Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Department

Industrial Visit Report

Date:17 /03/2015
We E&TC Dept has organized an Industrial Visit In “BSNL Switching Center,Chinchwad on 16
March 2015.The main objective of the Industrial Visit was to get interact with the expert in the field &
explore the fundamentals of mobile switching centre of BSNL. The details of “Industrial Visit” are as
follows:
Visit Co-ordinators Prof.G.J.Bhadane,Prof.A.P.Kale
Resource Person Mr. S.B.Aundhekar
Organization/Institute BSNL Mobile Switching Centre,Chinchwad, Pune.
Email ID rttcpune@bsnl.co.in, rttctrgpune@gmail.com, rttcpune@gmail.com
Cell No 9422873399
Subject Mobile Communication
Class BE E&TC
Date 16 March 2015
Time 10.00AM-12.00PM
GSM, Mobile Switching Centre, Details Of Power Supply, BSC, BTS,
Topic Covered MSC, GMSC, HLR, VLR, Switching Functions Of Mobile System,
Working Principles Of Mobile System, PSTN
No. of Students Present 52

DR.D.Y.PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,AMBI

TITLE: Industrial Visit to BSNL Telephone Exchange

Address: BSNL Telephone Exchange, Chichwad Date: 16th March 2016

Time:10.00 A.M
  About BSNL :

It is a public private organization formed in October, 2000 & is 4th largest

telecommunication company in Asia and 7th in world.

 Various services in BSNL are :

Wire line
CDMA mobile
GSM mobile
Internet
Broadband

The three section in BSNL to which we visited are as follows:

1. Infrastructures of power plant

2. National Internet Backbone (NIB)
3. Introduction of Organ Control Bhersion (OCB)

1. INFRASTRUCTURE OF POWER PLANT:

1.1 Introduction to the Power Plant
All the equipment, including structural members, that constitutes a unit power source is
the power plant of a truck. A complex of structures, machinery, and associated equipment for
generating electric energy from another source of energy, such as nuclear reactions or a
hydroelectric dam. It is also called power house or power station. Even if the power supply gone
off. Thus there must be adjustment source of power.

The main parts of the power

room are Figure 1.1: External View of Power Plant
1.1.1Batteries
An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or “voltai
 pile “)"in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, batteries have become a common power source for
many household and industrial applications. These are the instant sources of the power as
soon as power is gone off.
1.1.2Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
The UPS must give supply to the computer. As we know there is some equipment
which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are also some instruments which
cannot withstand with this type of power supply, even a microsecond delay will cause the
loss of data.
1.1.3Charging - Discharging Unit
The batteries used in the power room need timely charging. As soon as the AC
power supply is ON, charging unit is used in the power room. The slowly charging of the
batteries is known as the trickle charging. But sometimes it uses the booster charging(fast
charging). In this type of charging we take the batteries from the load and charge
separately, until it gets fully charged. The main work of the discharging unit is to control
the discharging of the batteries.

Figure 2.2: Internal View of Power Plant Block

1.1.4Inverter and Converter Unit

The main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC and vice versa as
required by the parts of exchange.
1.1.5 Engine Room
 We know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it for
much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply.
1.2 Central Air Conditioner Unit
For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement. The basic
advantages of cooling systems are following
• It provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance
limit of electronic equipment.
• It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipment’s.
• It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment

Figure 2.3: Central Air Conditioner Unit

The compressor is the heart of the Alternating current (AC) system and the costliest. It
increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by
compressing it. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The
capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters it flows to the
evaporator. The refrigerant then passes through the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the
ambience.

1.3 Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF. It is called as Fault Remove
Section. For removing the fault of telephone number, it uses the testing. These testing are group
testing . For any type of testing firstly we need the vertical no. or the live tester, printer and
computer test Number of Equipment (N.E) number of that particular telephone number. The
telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF

Figure 2.4: Outer View of Main Distribution Frame

1.3.1 Vertical Side

The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs.
These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber.
Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts
• One part is connected with the horizontal side and
• The other part is connected with the subscriber line by using 100 pair
underground cable.
1.3.2 Horizontal Side
It is again subdivided in to two parts
• Exchange side
• Line side
1.3.2.1 RACK
On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The counting
is done from up (0) to down (7).

1.3.2.2 TAG
Each rack consists of eight tags.
1 tag = 4 core
1 core = 4 bunch
 1 bunch = 2 lines
N.E. The word NE stands for the ‘Number of Equipment’.
It is a 128 pair cable. The EWSD and MDF connected by NE.

1.3.2.3 WEDGE
If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between
subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic.

