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Landuse land cover Analysis using remote sensing technique- A case study of
bhopal district

Conference Paper · September 2013

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 National seminar on Recent Trends in civil engineering 19th sept to 21st 2013

LANDUSE /COVER ANALYSIS USING REMOTE SENSING

TECHNIQUE -A CASE STUDY OF BHOPAL DISTRICT
Goswami S.B.1, Chandra Prakash2 & Ganga Dhar 1
1
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE), Bhopal
2
Indian Institute of Soil Science (IISS), Bhopal

ABSTRACT
In the present day world, Land Use and Land Cover mapping is of great
significance in scientific, scholarly research, planning and management. Regional land
use pattern reflects the character of interaction between man & environment and
resources based on mankind’s basic economic activities. Remotely sensed satellite
images provide a synoptic overview of the whole area in a very short time span. Land
use/land cover mapping serve as a basic inventory of land resources throughout the
world. Whether regional or local in scope, remote sensing offers a means of gathering
and presenting land cover data in timely manner. In the present research Land use/land
cover pattern of Bhopal was studied using LANDSAT ETM+ data. The land use/land
cover patterns were visually interpreted and digitized using ArcGIS software. The study
observed that agriculture area (67.51%) is dominant in Bhopal and its surroundings
followed by forest area (13.77), settlement area (6.97%), wasteland area (8.74%) and
surface waterbody area (3.02%) The study recommends the use of open source satellite
imageries for future environmental monitoring studies.
Key-Words: Remote Sensing, Open Source, Arc GIS, Landuse/cover & Satellite data

INTRODUCTION
India is bestowed with valuable natural resources consisting of forests,
wetlands, rivers, surface water bodies and vast areas of agriculture serving the needs of
around a billion population and varied ecological functions. Due to increase in
population, industrialization and with large variations in climate and incidence of natural
disasters, the natural resources management has become very complex. Remote sensing
plays an important role for monitoring and management of natural resources and the
environment. Now-a-days remotely sensed data are widely used in land use/land cover
classification. Land use refers to man’s activities and the various uses which are carried
on land. Land cover refers to natural vegetation, water bodies, rock/soil, etc. Although
land use is generally inferred based on the cover, yet both the terms are related and
interchangeable. Identifying delineating and mapping land cover are important for global
monitoring studies with the component of resource management and planning activities.
Identification of land cover establishes the base line from which monitoring activities can
be performed and provides the ground cover information for base line thematic maps.
Land use refers the purpose of the land thematic maps. Land use refers the purpose of the
land serves, for example, recreation, wild life habitat, agriculture (Ram, B. and A.S.
Kolarkar, 1993.)

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Land use is a product of interactions between a society's cultural background,

state, and its physical needs on the one hand, and the natural potential of land on the other
(Balak Ram and Kolarkar 1993). Land use and land cover mapping addressing
agricultural land, greening of wastelands, surface water bodies, forest vegetation and
other land use using satellite remote sensing data can provide a reliable database. In this
context, the census of natural resources viz land, water, forests and other elements
conducted in a systematic manner.
STUDY AREA
Home to the heart of the heart of India, Madhya Pradesh Bhopal district was
formed in 1972. Border engaged in state capital Bhopal Sehore, Rajgarh, Raisen and
Vidisha districts. The study area is located on a slope in the Malwa Plateau and thus, it is
truly blessed with natural beauty which includes woody forests, majestic hills and
enchanting landscapes. Bhopal district lies in the western extremity of Madhya Pradesh.
The study area comprises entire Bhopal district which is bounded between longitude
77.12 E to 77.40 E and latitudes 23.54 N to 23.07 N between 505 m and minimum and
maximum height above sea level is 180 meters (Figure1). The climate of the district is
elegant and healthy. Arid part of India comes in the district, the district average rainfall of
992 mm and is covered in the Survey of India Topographical Map Sheets No. 55E/1,
55E/2, 55E/3, 55E/4, 55E/5, 55E/6, 55E/7, 55E/8, 55E/9, 55E/10, 55E/11 and 55E/12.

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DATA USED
Landsat ETM+ Geocoded False Colour Composites (FCCs) of 1:50,000 scale of
SOI toposheets were used for preparing the thematic map of landuse/ land cover map etc.
Digital image analysis was done on ETM+ data of 12 January 2009 in an attempt to
demarcate even smaller water body. Details of data used are given in Table-1 and FCC of
Landsat ETM+ presented in Figure-2.

