2 2
q κ|F2 | q κ|F2 |
 
θ θ
−64EE 0 m2 cos2 2
+ 2
tan2 (35)
2 4m 2m 2
O-

Putting all together, and using the fact that (29) was already computed
in (16):
TT

 
0 2 θ 2
64EE m cos ×
2
q2
 2    2
q κ|F2 |2 q 2 κ|F2 |2
     
2 θ ∗ ∗ q 2 θ 2 θ
|F1 | 1 − 2
tan −κ(F2 F1 + F1 F2 ) 2
tan − 2
+ 2
tan
2m 2 2m 2 4m 2m 2
RI

(36)

Until now was not used the fact that we had the factor 1/4 of averaging
.B

spin and the other terms to determine the cross-section. We can use the
result obtained in the earlier exercise (15). But now we have to be carefully
.M

with the right denominator factor. In the M matrix we already have in the
denominator 64m2 m2e , the mass will cancel with the numerator in (12). So,
A.L
12

lo
using the fact that the ne structure constant is α = g 2 /4π 2 we can write

au


−1
E
1 + 2m sin2 2θ
   
dσ dσ
=

× (eq.(36)) (37)
dΩ dΩ M 64m2 EE 0 1 − sin2 2θ

oP
and nally
 −1 
q2κ
      
dσ dσ E θ κ 2 θ
= 1 + 2 sin2 2
|F1 | − 2
2
|F2 | − 2
(F1 + κF2 ) tan2
dΩ dΩ m 2 4m 2m 2

Sã
M

(38)

iv.
Un
O-
TT
RI
.B
.M
A.L
 13

lo
8.4

au
In this exercise we have to be carefully with the right way to write the
fermions spinors. The gure below is the same one of problem 8.1. we can

oP
e− (k1)

Sã
− µ− (p2) θ
e (p1)

µ− (k2)

write the spinor u↑ like: iv.

Un
 
c
   
χ1 s 
 
(39)

u1 (p) = A   = A  
O-

~σ
p·~ |~
p|
χ c 
 
E+m 1 E+m 


s
TT

21
where A = E+m
2m
and the spinors χr , with r = 1, 2 are given by:
       
θ θ
cos 2
c − sin 2
−s
χ1 =  ≡ χ2 =  ≡
RI

 
sin 2θ s cos 2θ c
(40)
where θ is the angle between the spin and some axes, in our case is the z
.B

axes. So, the gure above says that if we have a electron with momentum
.M
A.L
14

lo
p~ = |~p|ẑ and ~σ = σ3 ẑ , so the spinors are:

au
   
1 0
   
0 1
   
(41)

oP
   
u1 (p) = A   u2 (p) = A  
|~
p|
0
   
E+m
   
   
|~
p|
0 E+m

The spinor after the colision has a momentum p~0 = |~p0 |(sin θx̂ + cos θẑ) where

Sã
|~p0 | = |~p| and the spin operator is ~σ = x̂σz sin θ + ẑσz cos θ. So the scattered
spinors are:

iv.
   
c −s
   
s  c
   
0 0
(42)
  
u1 (p ) = A   u2 (p ) = A  
|~
p| |~
p|
Un
c  s 
   
E+m  E+m
 
  
|~
p|
s − E+m c

Now, to calculate the probability of helicity ip, we will choose a initial

O-

electron with a positive helicity. The initial spinor u1 is given by eq. (41).
The nal spinor, u2 , will be given by the eq.(41). The amplitude probability is
given by the product u†2 (p0 )u1 (p). The probability is the square of amplitude
TT

modulus
" 2 #2 2
|~p| 2m2
    
E+m θ
RI

|u†2 (p0 )u1 (p)|2 =A s4 2

− 1] = s 2
2
= sin2
E+m 2m (E + m) 2
(43)
.B

Now we have to normalize this expression with the (is the trace of eq. 8.93)

θ θ



E 2 + m2 + |~p|2 cos θ E 2 cos2 + m2 sin
.M

X
0 0 2 2 2
|ūr (p )γ us (p)| = =
4m2 2m2
(44)
A.L
 15

lo
so the probability of helicity split is

au
m2 sin2 2θ


(45)
E 2 cos2 2θ + m2 sin θ



2

oP
Sã
iv.
Un
O-
TT
RI
.B
.M
A.L
16

lo
8.5

au
The Mott scattering with positrons has the same amplitude as in scat-
tering with electrons, but we have to change the spinors to the antiparticles

oP
one. So the amplitude becomes

M ∝ v(p)γ 0 v(p0 ) (46)

Sã
When we square the amplitude and take the spin average, the completness
relation is given by /−m
p
2m
. Is this the same one that a particle completness
relation but changing m → −m. So, to calculate the cross-section relation

iv.
we have to do the same procedure as in electron case. So, we just need to
change m value in equation 8.93a:
Un
dσ 2(αZ)2 2
= (E + p~.~p0 + m2 ) (47)
dΩ |~q|2

As we can see the cross section do not change with the change m → −m
O-

because there's only m2 terms in the cross-section expression.

