PHINMA-UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

ARC 022 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1

RSW 1
No.:
TITLE:
“Application of Building Materials to
the Modern world today” - Metals,
Glass, Glazing and Concrete.
DUE DATE 14 APRIL 2021
DUE:

STUDENT : USON, LENARD S.

YEAR & SECTION : A1-2BSARC-05
INSTRUCTOR : AR. MARK JEFFERSON M. CALLANTA
“APPLICATION OF GLASS IN
MODERN WORLD TODAY”
INRODUCTION

Glass may be defined as an “inorganic melt product, which solidifies without

crystallization”. Soda-lime silica glass is said to be a “frozen liquid”. That is a visco-
elastic material which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at temperatures above
its transition zone (above ~580 °C). Due to the lack of a lattice structure, light may
pass through the material without being blocked, which leads to the qualities of
transparency and translucency of glass in buildings. At the same time, however, glass
is a brittle material. A single sheet of glass once broken offers minimal redundancy,
which is why load-carrying glass elements should be designed from an engineering
point of view in order to avoid spontaneous failure. Traditionally glass has only been
used as single panes in conjunction with a load-carrying frame, but today glazing may
be locally fixed by means of point-supports, or even used as a primary structural
member, as glass fins (Figure 1), beams or columns. The use of glass in structural
engineering needs further investigation of the causes and effects of its brittleness, to
be able to account for the glass material characteristics in safety assessments and in
structural detailing. When consequences of drastic failure are expected, additional
measures have to be taken to compensate for the fact that glass gives no pre-warning
of material failure. These aspects are considered in the following sections.

“oscillating glass façade” with point-supported and locally clamped glass fins, supported by
horizontal cables.
GLASS PRODUCTS

SHAPE

Different types of glazing are standardized in EN 572. The most common

manufacturing process is the float glass process, where flat glass of thicknesses
3,4,5,6,8,10,12,15, 19 and 25mm is produced. The hot glass melt is poured onto a zinc
bath, slowly cooled down and cut for further processing. The initial glass size dimension
is about 6.0m x 3.2m (maximum). Different glass edge qualities are available, see
Figure 2. While a cut edge might be sufficient for traditional window applications, higher
quality edge treatments are required as soon as the panel edges are subject to bending
or local load transfer. This is because the grinding wheel application reduces the risk of
micro-or macro-cracks on the glass edge surface. Also rounded joints or beveled edges
are possible for aesthetic reasons.

Basic edge qualities and available glass product shapes

In order give the glass surface a special pattern, the hot glass melt may also be
poured out and pressed between two rollers, which is the process for manufacturing
ornamented glass (Figure 3). It is formed by a reversal of the pattern on the roller,
cooled down to room temperature. Patterned glass is only available in certain
thicknesses and should be checked with manufacturers data. It offers a variety of
architectural appearance, but is not as clear and flat as float glass.
 The sides of the hot glass may also be further bent by means of additional rollers
on either side to form C-or U-channel sections up to approximately 6.0m length.
Circular glass tubes are also available, with wall thicknesses of about t= 0.7 to 10.0
mm and diameters ~ Ø = 3 to 325 mm. Translucent glass bricks (EN 1051) may be
manufactured as standard ranges or according to project needs. Curved glass might be
made with the help of special ceramic moulds, where initially flat float glass is placed
onto them horizontally and slowly reheated. When warm enough, the glass panel then
sags into or over the shape of the mould by means of its self-weight. Possible radii vary
from about R= 300 mm to ∞, but depend on the type and thickness of glass. Bends
can be created in one or two planes. Various irregular curved shapes might be
manufactured, depending on the shape of mould.