Figure 2: False Colour Composite (FCC) of (Landsat ) Bhopal District

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 National seminar on Recent Trends in civil engineering 19th sept to 21st 2013

Corresponding
S. Survey of India
Satellite Sensor Path/Row Date of Pass Data Type
No. Topographical Map
Sheet No.
1 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 1 Hardcopy
2 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 2 Hardcopy

3 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 3 Hardcopy

4 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 4 Hardcopy

5 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 5 Hardcopy

6 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 6 Hardcopy

7 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 7 Hardcopy

8 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 8 Hardcopy

9 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 9 Hardcopy

10 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 10 Hardcopy

11 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 11 Hardcopy

12 Landsat ETM+ 097 /055 12 Feb.2009 55 E / 12 Hardcopy

Table 1: Details of data used for the study

METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted in the present study is on screen visual interpretation using
Software (ArcGIS) with help of important photo elements like tone and texture, pattern,
shape and size along with the associate feature. The relationship or association of a
feature with respect to others has been considered in determining its identity. The
following procedure has been adopted as discussed below:
Registration: Image to image registration option has to be used for selection of ground
control points (GCPs). Registration involves selection of GCPs input LANDSAT ETM+
image. The following are the steps involved during the process – Transformation of the
raster with a geometric result in warping the raster to map co-ordinates specified. The
essentially involve use of a mathematical transformation to determine the correct map co-
ordinates specified. The essentially involve use of a mathematical transformation to
determine the correct map co-ordinate location for each cell in the raster. Since the
images of hilly terrain and also for the areas with large geometric distortions due to the
relief and viewing angles, orthorectification method has been adopted.

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 National seminar on Recent Trends in civil engineering 19th sept to 21st 2013

Subset the AOI Image: Satellite image for the boundary of the study area as digitized
and built earlier through ERDAS has been subset from the original image. ERDAS 9.1
has been utilized for this purpose.
Base Layer Generation: Base layers like major road, settlement have been digitized
from toposheets and the layer wise coverage’s have been integrated with the study area
boundary.
Image Interpretation: The LANDSAT ETM+ images were interpreted as per the
classification discussed above and a pre field map digitized.
Ground Verfication: Some sample areas have been verified on the ground to ensure the
accuracy of the interpretation. The doubtful area encountered during pre field visual
interpretation has been also surveyed.
Post Field Modification: The post field interpretation has been modified as per the
necessity on the basis of data collection during ground verification (field visit).
Final Cartographic Representation: Final land use/ land cover map has been prepared
using cartographic symbolization techniques through are map software became the source
data to be input in the second part of the present study.
Land Use Land Cover Interpretation System Generation: Finally land use/ land cover
information system for the study area has been generated in ARC MAP including both
spatial and attribute database.
Land use Land cover Classification Used: Landuse-land cover (LU/LC) classification is
based on the scheme developed by National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA, 1995). The
basic concepts and structure of this system are still valid today. A number of more recent
land use land cover mapping efforts follow these basic concepts and, although their
mapping units may be more detailed or more specialized, and they may use more recent
remote sensing system as data urges, they still follow the basic structure originally set
forth by the NRSA. Level1 classification (LULC) is used for Bhopal district.

Figure 3: Flow chart of LULC Classification

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RESULT & DISCUSSION:

Based on the broad landuse/Landcover categories five landuse classes which

include agricultural and allied activities, built-up, forest, wasteland and water bodies were
identified in the study area which is depicted in figure 4.

Figure 4: Landuse /Landcover Map of Bhopal District

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 National seminar on Recent Trends in civil engineering 19th sept to 21st 2013

Table:-2 Landuse/Landcover statistics of Bhopal district

Sl.No. Classes Area (ha) % Geographical area
1 BuiltUp 19254.24074 6.97
2 Agricultural Land 186569.9541 67.51
3 Forest 38051.38876 13.77
4 Wasteland 24149.82174 8.74
5 Waterbodies 8347.369333 3.02
Total Area 276372.7747 100.00

Figure 5: Landuse Landcover Statistics of Study Area

Landuse Landcover classification of the Bhopal district shows that agricultural land has
covered maximum area which is 1,86,569.95 ha and occupying 67.51 percent of total
geographical area of the district. Bhopal district has good forest cover which is 38,051.39
ha which covers 13.77 percent of total geographical area of Indore district. Built up land
is defined as an area of human habitation developed due to non-agriculture use and has a
cover of buildings transport and other utilities. Built up of study area comprises 19254.24
ha area which cover 6.97 percent of total geographical area of Bhopal district. Wasteland
is described as degraded land, which can be brought under vegetative cover with
reasonable efforts. In this class includes land with scrub and land without scrub occupied
total area 24 149.82 ha. Water bodies category comprises area with water either
impounded in the form of pond lakes and rivers reservoirs etc. It occupied total area
8347.36 ha.

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Conclusion:
The analysis of the Landsat ETM+ satellite image of 15.0 metre spatial resolution
provide better opportunity for delineating different classes of land use /Land cover in any
region. The use of Geographic Information System for integrating land use /Land cover
administrative layer help to identify the exact land use /Land cover status of the study
area. The present study of the land use land cover mapping of the study area will also
help in management of the land use and land cover categories. It has been proven that the
landuse/Landcover classification of satellite images is an efficient tool when determining
the land cover in the Bhopal district. By using such a classification one can perform the
mapping of a larger area and observe its temporal development in a relatively short
period of time. The Landsat imagery used in this study proved to be appropriate for
distinguishing five landuse/landcover categories with a spatial resolution of 15 m.
The use of various image data, filtering according to altitudes and inclination, and
the combination of supervised and unsupervised classification enable a significant
improvement in the quality of the final land cover map.

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