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Engine Room Ventilation
Engine Room Ventilation
ENGINE ROOM
VENTILATION
Contents
Engine Room Ventilation ......................................................... 1
Sizing Considerations ......................................................... 2
Cooling Air .................................................................... 2
Combustion Air.............................................................. 2
Ventilation Airflow ......................................................... 3
Calculating Required Ventilation Airflow ....................... 3
Engine Room Enclosure Temperature............................ 4
Atmospheric Heat Rejection Correction Factor............... 5
Ventilation Fans ................................................................. 7
Fan Types ..................................................................... 7
Fan Location.................................................................. 7
Fan Sizing ..................................................................... 7
Exhaust Fans ................................................................. 7
Two Speed Fan Motors................................................... 8
Routing Considerations ....................................................... 9
General Routing Principles ............................................... 9
Single & Dual Engine Applications .............................. 10
Multiple Engine Applications ...................................... 14
Special Application Routing ....................................... 17
Marine Exhaust Ejector – Automatic
Ventilation System ................................................... 24
Additional Considerations.............................................. 24
Radiator Sizing ......................................................... 24
Radiator Fan Sizing................................................... 24
Moveable Louvers .................................................... 25
Refrigeration Equipment ............................................ 25
Exhaust Pipe Insulation ............................................. 25
Test With Doors and Windows Closed........................ 25
Ducting Considerations ............................................. 26
Cold Weather Considerations......................................... 26
Air Cleaner Icing ...................................................... 26
Extreme Cold ........................................................... 27
Boost Control .......................................................... 27
Foreword
This section of the Application and Installation Guide generally describes
Engine Room Ventilation for Caterpillar® engines listed on the cover of this
section. Additional engine systems, components and dynamics are addressed
in other sections of this Application and Installation Guide.
Engine-specific information and data is available from a variety of sources.
Refer to the Introduction section of this guide for additional references.
Systems and components described in this guide may not be available or
applicable for every engine.
SECTION CONTENTS
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Sizing Considerations
through the ship’s hull. The
Cooling Air remaining radiated heat must be
A portion of fuel consumed by an carried away by the ventilation
engine is lost to the environment in system.
the form of heat radiated to the
surrounding air. In addition, heat A system for exhausting ventilation
from generator inefficiencies and air from the engine room must be
exhaust piping can easily equal included in the ventilation system
engine-radiated heat. Any resulting design.
elevated temperatures in the engine Combustion Air
room may adversely affect Combustion air is discussed in detail
maintenance, personnel, switchgear, in the Air Intake Systems section
and engine or generator set of the Application and Installation
performance. Guide. Some aspects of the intake
Engine room ventilation air (cooling air system are discussed in this
air) has two basic purposes. guide because they significantly
impact the engine room ventilation
• To provide an environment that
system design.
permits the machinery and
equipment to function properly In many installations, combustion
with dependable service life. air is drawn from outside the engine
• To provide an environment in room via ductwork that is designed
which personnel can work to move a large amount of air with
comfortably and effectively. very little restriction. These
installations have very little impact
It is important to note that cooling on engine room ventilation design.
air is needed for more than just the Other installations, however, require
engine; the generator intake also that combustion air be drawn
requires cool clean air. The most directly from the engine room. In
effective way to do this is to provide
these installations, combustion air
a ventilation air source low to the
requirements become a significant
ground at the rear of the package. ventilation system design parameter.
The use of insulation on exhaust Approximate consumption of
pipes, silencers, and jacket water combustion air for a diesel engine is
pipes will reduce the amount of heat 0.1 m3 of air/min/brake kW (2.5 ft3
radiated by auxiliary sources. of air/min/bhp) produced. Engine-
specific combustion air requirements
Radiated heat from the engines
can be found using the resources
and other machinery in the engine
mentioned in the foreword of this
room is absorbed by engine room
guide.
surfaces. Some of the heat is
transferred to atmosphere or, on
marine installations, to the sea
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Generator Example:
For generator set installations, the A 3512B, 975 ekW standby
heat radiated by the generator can generator set has a generator
be estimated by the following efficiency of 92%. The generator
formulas. radiant heat for this genset can be
1 calculated as follows.