Curved glazing revolving door (left); partially bent façade glazing to form transition zone between a
straight façade with a cone area (center and right)

STRENGHT REFINED GLASS

Glass products may be divided into three different basic

types with regard to their strengths and fracture patterns.
Annealed glass often does not give sufficient strength for modern
applications. Fully toughened glass with high strength does not
stay in position in the event of fracture because of its fine
fragments once broken. For that reason, heat-strengthened glass
was developed to give both high allowable strength values as well
as a large breakage pattern in case of failure. During the
tempering process, basic annealed glass is heated up to >600°C
in a furnace and then rapidly cooled, using air nozzles from both
sides down to room temperature. High temperature gradients
between the colder surfaces and the inside of the glazing panel
temporarily occur. Together with interaction of the viscous
material properties of glass, an invisible, internal 3D pre-stress is
induced, where all panel surfaces are put in compression, held in
equilibrium by inner tension. Tempered glass must be cut to size,
edge treated and hole drilled before being subjected to
toughening, because attempts to work the glass after toughening
will usually cause the glass to shatter.

-Standard glazing types with their corresponding breakage patterns

LAMINATED GLASS
Type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breaking,
it is held in place by an interlayer, typically
of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl
acetate (EVA), or Thermoplastic
Polyurethane (TPU), between its two or more
layers of glass. The interlayer keeps the layers of
glass bonded even when broken, and its high
strength prevents the glass from breaking up into
large sharp pieces. This produces a characteristic
"spider web" cracking pattern when the impact is
not enough to completely pierce the glass. In the
case of the EVA, the thermoset EVA, offers a
complete bounding (cross-linking) with the material whether it is glass, polycarbonate,
PET, or other types of products. TPU is the best choice for Bullet-Resistant Glass (BRG)
and for so called E-Glass (Smart Glass).

Laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where
the glass could fall if shattered and also for
architectural applications. Skylight glazing and
automobile windshields typically use laminated
glass. In geographical areas requiring hurricane-
resistant construction, laminated glass is often
used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls and
windows.

Laminated glass is also used to increase the

sound insulation rating of a window, where it
significantly improves sound attenuation
compared to monolithic glass panes of the same
thickness. For this purpose a special "acoustic PVB" compound is used for the interlayer.
In the case of the EVA material, no additional acoustic material is required, since the
EVA provides sound insulation.[1][2] TPU is an elastic material, so sound absortion is
intrinsic to its nature. An additional property of laminated glass for windows is that an
adequate TPU, PVB or EVA interlayer can block nearly all ultraviolet radiation. A
thermoset EVA, for example, can block up to 99.9% of all UV rays.

ANNEALED GLASS
Annealed Glass is a type of glass produced
when a hot glass is slowly cooled so that internal
stresses inside it can be relieved once it is
formed. The process is called Annealing and is
carried out in lehr, which is a temperature
controlled kiln. This type of glass is usually used
in industrial processes such as oil and gas,
petroleum, power generation because it has the
property of absorbing mechanical shocks and can absorb thermal stresses because of
quenching, used for applications such as car windshields, shower doors, glass tables
and doors and more.

FLOAT GLASS
Float glass is also called soda lime glass or
clear glass. This is produced by annealing the
molten glass and is clear and flat. Its modulus of
rupture is 5000-6000 psi. Stronger than Rocky
Balboa taking punches from 2000 psi punches
man Ivan Drago. It is available in standard
thickness ranging from 2mm to 20mm. and has
weight range in 6-26kg/m2. It has too much
transparency and can cause glare. It is used in making canopies, shop fronts, glass
blocks, railing partitions, etc.
TINTED GLASS
Certain additions to the glass batch
mix can add color to the clear glass
without compromising its strength. Iron
oxide is added to give glass a green tint;
sulphar in different concentrations can
make the glass yellow, red or black.
Copper sulphate can turn it blue. The
primary uses for tinted glass are reducing
glare from the bright outdoors and
reducing the amount of solar energy
transmitted through the glass. Tinted
glazings retain their transparency from the inside, although the brightness of the
outward view is reduced and the color is changed.

