Revue CREMA ISSN: 2351-7735 #8 / 2020

Revue CREMA ISSN: 2351-7735 N° 8 / 2020
UPDATED MORROCAN ENERGITIC SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES

Mouna LAMNADI *, Mourad TRIHI
Laboratory t of Theoretical and Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences Ain Cock, University Hassan II, Casablanca,
Morocco
*mouna.lamnadi@gmail.com
Abstract
Meeting energy needs in its most relevantform is the great challenge of the world in the 21st
century. Moroccan authorities are fully conscious about this challenge, especially with the
population and economic growth that causes a huge increase of energy demand.
In this paper, we reported the current status of the energy sector and its future challenges in
Morocco,we also presented the renewable energy potentials and the national strategy currently
underway. For this purpose,several laws and financial means have been established in this sens.
Despite this it remains to overcome a number of barriers in order to implement the Moroccan
ambitious strategy of renewable energy.
Keywords :
Morocco, Energy, Renewable energy, Climate change,Government strategy
148
1. Introduction
World energy consumption rose from 524 quadrillion Btu in 2010 to 630 quadrillion Btu in
2020 and 820 quadrillion Btu in 2040, which is a 30-year rise of 56 percent in consumption. Pushed
by strong economic growth and growing populations, over 85 percent of the rise in worldwide
energy demand from 2010 to 2040 takes place among the developing countries outside the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (non-OECD). On the other hand, OECD
member countries are mostly already more mature consumers of energy, with slower anticipated
growth in economy and little or no anticipated growth in population.[1]
The world is nowadays facing a great challenge because the present energy consumption and supply
areestimated to beunsustainable on the economical, social and environmental levels[2].
Many governments have opted for new measures to control CO2 emissions before the UN climate
summit in Paris in 2015, but they remain short of reaching the 2 °C target. Such emissions rise by
20% to 2040, which makes the world prone to expect a long-term global temperature increase of 3.6
°C. Increasing power sector decarbonisationto about 25% by 2040 is vital to fulfilling climate goals
and would help the world go halfway on the path of limiting temperature increase to 2 °C [3].
Unsustainability in the energy sector will surely have a great impact on economic competitiveness,
citizens’ income and technology development.
Despite the fact that the protection of energy sources ranks firstoftentimes on the international
political agenda, current standard energy sources go hand in handwith threats of grave and constant
damage to the environment, including climate alterations worldwide[4,5].
The analysis of the power sector in North Africaconcerns the following six nations: Egypt, Algeria,
Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. The latter five countries are called the countries of the
Maghreb.
The overall installed capacity in the region by 2010 was 60 GW, generating approximately 260
TWh of electricity. More than half of the latter electricity generating is accounted for by Egypt.
The region leans on fossil fuel resources for electricity generation. In Algeria and Egypt the mass
of the installed capacity is based natural-gas, while Libya and Mauritania depend a great deal on
oil-fuelled power plants. Morocco utilizes oil, hydropower and also coal. Hydro amounts to10% of
total regional capacity, while non-hydro renewables account for more than 2%, from grid-
connected wind farms in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. Imports equal 2% of gross demand in the
region, with Morocco and Mauritania known for relying on foreign power more than the other
countries in the region. Both countries import approximately 15% of their gross demand. North
African countries actively register Clean Development Mechanism projects, whilejust Egypt and
Morocco represent 7% of all investment assistance related to mitigation between 2007 and 2012
(OECD, 2014).[6]
149
2. Energy situation in Morocco
Morocco, officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a Maghreb country located in North
Africa, on both the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. It borders east on Algeria and a relatively
narrow strip of water separates it from Spain in the north.[7]
Morocco's population has increased phenomenally in the past 50 years, putting pressure on the
country's natural resources (see fig.1)
33 1,8
32,5 1,6
1,4
32
1,2
31,5
T CO2/capita
1
Million
31
0,8
30,5
0,6
30
0,4
29,5 0,2
29 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Population (Million) Emission of CO2 per capita (T CO2/capita)
Fig.1.Morocco population and

1000 60
CO2Emission of per capita[8-9-
10] 900
800 50
mollion of tonnes
700 40
g CO2 /kWh
600
500 30
400
300 20
200 10
100
0 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Emission of CO2 due to electricity production (g CO2/KWh)

