Phospholipid bilayer gives cell membrane flexible Can occur in either direction

ions and polar molecules as well as glucose, nucleic

structure, restrict the entry and exit of polar
acid, amino acid and proteins that insoluble in lipids
molecules and ions
The proteins has hydrophilic channels function as
Glycolipid involved in cell-cell recognition and act as
pores (specific for particular molecule)
receptor sites for chemical signs such as hormones occur only if higher concentration of particular
Glycoproteins involved in holding the correct cells molecules on one side than another side
together to form tissues Glucose binds to protein make it change shape. The
Cholesterol disturbs the closing packing of glucose is moved across the membrane as protein
phospholipids and keep fluid. Increase flexibility and alternates between its forms opening a channel
stability. through the membrane

Function of membrane proteins
i. involved in transport across membrane
Through a carrier protein. The protein alternates
ii. As enzymes
between two different shapes resulting in net
iii. As receptor molecules
movement of glucose from outside the cell into the
Fluid Mosaic Model iv. As antigens.
FACILITATED DIFUSSION cell down a concentration gradient. No energy is
Membrane proteins are classified by the function they v. As junction in between cells required.
perform. Integral proteins embedded in or extended vi. As structural support.
through a membrane are referred to as integral
protein. Peripheral protein bound to membrane TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE
through interaction with integral proteins Active Transport Simple diffusion
Passive Transport
Transport of molecules or ions across a membrane Occurs by the random movement of particles due to
The net movement of particles is down
against the concentration gradient (against its natural tendency kinetic energy. No ENERGY required. Happen
a concentration gradient,
to diffuse in opposite direction). spontaneously.
without the expenditure of energy from cell.
Thus, energy is required. (Low concentration -> High concentration)
Uncharged molecules, respiratory gases such as O2
osmosis and CO2 diffuse rapidly through membrane
Water molecules (Polar and Small) enuf to pass
through the gaps between the hydrophobic
Special diffusion of solvent, H2O from region that more
Occurs in ONE direction only phospholipid molecules of membrane
concted (dilution sltn) to less concted water region
Carried out by carrier protein or pumps which Lipid-soluble molecules, steroid hormones diffuse
(concentrated sltn)
required ATP to keep changing in shape. more rapidly through the membrane
ATP is hydrolysed to ADP. Terminal phosphate grp
attached on protein cause it change shape and
Hypotonic Hypertonic
release solute. The P grp removed later. Isotonic
sln has lower water Slt has higher water
Eg: Sodium-potassium pump found in animal cells Sln has same water
potential thn cell contents, potential than cell contents,
moves Na ion out of cell and K+ ion into cell. For potential as cell contains.
cell shrinks and water enter cells, cell
every 2 K+ ions taken into the cell, 3 Na+ ion are removed Cell is equilibrium.
become crenated wells and lyses.