1) JATROPHA AS BIODIESEL (https://www.hindawi.

com/journals/jpe/2013/956479/)
(2013)

This research work is about the production of biodiesel from jatropha oil. Other oils can also be used for
the production, but jatropha was chosen because it is not edible therefore, it will not pose a problem
to humans in terms of food competition. Before the transesterification process was carried out, some
basic tests such as free fatty acid content, iodine value, and moisture content were carried out. This
was done so as to ascertain quality yield of the biodiesel after the reaction. The production of the
biodiesel was done with standard materials and under standard conditions which made the production a
hitch-free one. The jatropha oil was heated to 60°C, and a solution of sodium methoxide (at 60°C)
was added to the oil and stirred for 45 minutes using a magnetic stirrer. The mixture was then left
to settle for 24 hours. Glycerin, which is the byproduct, was filtered off. The biodiesel was then
thoroughly washed to ensure that it was free from excess methanol and soap. The characterization was
done at NNPC Kaduna refinery and petrochemicals. The result shows that the product meets
the set standard for biodiesel.
In the current investigation, it has confirmed that jatropha oil may be used as resource to obtain biodiesel.
The experimental result shows that alkaline-catalyzed transesterification is a
promising area of research for the production of biodiesel in large scale. Materials for
use in the production of biodiesel are readily available without the need for special equipment or scarce
chemicals. Used oil from restaurant can be used.

2) Biodiesel production from jatropha oil by

catalytic and non-catalytic approaches: An
overview 2010
Biodiesel (fatty acids alkyl esters) is a promising alternative fuel to replace
petroleum-based diesel that is obtained from renewable sources such as
vegetable oil, animal fat and waste cooking oil. Vegetable oils are more
suitable source for biodiesel production compared to animal fats
and waste cooking since they are renewable in nature. However,
there is a concern that biodiesel production from vegetable oil would disturb
the food market. Oil from Jatropha curcas is an acceptable choice for
biodiesel production because it is non-edible and can be easily grown in a
harsh environment. Moreover, alkyl esters of jatropha oil meet the
standard of biodiesel in many countries. Thus, the present paper
provides a review on the transesterification methods for biodiesel
production using jatropha oil as feedstock.
3) Production, properties and engine
characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel – a
review
Pages 1810-1814 | Received 23 Sep 2018, Accepted 15 Nov 2018,

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1
080/01430750.2018.1557548
One of the greatest challenges of the 21st century is to fulfill the growing energy needs sustainably
and cost-effectively. Among the different sources of energy , biodiesel is one of the alternative
energy sources that has tremendous potential to become a major mainstream
renewable energy mix. Jatropha is an important raw input for biodiesel that
provides an ecological and sustainable solution for emerging greenhouse gas
emissions over the other biomass feedstock. This paper critically evaluates different factors
and presents a
SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats) and barriers to the adoption of Jatropha biodiesel. In Pakistan, the
estimated production of Jatropha biodiesel is expected to be 2.93 million tons, that are
calculated from available barren land and possible shortlisted suitable areas for
Jatropha plantation. It is ~25% of the total import (11.84 million tons) of petroleum products, which can
save ~$2 billion USD reserves of Pakistan. The cultivation of Jatropha on barren land is an
environmentally and economically lucrative approach for Pakistan. This study
has real implications for developing a policy framework related to the
environment and socio-economic feasibility of Jatropha biodiesel production in
Pakistan.

4) Assessment of diesel engine

performance, emissions and combustion
characteristics burning biodiesel blends
from jatropha seeds
Volume 147, March 2021, Pages 518-526
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art
icle/abs/pii/S0957582020318930
The consumption rise and environmental impact of diesel fuel led
to the use of non-edible oils as alternative fuels. Different
extraction processes as screw, soxhlet, solvent and hydraulic were
investigated to show their effects on the properties and fatty acid
composition of the oil from Egyptian jatropha seeds. Screw press
extraction was characterized because of its higher oil yield and
improved properties. Biodiesel was blended with diesel oil in
volumetric ratios of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % as B20, B40, B60,
B80 and B100. Tests were performed at 75 % of the engine load and
different engine speeds. The maximum decreases in output brake power and
volumetric efficiency for B100 were 27 and 9 %, respectively but the maximum
decrease in thermal efficiency for B100 was 33 % compared to diesel oil at 75%
of engine load. The highest increase of NOX emission for B100 was 47 % at 75%
of engine load about diesel oil. The maximum decline in smoke emission for
B100 was 22 % about diesel oil at 75% of engine load. Cylinder pressures and
heat release rate values of biodiesel blends were lower than crude diesel.
Extracted oil by screw press was selected to be a biodiesel feedstock because of
its improved physical and chemical properties. Lower volume percentages of
biodiesel up to 20 % are recommended as alternative fuels due to near
performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of diesel oil.

5) The seed oil of Jatropha is also used as lamp fuel, soap manufacturing ingredient, paints and as a
lubricant [4, 7, 8]. The characteristics of Jatropha seed oil match with characteristics of diesel [9–
11], thus it is called a biodiesel plant [12]. Jatropha grows on diverse wasteland without any agricultural
impute (irrigation and fertilization) and has 40–60% oil content [12, 13]. Easy propagation, rapid
growth, drought tolerance, pest resistance, higher oil content than other oil crops, adaptation to a wide
range of environmental conditions, small gestation period, and optimum plant size and architecture
(which make the seed collection more convenient; actually inconvenient [14]) are some characteristics of
Jatropha [15], which makes it a promising crop for biofuel [16]. Although Jatropha ranked behind palm
(palm > Calophylum inophyllum> Cocus sp. > Jatropha) according to annual oil yield/hectare, it is
favoured as a non-edible feed stock [17, 18]. A number of earlier reports, proceedings, expectations and
assumptions predicted that the seed yield of Jatropha range from 2 to 5 Mg/ha and even 7.8 to 12 Mg/ha-
without any scientific and technological backup [19].