TT
RI
.B
.M
A.L
 17

lo
8.6

au
For this process we have two diagrams contributions (3). So, the am-

oP
ū(p1) ū(k1) ū(p1)
ū(k1)

Sã
+

ū(p2) ū(k2) ū(p2) ū(k2)

Figure 3: Electron-electron scattering. iv.

Un
plitude has two terms and when it was squared will have three terms: two
squared parts separately and a intereference term. So the amplitude is:
O-

1 1
M= ū(k1 )ieγ µ up1 ū(k2 )ieγµ u(p2 ) + ū(k2 )ieγ ν up1 ū(k1 )ieγν u(p2 )
p1 − k1 p1 − k2
(48)
TT

and the probability is:

1
RI

|M |2 = ū(k1 )ieγ µ up1 ū(k2 )ieγµ u(p2 )ū(p2 )ieγ ν uk2 ū(p1 )ieγµ u(k1 )
(p1 − k1 )2
1
ū(k2 )ieγ µ up1 ū(k1 )ieγµ u(p2 )ū(p2 )ieγ ν uk1 ū(p1 )ieγµ u(k2 )
(p1 − k2 )2
.B

2
− ū(k1 )ieγ µ up1 ū(k2 )ieγµ u(p2 )ū(p2 )ieγ ν uk1 ū(p1 )ieγµ u(k2 )
(p1 − k1 ) (p1 − k2 )2
2

(49)
.M
A.L
18

lo
k1 = (E ′, E ′û)

au
p1 = (E, E k̂) p2 = (E, −E k̂)

Scattering

oP
k2 = (E ′, −E ′û)

Figure 4: electron-electron scattering in CoM rest frame.

Sã
the rst term gives the rst trace I

1 h i h i
I= Tr (p/1 + m)γ (k/ + m)γ Tr (p/2 + m)γ ν
(k/ + m)γ µ
(50)

iv.
ν 1 µ 2
16m2

the second trace II gives:

Un
1 h i h i
II = Tr (p/1 + m)γν ( /
k 2 + m)γµ Tr (p/2 + m)γ ν
(k/ 1 + m)γ µ
(51)
16m2

and the interference term III gives:

O-

1 h i
III Tr p/ + m)γν (k/ 2 + m)γµ (p/ + m)γ ν
(k/ 1 + m)γ µ
(52)
16m2 1 2
TT

Now to obtain the relations between the four vectors we will choose the CoM
frame as in g.(4): So, using the four vector conservation:
RI

(p1 + p2 )2 = (k1 + k2 )2 → E = E 0

p1 · p2 = k1 · k2 = E 2
.B

k1 · p1 = E 2 (1 − cos θ)

p1 · k2 = p2 · k2 = E 2 (1 + cos θ) (53)
.M
A.L
 19

lo
so using the trace properties and using m  E

au
I = 32((k1 · k2 )(p1 · p2 ) + (k1 · p2 )(k2 · p1 )) = 32 (p1 · p2 )2 + (k1 · p2 )2 (54)
 

II = 32((k1 · k2 )(p1 · p2 ) + (k2 · p2 )(k1 · p1 )) = 32[(p1 · p2 )2 + (k2 · p2 )2 ] (55)

oP
III = −32(k1 · k2 )(p1 · p2 ) = −32(p1 · p2 )2 (56)

so

Sã
I = 32 4E 4 + E 4 (1 + cos θ)2 (57)
 

II = 32 4E 4 + E 4 (1 − cos θ)2 (58)

 

iv.
III = −32(4E 4 ) (59)

From eq.(12) we can see that the derivative is equal to unity, so we have:
Un
dσ m4
= 2 2 |M |2 (60)
dΩ 4π E
O-

Using the amplitude to compute the relation above

m4 e4 I II 2III
 
dσ
= 2 2 + −
TT

dΩ 4π E 16m4 (−2p1 · k1 )2 (−2p1 · k2 )2 4(p1 · k1 )(p1 · k2 )

!
e4 E 4 4 + (1 + cos θ)2 4 + (1 − cos θ)2 2×4
= 32
+ +
16E 4 sin 2θ 4E 4 (1 + cos θ)2 16E 4 sin 2θ (1 + cos θ)


64π 2 E 2
RI

!
4 + 4 cos4 2θ 4 + 4 sin2 2θ



α2 8
=
+
+
16 sin4 2θ 16 cos4 2θ 16 sin2 2θ cos2 2θ



2E 2
!
1 + cos4 2θ 1 + sin2 2θ



α2 2
.B

=
+
+ (61)
E 4 sin4 2θ cos4 2θ sin2 2θ cos2 2θ



8E 2
.M
A.L
20

lo
and nally

au
!
1 + cos4 2θ 1 + sin2 2θ



2
dσ α 2
=
+
+ (62)
E 4 sin4 2θ cos4 2θ sin2 θ θ



dΩ 8E 2 2
cos2 2

oP
Sã
iv.
Un
O-
TT
RI
.B
.M
A.L