Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Industrial Ventilation IAQ
Industrial Ventilation IAQ
IAQ
Heating
Ventilation
Air
Conditioning
Industrial Ventilation vs. IAQ
• Ingestion
• Absorption
• Injection
Control Options
• Process change
• Substitution
• Isolation
• Ventilation
• Administrative control
• Personal protective equipment
Problem Characterization
AIRFLOW
EMISSION SOURCE
THE BEHAVIOR OF AIR
The Atmosphere
• Reaches 50 miles into
space.
• Pressure = 14.7
pounds per square
inch.
Composition of Air
Percentage Composition by Volume
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Pressure Measurement
Atmospheric Pressure Vacuum
14.7 psia
Pressure Measurement
• Differences in air
pressure cause
movement.
Pressure Differential Causes
Movement
FAN
Negative Pressure = Less Than
Atmospheric
Positive Pressure = Greater
Than Atmospheric
Pressure Relationships
Pressure Terms
• Static Pressure
• Velocity Pressure
• Total Pressure
Static Pressure
Flow SP
Static pressure
(SP) is
exerted in all
directions.
Velocity Pressure
Flow SP VP
Velocity Pressure
(VP) is
kinetic (moving
pressure) resulting
from air flow.
Total Pressure
Flow SP VP
TP
Total pressure
(TP) is the
algebraic sum of
the VP and SP.
Pressure Upstream and
Downstream of the Fan
TP SP VP
Up-stream - - +
Down-stream + + +
What is use of the term
“Velocity Pressure” ?
• V = 4005(VP)1/2
What is use of the term “Static
Pressure” ?
• Accelerate the air.
• Overcome resistance
to friction.
Static Pressure and Velocity
Pressure are Mutually
Convertible
When air is accelerated, the static pressure is
converted to velocity pressure.
• Negative pressure
without makeup air.
Make up Air
• TP = SP + VP
• V = 4005(VP/d)0.5
Static Pressure Loss
• Static Pressure Loss
= Kloss * VP * d
Elbow Loss
Air moving through elbows spends
static pressure because of:
• directional change
• friction
• shock losses
• turbulent mixing
• air bunching up
• SP(loss) = K(elbow )* VP * d
Elbow Loss Ex. 5-8
What is the elbow
loss factor K(elbow)
where the elbow
radius of curvature
is R/D = 2.0 in a
smooth transition
elbow.
Elbow Loss Exercise 5-9
What is the actual loss in inches of water of air
flowing through a 60-degree, 3-piece elbow at
V = 3440 fpm? R/D = 1.5, STP, d=1.
Elbow Loss Exercise 5-9
• SPloss = K * VP * d
• Let K = (angle/90) * K 90
• VP = (V/4005)2
Friction Loss as a Function of
Duct Length
Friction Loss = K * VP * L * R * d
• K is a value taken from Chart #5,
appendix page 9
• VP is duct velocity pressure, in w.g.
• L is the length of the duct in feet
• d is the density correction factor
• R is roughness correction factor
Exercise 5-10
What is the friction loss for a length of
galvanized duct with the following parameters?
D = 8in., Q = 1000scfm, L = 43 ft. R = 1.
Tee Losses
Tee Losses Ex. 5-12
What is the estimated static pressure loss in
inches of water for a branch entry of 30 degrees
where the branch entry velocity is 4500 fpm?
Converting Static Pressure To
Velocity Pressure
SPh = VP + he
Measuring Hood Static
Pressure
Measure hood static pressure 4-6 duct
diameters downstream from the hood.
4-6 D
Hood Entry Losses
The hood entry loss is the sum total of all losses
from the hood face to the point of measurement
in the duct.
SP(loss) = K * VP * d
he = K * VP * d
Example 6-1
What is the hood static pressure when the duct
velocity pressure is VP = 1.10 in. w.g. and the
hood entry loss is
he = 1.00 in w.g.
SPh = VP + he
SPh = 1.10+ 1.00
= -2.10 in w.g.
Vena Contracta
The greatest loss
normally occurs at
the entrance to the
duct, due to the
vena contracta
formed in the
throat of the duct.
Hood Efficiency
A hood’s efficiency can be
described by the ratio of
actual to ideal flow. This
ratio is called the
Coefficient of Entry, Ce.
Ce = Q(actual)/Q(ideal)
Hood Static Pressure and Entry
Losses Example 6-5
The average velocity in a duct serving a hood is
V = 2000 fpm. The loss factor for the hood has
been obtained from the manufacturer as Khood
= 2.2. What are the he and SPh? (Assume
STP, d = 1)
Hand Grinding Table
Example 6-6
Assume that a special hand
grinding table hood has
been built and the following
data have been measured:
SPh = -2.50 in w.g., V =
4000fpm, and the duct
diameter is 18 in. (Assume
STP, d=1)
Types of Hoods
• Receiving
• Capturing
• Enclosing
Hood Types
• SLOTTED HOOD
Hood Types
• ENCLOSED HOOD
Hood Types
• ENCLOSING
HOOD
Hood Types
• CAPTURING
HOOD
Grinding Wheel Hood Example
Example 6-9
Determine the volume
flow rate, transport
velocity, duct diameter,
loss factor K, Ce, he,
and SPh, for a grinding
wheel hood, wheel
diameter = 13in. (low
surface speed), straight
take off [sto], STP)
EXERCISE 6-10
USEFUL FORMULAS
Q =V*A
V = 4005(VP)1/2
VP = (V/4005)2
he = K * VP
SPh = VP + he
Exercise 6-10a
Where appropriate, determine the volume flow rate,
transport velocity, duct diameter, loss factor K, Ce, he,
and SPh for a grinding wheel hood with a wheel
diameter of 14 in. (low surface speed, tapered takeoff
[tto]. Note: the picture in the book is for a buffing
hood.