TOUGHENED GLASS
This type of glass is tempered, may have
distortions and low visibility but it breaks into
small dice-like pieces at modulus of rupture of
3600 psi. Hence it is used in making fire resistant
doors etc. They are available in same weight and
thickness range as float glass. It is used for safety
purposes, hence it is also called safety glass or
tempered safety glass. It is used as structural
glass to make glass floors, canopies, safety
glazing, balustrades, staircase, etc.
SHATTERPROOF GLASS

By adding a polyvinyl butyral layer, shatter proof glass

is made. This type of glass does not from sharp edged
pieces even when broken. Used in skylight, window,
flooring, etc.

EXTRA CLEAR GLASS

This type of glass is hydrophilic i.e. The water moves over them without leaving
any marks and photocatylitic i.e. they are
covered with Nanoparticles that attack and
break dirt making it easier to clean and
maintain.
The extra clear glass is a type of float
glass, which has very low iron content and hence
is also called low iron glass. The iron content in
float glass is usually 830 – 850 ppm (parts per
million), while iron content in an extra clear
glass is less than 150 ppm. It allows almost 92%
of visible light to be transmitted. An extra clear
glass is a colourless transparent glass and
provides very clear view.

Low iron glass is not produced by processing a float glass, but instead raw materials
which are free from iron impurity or have negligible iron content are used. Silica sand
which has low iron content is mixed with other raw materials and melted in a furnace
to produce molten glass. This molten glass is then cooled in similar way like float glass,
to produce extra clear glass as a final product.
DOUBLE GLAZE UNIT
These are made by providing air gap between
two glass panes in order to reduce the heat loss
and gain. Normal glass can cause immense amount
of heat gain and upto 30%of loss of heat of air
conditioning energy. Green, energy efficient glass
can reduce this impact.In double glazed windows
the panes of glass have a spacer in between them,
which have generally been made from a small
piece of metal or fiber. This was found to be
problematic by manufacturers, however, because
the metal transferred heat and reduced the
effectiveness of the IGU to cut down on heat
transfer. Using metal also led to the formation of ice and water in between the panes
in some cases. For these reasons, many manufacturers now use aluminum or structural
foam as spacer bars.

CHROMATIC GLASS
This type of glass can control
daylight and transparency effectively.
These glass are available in three forms-
photochromatic (light sensitive
lamination on glass), thermochromatic
(heat sensitive lamination on glass) and
electrochromatic (light sensitive glass the
transparency of which can be controlled
by electricity switch.) It can be used in
meeting rooms and ICUs.
GLASS WOOL
Glass wool is a thermal insulation that
consists of intertwined and flexible glass fibers,
which causes it to "package" air, and
consequently make good insulating materials.
Glass wool can be used as filler or insulators in
buildings, also for soundproofing.

GLASS BLOCK
Hollow glass wall blocks are manufactured
as two separate halves and, while the glass is still
molten, the two pieces are pressed together and
annealed. The resulting glass blocks will have a
partial vacuum at the hollow center. Glass bricks
provide visual obscuration while admitting light.
Today glass blocks are used in walls, skylights,
and sidewalk lights. Glass blocks can provide light
and serve as a decorative addition to an
architectural structure, but hollow glass blocks are
non load-bearing unless stated otherwise. Hollow
glass wall blocks are manufactured as two
separate halves and, while the glass is still
molten, the two pieces are pressed together
and annealed. The resulting glass blocks will have a partial vacuum at the hollow
center. Due to the hollow center, wall glass blocks do not have the load-bearing capacity
of masonry bricks and therefore are utilized in curtain walls.
 From the beginning of 20th century modern architecture has been instrumental
in mass production of concrete, glass and steel buildings in the factories we call cities.
This ideology helped accommodate housing needs of the burgeoning middle class. Glass
and steel construction have become the symbol of development in many countries,
where people tend to see these buildings as symbols of affluence and luxury.