HRG (kW) = P x
EFF-1 Solution:
P = 975 ekW
1
HRG (Btu/min) = P x x 56.9 Efficiency = 92% / 100% = 0.92
EFF-1
HRG = 975 x (0.92 – 1)
Where: HRG = 84.78 kW
HRG = Heat Radiated by the HRG = 975 x (0.92 – 1) x 56.9
Generator (kW), (Btu/min)
HRG = 4824 Btu/min
P= Generator Output at
Maximum Engine Rating
Note: This data is available in the
(ekW)
TMI for Caterpillar generators. It is
Eff = Generator Efficiency % / 100% located in the Performance Data
section.
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Ventilation Fans
Except for special applications, natural axial or tube-axial fans, sometimes
draft ventilation is too bulky for puts them at a disadvantage.
practical consideration. Adequate
quantities of fresh air are best supplied Fan Sizing
by powered (fan-assisted) ventilation Fan sizing involves much more than
systems. just selecting a fan that will deliver
the airflow volume needed to meet
Fan Types the cooling air and combustion air
The following types of ventilation requirements. It requires a basic
fans are typically used. understanding of fan performance
characteristics and ventilation system
• Vane-axial
design parameters.
• Tube-axial
Similar to a centrifugal pump, a fan
• Propeller operates along a specific fan curve
• Centrifugal that relates a fan’s volume flow rate
(squirrel cage blowers) (m3/min or cfm) to pressure rise
The selection of fan type is usually (mm H2O or in. H2O) at a constant
determined by ventilation air volume, fan speed. Therefore, fan selection
pressure requirements and space not only requires that the volume
limitations within the engine room. flow rate be known, but also that
The fans have various qualities that the ventilation distribution system
make them better suited to certain be known in order to estimate
applications. the system pressure rise. This
information allows the optimum
Fan Location fan to be selected from a set of
Fans are most effective when they manufacturers’ fan curves or tables.
withdraw ventilation air from the
engine room and exhaust the hot air Exhaust Fans
to the atmosphere. However, ideal Ventilation air exhaust systems
engine room ventilation systems will should be designed to maintain a
utilize both supply and exhaust fans. slight positive or negative pressure
This will allow the system designer in the engine room, depending on
the maximum amount of control the specific application.
over ventilation air distribution. Positive pressure should normally not
The fan motors should be mounted exceed .050 kPa or (0.2 in. H2O). This
outside the direct flow of hot positive pressure provides the
ventilating air for longest motor life. following advantages.
The design of centrifugal fans (squirrel
cage blowers) is ideal in this regard,
but their size, relative to the vane-
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Routing Considerations
supply air be properly distributed
General Routing Principles around the primary heat sources.
Correct ventilation air routing is vital
• Avoid ventilation air supply ducts
for proper operation of Caterpillar
that blow cool air directly toward
engines and packaged units.
hot engine components. This mixes
Maintaining recommended air
the hottest air in the engine room
temperatures in the engine room is
with incoming cool air, raising the
impossible without proper routing
average engine room temperature.
of the ventilation air. The following
This also leaves areas of the
principles should be considered
engine room with no appreciable
when designing an engine room
ventilation.
ventilation system.
