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Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja (K3)

Analisis Potensi Bahaya

Yunita Nugrahaini Safrudin, M.T.

Prodi Teknik Industri-Fakultas Rekayasa Industri

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Modul ini terdiri dari 4 bagian

1. System Safety
2. System Safety Process
3. System Safety Life Cycle
Konten 4. Tools and Technique

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System Safety
“System” ‘‘Safety’’
A group of interconnected elements united to Making something free from the likelihood of
form a single entity harm

“System Safety“
An optimum degree of safety, established within the constraints of
operational effectiveness, time, and cost . . . achievable
throughout all phases of the system life cycle’’ (Malasky, 1982)

How to decide the optimum degree of safety?

How safe is safe enough?
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System Safety
The central concept in system safety is the definition of a hazard.
A hazard is anything that can possibly cause danger or harm to
equipment, personnel, property, or the environment. It is a
circumstance that has the potential, under the right conditions, to
become a loss.

Risk assessment, like system safety engineering, can be used to

determine how safe something is and to determine the various
trade-off alternatives to lower the risk in a system. It can be used
to identify the hazards, costs, and the associated risks. Risk
involves the probability that an incident will occur or the chance of
occurrence

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ALARP
PRINCIPLE
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System
Safety
Process

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 System Safety Life Cycle
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The system life cycle consists

of six phases: concept,
definition, development,
production, deployment, and
disposition.

At the end of each

phase, a safety review is
conducted. A decision is then
made whether
to continue the project or place
it on hold, pending further
examination.

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 Tools and Technique 8

The types of techniques used in analyzing and evaluating system hazards.

Job
Hazard
HAZOP FMEA FTA Safety etc.
Analysis
Analysis

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Modul ini terdiri dari 5 bagian

1. Hazard Analysis
2. HAZOP
3. FMEA
4. FTA
5. Job Safety Analysis
Konten

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 Hazard Analysis
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The hazard
analysis process
is a systematic,
comprehensive
method to identify,
evaluate, and
control hazards in
a system

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 Hazard Analysis 11

• Catastrophic: A condition(s) that

will cause equipment loss and/or
death or multiple injuries to
personnel
• Critical: A condition(s) that will
cause severe injury to personnel
and major damage to equipment, or
will result in a hazard requiring
immediate corrective action
• Marginal: A condition(s) that may
cause minor injury to personnel and
minor damage to equipment
• Negligible: A condition(s) that will
not result in injury to personnel, and
will not result in any equipment
damage.
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 Hazard Analysis
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 Hazard Analysis
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 Hazard Analysis
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 Hazard analysis worksheet Hazard Analysis
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Hazard description

Potential causes

Potential effects (including propagation

throughout the system or to other systems)

Hazard Risk Index (HRI)

Recommended corrective action

Effect of corrective action implementation

Hazard control references

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 Hazard and Operability 16

(HAZOP)
A hazard and operability (HAZOP) study is a systematic group
approach to identify process hazards and inefficiencies in a system.

Hazard – any operation that could possibly Operability – any operation inside the design
cause a catastrophic release of toxic, envelope that would cause a shutdown that could
flammable or explosive chemicals or any possibly lead to a violation of environmental, health or
action that could result in injury personnel safety regulation s or negatively impact profitability

The HAZOP is an extremely useful tool in making sense of highly

complex process flows. The HAZOP is the primary method used
in the petrochemical industry to identify, control, and document
hazards.
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 Hazard and 17

Operability
(HAZOP)

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 Hazard and Operability
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(HAZOP)

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 Hazard and Operability
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(HAZOP)

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 Hazard and Operability
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(HAZOP)

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 FMEA 21

A Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a sequential analysis and

evaluation of the kinds of failures that could happen and their likely effects,
expressed in terms of maximum potential loss.

The technique is used as a predictive model and forms part of an overall

risk assessment study. The FMEA is most useful in system hazard analysis for
highlighting critical components (Ridley, 1994).

FMEA can be used very selectively to focus on how particular failure modes
might lead to process deviations and thus create a hazard.

The FMEA should not be used as the primary safety analysis tool

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 FMEA 22

Failure mode describes how the component can fail.

All credible failure modes and their causes should be listed.

• Premature operation
• Failure to operate at a prescribed time
Typical • Intermittent operation
• Failure to cease operation at a prescribed
failure time
• Loss of output or failure during operation
modes • Degraded output or operational capability
(conditions) • Other unique failure conditions as
applicable based on system characteristics
and operational requirements or constraints

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 FMEA 23

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 Fault Tree Analysis 24

A Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is an inductive method for finding dangers

that result from single-fault events (Roland and Moriarty, 1990).

It identifies hazards during the design phase. The investigator takes a

detailed look at the proposal system to determine hazard modes, causes of
hazards, and the adverse effects associated with the hazards.

What is the difference between

FTA & FMEA?

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 Fault Tree Analysis 25

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 Fault Tree Analysis 26

There are limitations to this type

of analysis. A specific knowledge
of the design, construction, and
the use of the product is
necessary for successful
completion of the FTA.

In addition, FTA logic assumes

that all events are either
successes or failures. Many times
such a concrete decision is not
possible.

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 Job Safety Analysis 27

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is an analytical tool that can improve a

company’s overall performance by identifying and correcting
undesirable events that could result in accidents, illnesses, injuries,
and reduced quality and production.

It is an employer/employee participation program in which job activities

are observed; divided into individual steps; discussed; and recorded
with the intent to identify, eliminate, or control undesirable events.

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 Job Safety Analysis 28

JSA reviews each job and breaks it down into an orderly

series of smaller tasks. After these tasks have been determined, the
same routine of observation, discussion, and recording is repeated, this
time focusing on events which could have a negative impact on each
step in the task.

Once potential undesirable events are recognized, the process is

repeated for a third time and corrective actions
are identified. Conducting a JSA can be a valuable learning experience
for both new and experienced employees.

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