Exercise 6-10a
Strategy
Where appropriate,
determine the volume
flow rate, transport
velocity, duct diameter,
loss factor K, Ce, he, and
SPh for a hand grinding
table 10 feet long by 2
feet wide.
Exercise 6-10b Strategy
1. Use Chart 11C, appendix
pg. 18 to find Q, Vtrans.,
K, and Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in
appendix pg. 9 to find
the diameter of the pipe
needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
Exercise 6-10c
Where appropriate,
determine the volume
flow rate, transport
velocity, duct diameter,
loss factor K, Ce, he,
and SPh for a band
saw used to cut wood
that has a blade width
of 1 inch.
Exercise 6-10c Strategy
1. Use Chart 11E, appendix
pg. 20 to find Q, Vtrans.,
K, and Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in
appendix pg. 9 to find
the diameter of the pipe
needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
Exercise 6-10d
Where appropriate,
determine the volume
flow rate, transport
velocity, duct diameter,
loss factor K, Ce, he,
and SPh for a bell-
mouthed hood used for
welding. X=10 in., Vc =
100 fpm, Vtrans = 3000
fpm.
Exercise 6-10d Strategy
1. Use Chart 11A, appendix
pg. 16 to find Q, K, and
Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in
appendix pg. 9 to find
the diameter of the pipe
needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
Exercise 6-10e
Where appropriate,
determine the
volume flow rate,
transport velocity,
duct diameter, loss
factor K, Ce, he, and
SPh for a canopy
hood used for a hot-
liquid open surfaced
tank. P = 16 ft., X =
3 ft., Vcontrol = 125
fpm, Vtrans =
2000fpm.
Exercise 6-10e Strategy
1. Use Chart 11B, appendix
pg. 17 to find Q, K, and
Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in
appendix pg. 9 to find
the diameter of the pipe
needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
Factors Influencing Hood
Performance
• Competition
• Mixing
• Work practices
Canopy Hoods
• Use only for hot processes with rising air.
• Estimate initial and terminal velocities of rising air
stream.
• The volume of air exhausted from the hood must
exceed the volume of air arriving at the hood face.
• Warm rising air expands as it rises. Make the
cross-sectional area of the hood face 125% larger
than the plume of hot air.
• Avoid canopy hoods if an employee must work over
the source.
Chapter 7
Selection and Design of
Ductwork
Exercise 7-2
Standard air (d=1) moves through
an 8 in. galvanized duct system at
4000 fpm. Estimate VP, find the
loss factors K from the Charts, and
then estimate static pressure loss
for each component in each
branch. (Note: treat the branch
entry as two 45-degree entries and
use the ACGIH value for K on
Chart 14.)
Exercise 7-2a, Flanged Hood
Exercise 7-2b, Plain Duct Hood
Exercise 7-2c, Elbow, 3-piece
Exercise 7-2d, Elbow, 5-piece
Exercise7-2e, Elbow, 4-piece
Exercise 7-2f, Branch Entry
Exercise 7-2g, 50 ft. of Duct
Roughness
Example 7-1
Standard air is flowing in 40 feet of a 24 in. concrete
pipe at the 4000 fpm. What is the correction factor, R?
The loss factor K?
Duct Shapes
Use round duct
whenever possible, it
resists collapsing,
provides better
aerosol transport
conditions, and may
be less expensive.
Pressure Diagrams
Chapter 8
Fan Selection and Operation
Choose an
appropriate fan for
a system operating
point of Q = 10,000
scfm and FTP = 1.5
in. w.g.
Exercise 8-3
Find a fan and
appropriate
rpm for a fan
exhausting
15,000 cfm at a
fan TP = 2.0 in.
w.g.
Exercise8-4
Find a suitable fan
and the
appropriate rpm
for a ventilation
system exhausting
480 cfm at a fan
TP = 13.8 in. w.g.
Commercial Fan Curves
Commercial Fan Curves
Commercial Fan Curves
System Effect Losses
Six-and-Three Rule
Air Horsepower
Air horsepower refers to the
minimum amount of power
to move a volume of air
against the fan total
pressure. It represents the
power to get the air through
the duct system.
ahp = ( FTP * Q * d)/6356
Brake Horsepower
Brake horsepower refers
to the actual power
required to operate the fan
so that it fulfills the job of
moving the specified cfm
against the FTP. It takes
into account fan
inefficiencies, i.e. losses in
the fan.
bhp = ahp/ME
Shaft Horsepower
Shaft horsepower is bhp
plus any power required
for drive losses, bearing
losses, and pulley losses
between the fan and the
shaft of the motor.
shp = bhp * Kdl
Rated Horsepower