2. OCB-283 (ORGAN CONTROL BHERSION):

2.1 Introduction
All new technology switching systems are based on Stored Program Control concept. The
call processing programs are distributed over different control organs of the system and are
stored in ROM/ RAM of different control units. Processor in the control units by using the
program and data stored in unit ROM or RAM process and handle calls. Handling or processing
call means to ultimately establish a connection in a switch between incoming and outgoing ends.
Depending on the name and architecture of control units and switch may change but criterion
for switching remains more or less the same. OCB-283 is digital switching system which
supports a variety of communication needs like basic telephony, ISDN, etc.

2.2 Features
• OCB stands for Organ Control Bhersion.
• Digital switching system developed by CIT ALCATEL of France.
• Operation and Maintenance center (OMC) and signal to noise ratio (s/n) duplicated.
• Varieties of service provided are: basic telephony, ISDN, Mobile, Videotext etc.
• Supports different types of signaling system.
• Maximum Number of junctions may be 60000 and 35 types of cards can be used.

2.3 Architecture
 LR
LR

Remote CSNL CSNL

Concentrator SWITCHING
MATRIX
(SINGLE T)
LR
CSND SMT SMA

PCM
Junctions

MAS

SMC CONTROL UNITS SMC

(SMC)

MIS

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

NMC
UNIT
Figure 2.1 Architecture of OCB 283

2.3.1 Description of the Functional Components

2.3.1.1. Time Base (BT)
Time pulses are generated in triplicate and distributed to switching unit. The time
base is usually synchronized with the network by a synchronizer Interface. It gets the
clock from pulse code modulation which carry traffic also and synchronizes the local
clock with the pulse code modulation clock and thus network synchronization is
achieved.
2.3.1.2. Host Switching Matrix
This is a pure switch of maximum connectivity capability. The switching of
time slots are controlled by the function com which in turn obtains the particulars from
call handler known as multi register.
2.3.1.3. Auxillaries
Auxiliary Equipment Manager (ETA).It supports following functions:
1) Tone generation 2) Conference call facility
3) Frequency generation and reception 4) Exchange clock
2.3.1.4. Call Handler (MR)
 This obtains necessary data from subscribers and circuits and process for
connection and disconnection of call with the help of a database manager . In addition
this helps in carrying out circuit tests and some observations. It establishes and releases
the calls. It takes real time decisions for processing of a call. The MR also consults TR to
find out subscribers entitlements
2.3.1.5. Data manager (TR)
This is responsible for managing and storing various subscriber and trunks related
database. The data is returned by the call handler as and when required during call
processing. It also stores routing and analysis data. It converts or translates the received
digits into equipment number of the called subscriber.
2.3.1.6. Charging Function (TX)
This function is responsible for charge computation on the basis of certain
charging parameters supplied by the translator during analysis of digits received from a
source. This also prepares detailed billing messages and forwarding the same to the
operation and maintenance function for further processing.
2.3.1.7. Matrix Handler (GX)
This function is responsible for processing and for defense of connections on
receipt of
• Request for connection and disconnection from MR .
• Fault in connection
2.3.1.8. Message Distribution Function Marker
Its function is to format if required and distribute messages. Also supervises
semi permanent links& inter messages between different communication multiplexes.
2.3.1.9. PCM Controller (URM)
PCM interface receives PCM from other exchanges remote subcribers access
units, access networks and digital recorded announcement systems and the URM function
carries out the following
• Binary code conversion
• Injection and extraction

2.3.1.10. Operation and Maintenance function

 This function enables to create all data required for subscribers
circuits and their testing. This also enables spontaneously issuing faults and alarm
messages in case of indications coming from OCB units. Also provides features for
saving detail billing or bulk billing messages on magnetic tape. It possesses a two way
communication path with the exchange. This is implemented and is responsible to
forward new call connection and disconnection requests to control functions.

2.4 Major units of OCB system

The major units of OCB switch is briefly explained as follows:
2.4.1. Subscriber Connection Unit (CSN)
A CSN basically consists of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks. The capacity of
CSN is 5000. Subscriber may be analog and digital.
2.4.2. Trunk and Junction Connection Unit (SMT)
It is the interface between switching network and junctions from other
exchanges (or remote connection unit).
2.4.3. Switching Matrix
The Switching matrix is a single stage ‘t’ made up of host switching matrix and
branch selection and amplification function, SMX is duplicated.
2.4.4. Auxillary Equipment Control Station (SMA)
It consists of frequency receiver or generator conference call CCTS, tone generators etc.
2.4.5. Control Unit (SMC)
The six control units are as follows
• Multi register (MR) for connecting and disconnecting calls.
• Translator (TR) for storing exchange database.
• Charging unit (TX) for carrying out charging jobs.
• Marker (MQ) for performing connection and disconnection of subscribers.
• Ccs-7 controller (PC) for carrying out routing and traffic management
functions.
• Matrix system handler (GX) for monitoring connection in S/N.

