-Seed shape, round and
wrinkled
-Seed colour, yellow and green
Seven contrasting -Flower colour, violet and white
traits in Mendel's Pod shape, full and constricted
-Pod colour, green and yellow
experiments -Flower position, axial and
terminal
-Stem height, tall and dwarf
p p
Unit ofinheritance
Genes Responsible for expression
ofany trait
Variants of a gene present at
Alleles the same locus on
homologous chromosomes
Inheritance study of two
characters
Dihybrid cross Phenotypic ratio- 9:3:3:1
Genotypic ratio-
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1.
p p
Cross of filial1 or Fi
Back cross
heLear
progeny with any parent
Cross of Fi progeny with the
recessive homozygous parent
Test cross Used to determine genotype of
Fi individual showing dominant
phenotype
Genetic constituent of
organisms
Homozygote- identical pair
Genotype of alleles
Heterozygote- dissimilar pair:
of alleles -.-
- - - - ---
External and morphological
appearance of a tralt
Dominant trat- which is
Phenotype expressed in both homozygotes
and heterozygotes
Recessive trait- which is only
expressed in homozygotes
Inheritance study of only
one character
Monohybrid cross Phenotypic ratio- 3:1
Genotypic ratio- 1:2:1
The male and female
Reciprocal cross parents are changed
Dominant traitdoes not
completely mask the recessive
trait pP
Incomplete
Fi phenotype does not
resembleany parent, instead,
dominance showsa blending of alleles
Eg. Antirthinum (snapdragon),
Mirabilis jalapa
More than one alleles for a
gene or character
Multiple alleles
E.g. ABO blood group, gene,
Iexist in three forms
 A gene, which controls more
than one characters
Chromosomal theory Sutton and Boveri Pleiotropic genes
of inheritance E.g.A defective gene
causing phenylketonuria

--.

TH Morgan coined theterm When a gene suppresses

Association of genes in close the effect of non-allelic gene
proximity on the same
Linkage chromosomes Epistasis E.g. hair colour and
baldness, wheat kernel
Closely linked genes show low
recombination and mostly colour, coat colour in horses
inherited together
- - - - - - - - - -

Inheritance of a trait Different types of gametes

controlled by many genes produced by males
Polygenic Male heterogamety
inheritance E.g. skin colour, height in E.g. XO in insects, XY in
humans humans and Drosophila

Different types of gametes

Female produced by females
heterogamety E.g. ZW in birds
Colour blindness X-linked recessive

--

Development of an
individual from an App
unfertilised egg
Parthenogenesis E.g. male drones of honey
Haemophilia X-linked recessive
bees contain haploid Lear

chromosomes

Change in the DNA sequence

due to deletion, insertion or
substitution
Autosomal recessive
Point mutation- change in single
Mutation base pair in DNA, e.g. sickle cell
Glu (GAG) changes to
anaemia Sickle-cell anaemia Val (GUG) at the 6th
Frame-shift mutation-due to position codon of B-globin;
deletion or insertion of base chain of haemoglobin
--- Lpairs
 Gain of a full set of
Autosomal recessive
chromosomes
Caused by mutation in the gene
Phenylketonuria coding for enzyme
phenylalanine hydroxylase,
Polyploidy Caused when cytokinesis
does not follow karyokinesis
which converts phenylalanine too
tyrosine Common in plants

Autosomal recessive
App
Defective genes for a or B
globin chains of haemoglobin
Down's syndrome Trisomy of 21st
Thalassemia a-Thalassemia- HBA1 and chromosome
HBA2 gene on chromosome 16

B-Thalassemia- gene HBB on

chromosome 11
Loss or gain of an extra
chromosome
Additional X chromosome
Klinefelter's
Caused when chromatids fail to
Aneuploidy segregate during cell division syndrome XXY
E.g. Down's syndrome, Turner's
syndrome, etc.
-

A gene, which controls more:

Monosomy, one of the than one characters
sex chromosome is
Turner's syndrome missing
Pleiotropic genes E.g. A defective gene
causing phenylketonuria
XO

Stable trait inheritance for When a gene suppresses

several generations on self- the effect of non-allelic gene
fertilisation
Epistasis E.g. hair colour and
True breeding plantHomozygous for traits baldness, wheat kernel
colour, coat colour in horses
Produces similar offsprings
on self-fertilisation

Different types of gametes

produced by males
Male heterogamety
E.g. XO in insects, XY in
humans and Drosophila