Emission of CO2 (millions of tonnes)
Fig.2.Total emission of CO2and Carbon Emission for Electricity Generation[1
The effects of climate change are currently too obvious to be questioned. As the Stern Review[11]
states that, it would cost the world too much to deal with the challenge of climate change if
countries keeppostponing action.(see fig.1 and fig.2).CO2 emissions are increasing at a pacethat is
faster than the world population because the amount of CO2 produced on average per person is
increasingly rising.
Morocco's energy profile is characterized mostly by imports of fossil fuels (Figure 3). Morocco
imported 95% of its primary energy demand in 2007 [12]Currently, Morocco imports
approximately 96% of its needs of energy resources. The consumption of energy has increased at an
150
annual rate of 5.7% in average between 2002 and 2011 [13]. This reliance on imported energy
makes Morocco very vulnerable to the rise in international fuel prices, and thus lays a weighty
fiscal burden on the national budget. In 2013, petroleum accounted nearly for58.8% of the total
national energy consumption (see Fig. 5).
98
97
Annual percentage rate
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Years
Fig.3. Energy dependence Rate in Morocco (2002-2014).[10-14]
2.1. Energy Generation and energy consumption in Morocco
The demand for electricity has noticeably increased, at an annual rate of approximately 6.3
percent in average from 2003 to 2014 reaching33529 GWh. Increase in peak demand exceeded 8
percent several times within the same period, reflectingthe effect of the current efforts to expand
access to electricity.
40000 6000
35000 5000
30000
25000 4000
GWh
MW
20000 3000
15000 2000
10000
5000 1000
0 0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Years
Energy Generation (GWH) Energy Cosumption(GWH) Peak Load(MW)
Fig.4. Peak power, energy production and demand in Morocco, 2008-2014[10-15-16]
2.2. Distribution of energy consumption
151
Energy diversification is at present not sufficient because the share of oil and coal stays
predominant.In 2013, petroleum represented nearly 58.80% of the overall national energy
consumption (see Fig. 1) In 2012, the share of oil was 60.7%.
5,80% 22,10%
7,70% Petrolium
1,70% Hydraulic energy
4% Wind energy
Electricity trade
Natural gaz
Coal
58,80%
Fig.5.Distribution of energy consumption in Morocco (2013) [10-15]
2.3. Electricity demand

In 2014 Net called electrical energy was33 529,614 GWh, 4,7% Progression of net energy called in
comparison to 2013.
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Fig.6.Evolution of electricity demand in Morocco (2002 -2014). [15]
In Morocco the energy sector is characterized by a sustained growth in demand (the demand for
electricity has grown at a rate of approximately 8% between 2003 and 2007. However, this rate was
at 6% from 1997 to 2002). Such anincrease in energy demand is expected to speed updue to the
requirements of economic growth and social transition (speedy process of urbanization and changes
in lifestyle), particularly as the present consumption of energy per capita is low (in comparison to
other developing countries).
152
2.4. Connection Morocco –Spain and Morocco-Algeria
The remaining energy demand is satisfied by electricity imported mainly from Spain and
Algeria,15 % originated from Spain in 2012.Spain and Morocco are
connected
through 7000 a 400kV
6000
submarine AC
5000
cable that transfer up
4000
to 700 MW,which is
GWh
3000
both important for
2000
importing
1000
energy and also for
0
potential 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 exports in the
Import
future(see
Fig.7and Fig.8). Algeria
and Moroccoshare three connections : a 400 kV circuit overhead line and two 220 kV
overhead lines that transport up to 1400 MW, from Bourdim to HassiAmeur ,and Oujda to
Ghazaouet and Tlemcen ,respectively.
153
Fig.7. Energy exchange capacity between Morocco and Spain (2005-2014) [15]
900
800
700
600
GWh 500
400
300
200
100
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Import Export
Fig.8. Energy exchange capacity between Morocco and Algeria (2005-2014) [15]
2.5. Puissance installed
Morocco’s installed electricity generation capacity stood at 7 994 MW in 2014, with coal-fired
generation being the largest segment at 5 427 MW, followed by hydroelectric at 1 306MW. 32% of
the installed capacity derivesfrom renewable sources
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
MW
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Hydraulic plants+STEP Thermal Wind Total
Fig.9 . Power capacity installed in morocco between 2004 and 2014 [15]
2.6. Rural electrification