• For installations where
• Fresh air inlets should be located engines draw combustion air
as far from the sources of heat as from inside the engine room, the
practical and as low as possible. routing should provide the coolest
• Ventilation air should be possible combustion air to the
exhausted from the engine room turbocharger inlets.
at the highest point possible, • For marine and offshore
preferably directly over the applications, the potential exists
engine. for seawater to be drawn into the
• Ventilation air inlets and outlets ventilation air supply; systems
should be positioned to prevent for these applications must be
exhaust air from being drawn into designed to prevent seawater
the ventilation inlets from being drawn into the air
(recirculation). intake filters and ingested by
• Ventilation air inlets and outlets the turbocharger. Generator
should be positioned to prevent cooling air must also be filtered
pockets of stagnant or to minimize the ingestion of salt.
recirculating air, especially in the These general routing principles,
vicinity of the generator air inlet. while driven by the same basic
• Where possible, individual principles of heat transfer, will
exhaust suction points should be vary with the specific application.
located directly above the primary This section discusses the general
heat sources. This will remove considerations relating to single and
heat before it has a chance to dual engine applications, multiple
mix with engine room air and engine (3+) applications, and several
raise the average temperature. It special applications.
must be noted that this practice
will also require that ventilation
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Single & Dual Engine Applications Outside air is brought into the engine
Single and dual engine applications room through a system of ducts.
are arguably the most common These ducts should be routed
applications encountered, regardless between engines, at floor level, and
of engine market. discharge air near the bottom of the
engine and generator as shown in
These applications will generally
Figure 1.
require smaller engine rooms, which
are especially challenging in regard Ventilation air exhaust fans should
to the use of good routing practices. be mounted or ducted at the highest
point in the engine room. They should
Recommended ventilation systems
be directly over heat sources.
for these applications, presented in
order of preference, are Type 1, This system provides the best
Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4. ventilation with the least amount of
air required. In addition, the upward
Ventilation Type 1 (Preferred Design)
flow of air around the engine serves
Note: In ventilation airflow
as a shield which minimizes the
calculations, Type 1 systems have
amount of heat released into the
a Routing Factor of 1.
engine room. Air temperature in the
exhaust air duct will be higher than
engine room air temperature.
Ventilation Type 1
Figure 1
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Ventilation Type 2
Figure 2
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Ventilation Type 3
Figure 3
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Ventilation Type 4
Figure 4
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Incorrect Airflow
Figure 5
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Correct Airflow
Figure 6
Incorrect Airflow
Figure 7
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Bottom-to-Top Airflow
Figure 8
Bottom-to-Top Airflow
Figure 9
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Figure 10
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Figure 11
Figure 12
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Figure 14
1. Caterpillar D/G Set 5. Fuel/Water Separator
2. Radiator 6. Fuel Tank
3. Switchgear 7. Vertical Discharge Chute
4. Silencer
Figure 15
1. Caterpillar D/G Set 5. Fuel/Water Separator
2. Radiator 6. Fuel Tank
3. Switchgear 7. Partition Wall
4. Silencer
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Figure 16
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Figure 17
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Figure 18
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Blade tip speed, while being only starts and install them to open
one of the elements of cooling fan fully in case of an emergency.
design, is an item easily changed • Heat sensors needlessly
by choosing an appropriate fan drive complicate the system and their
ratio. An optimum fan tip velocity of malfunction can reduce airflow
6096 cm/s (12,000 fpm) is a good to the engine which can cause
choice for meeting noise legislation shutdown.
requirements and cooling system
performance requirements. The Refrigeration Equipment
maximum acceptable fan blade tip When refrigeration equipment is
speed is 7620 cm/s (15,000 fpm) installed within the engine room
for Caterpillar fans. space, ensure its location is such
that any refrigerant leakage will not
Moveable Louvers be drawn into the engine’s combustion
If moveable louvers are used, airflow. Refrigerant chemicals, such
specify those which open in a as Freon® and ammonia, become
positive manner. Pneumatic and highly corrosive acids in engine
electric-actuated louvers are combustion chambers. This corrosion
satisfactory. Refer to Figure 20. will cause severe damage. Locating
refrigerant compressors near an
engine room air exhaust area is
appropriate.
Exhaust Pipe Insulation
Long runs of hot, uninsulated exhaust
piping can dissipate more heat into
the engine room than all other
machinery surfaces combined.
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Application and Installation Guide Engine Room Ventilation
Figure 21
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Engine Room Ventilation Application and Installation Guide
Figure 22
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