2.4.6. Operation and Maintenance Unit (SMM)

 It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for taking
suitable actions at the event of faults. In the field of telecommunications, a telephone
exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone
calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant equipment
including telephone switches, which make phone calls "work" in the sense of making
connections and relaying the speech information

2.5 Control Funtions-Concept of the Station

For all control function ocb uses concept of a station. Following type of
stations are available:
• SMT - Trunk Multiprocessor Station
• SMA - Auxiliary Multiprocessor Station
• SMX - Switch Multiprocessor Station
• SMC - Command Or Control Multiprocessor Station
• SMM - Maintenance Multiprocessor Station
• STS - Synchronisation And Time Base Station 24

The control stations communicate among themselves on a token ring called “MIS”—Inter
Station Multiplex, while the other stations are connected on 1 to 4 “MAS”—Station Access
Multiplexes. The “MAS”are connected to control stations also, so that the “MAS”domain units
can communicate with control stations. Most of the time cross over from “MAS” to”MIS”
domain or vice-versa may require a gateway function and this is provided in the SMC with
marker function.

2.5.1. SMT-Trunk Multiprocessors Station

It is also known as PCM trunk control station. The smt is a interface for PCM’s
coming from the particular exchange and the remaining world.The current version of SMT
being supplied to India is SMT 2G. In each SMT 2G, there are 8 modules and in each
module there are 16 PCMs. Thus there are 128 PCMs, in a single SMT 2G. SMT 2G is built
around microprocessor 68030.
Functions of SMT
 • Provides terminations of a maximum of 128 pcm’s from trunks
• Carrying out URM
• Transforming the intelligence in PCM to LR for switching to destinations
and transforming the switched LR time slot into PCM.
2.5.2. SMA-Auxiliary Multiprocessor Station
2.5.2.1 Functions of SMA
• Tone generation(GT) Tone generators generate various tones required to be
connected during call processing. These tones are Dial tone, Busy tone, Ring back
tone, Processing tone etc.
• Conference call(CCF) 25 The conference circuits are used to set up connection
between a maximum of 4 subscribers. These 4 subscribers can hold conference on the
telephone i.e. they can talk to each other.
• Frequency Generation and Reception for R2 MF signalling or for receiving DTMF
frequencies(RGF) The frequency receivers or generators recognizes the digits dialed
through DTMF instrument and also the MF(R2) signaling and testing etc.
• Clock
• signalling management
• Access Network management(AN)
2.5.3. SMX-Switching Multiprocessor Station
A SMX is one module of the entire switch matrix system with independent
control. The station is responsible for carrying out connection of an incoming LR time slot
to an outgoing LR time slot. Switching may effect connection between subscribers,
subscriber to junction, junction to junction subs. To tone or rf, junction to tone or rf etc or
there may be a semipermanent connection for certain data link.
Besides the connection function,the SMX performs following other functions:
• clock reception from STS & distribution
• fault and alarm processing
• defence of the station etc.

2.5.4. SMC—Main Control Station

 All the control functions are supported in SMC and one or more of these
functions can be used during call processing. The main control functions are
MR,TR,TX,MQ etc. Relative position of SMC in OCB exchange. Control functions in SMC
communicate on MIS while other communicate with SMC on MAS.
2.5.5. SMM-Maintenance Multiprocessor Station
The SMM provides the facility for carrying out operation and maintenance
of OCB units and also manage the data base. It carries out following functions
• database management and storage
• central defense of the OCB system
• supervisor of token rings
• processing of various commands
• general initialization of the exchange
It provides local link for data processing devices and administration terminals.
This can also be connected to a network management system. It is accessible to exchange
units on one side and to the peripherals on the other side. The SMM also have access to
mass storage devices. It consists of two units –one act as pilot and other as a standby. Both
systems share a common communication bus supporting various communication
peripherals. The two subsystems are referred as SMMA and SMMB.
2.5.6. STS-Synchronization And Time base Station
This is clock system of OCB-283 system which happens to be the most vital unit
of any digital switching system as switching takes place at the strobe of clock. The clock
needs to be synchronized with the network. This ensures almost a common clock at every
switching station. The clock system in OCB-283 therefore consists of two parts-
synchronization part and time base generator part.
2.5.6.1The synchronization interface carries out following functions
o Receives max 4 clock inputs from PCM’s coming from other exchange
o In the event of a error detected on the chosen PCM it shifts to other PCM and
gives alarm concerning the faulty PCM
o It maintains reasonably high quality of clock in terms of precision of frequency.
o Counteracts losses of all synchronization links by very high stability oscillator.