In the last 10 years, and thanks to the Global Rural Electrification Program (PERG) [15-17], the
rural electrification rate has passed from 18% in 1995 to 98% by the end of 2011. This was a
program put in place by the National Power Office and Water Supply (ONEE) in Morocco with the
support of the government.Various sources contributed to the funding of the program.
The Equipment Grant of 22.1 million $ from ONE includes a donation of 5 million $from the KfW
German Bank, a soft loan of 5 million $from the (AFD)the French Fund Development Agency
(AFD), approximately 1.25 million $ came from the FFEM (French Fund for the World
Environment), 3.5 million $ from the shareholders of the Company and 3.2 million $
throughconnection fees from customers.
154
The Rural Electrification Program Global allowed in 2014 the electrification of 1390 villages by
interconnected networks, allowing 39 989 new rural electricity to benefit households.
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Fig.10 . Evolution of Rural Electrification Rate in MOROCCO [15-10]
3. Government strategy for sustainable development
The current national strategies and policiesthat are underway to purse low-carbon opportunities, to
reach economic and social national objectives are the NES (National Energy Strategy) of Morocco
and the National Plan of Priority Actions (PNAP) related to it.On April15th, King Mohammed VI
launched the development of the NES and the PNAP[18-19].
Securing supply through diversification of fuel types and origins.

Access to energy at competitive prices for all compartments of society.
Promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Integration of regional energy in euro-Mediterranean markets.
The national strategy for energy aims at developing renewable energy to satisfy 20% of the
domestic energy needs of the country (see Fig. 7) and raise the use of energy efficiency to satisfy
12% by 2020 and 15% by 2030 [20]. To achieve the national goalsconcerning renewable energy
sources and energy efficiency, many legal reforms have been put in place.
• Decree 1-06-15 of 2006 which compels public institutions to employ competitive calls for tender
in the award of projects. The law does apply for instance to municipalities that may want to
contract with wind farms or other electricity sources from renewable energy [10-21]
• Law 16-08, voted in 2008, raised the standards for self-generation by industrial sites from 10MW
to 50MW. The Law was made principally to support wind power, but involves equally other
155
technologies as well. This Law came as an amendment to the 1963 Decree which created ONE
and attributed to ONE a monopoly of production above 10MW.[10-21]
• Law 13-09 promoting the development of renewable energy and providing a framework for
developers and investors in clean energy projects. The new law putsno limit on the installed
capacity per project or per energy type, and draws a legal framework for clean energy export. (The
main provisions of Law 13-09 are considered in more details later on).[2-7-10-12-21-22]
• Law 47-09 on energy efficiency recently promulgated, detailed in particular, the obligation to
perform an assessment of the energy impact of any project or programme planning, or any
proposed building construction programme. Thresholds for specific consumption of thermal or
electrical energy shall be determined through regulations. This confirms Morocco’s ambition and
shows its commitment to the development of renewable energy, energy efficiency and the fight
against climate change.[2-7-10-21-22]
• Law 16-09 that created the national agency for the promotion of renewable energy and energy
conservation (ADEREE) (January 13th,2010) [2-7-12-10-21].This law defined reorganized and
renamed the existing CDER (Center for the Development of Renewable Energy) [23].ADEREE is
a public institution consisting of both commercial and industrial activities, it is related to the
Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment and participatesonboth a national and regional
level in the development of Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency bytargeting the reduction
of energy dependency and the preservation of the environment.
• Law 57-09, which ceated the MASEN (Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy) putting in place a
specific framework for solar projects (January 14th, 2010)
MASEN [24] is the most essential playerin the Moroccan solar energy sector. This joint stock
company, consisting of a Board of Trustees and a Supervisory Board, is separate from the MEMEE.
Its major activities include:
- Studying and designing solar programs.
- Promoting, investing in, financing and implementing projects.
- Contributing to development on the level of expertise, research and solar industry.
- Managing and monitoring the implementation of solar programs.
• SIE [25](Sociétéd'InvestissementsEnergétiques), reference investor in Moroccan energy strategy,

was founded in February 2010 in accordance with the principles and standards of the national
energy strategy aiming at the diversification of resources, and the promotion of renewable energy
and energy efficiency
• The creation of Research institute on Renewable Energy IRESEN in 2009 [26],
4. Prioritization of RE sources in Morocco and perspective
4.1. Renewable Energy in Morocco
Morocco, as the first energy importer in North Africa, is deployingserious efforts to reduce its
dependency on imported fossil fuels. Renewable energy is a relevant and important alternative as
Morocco depends almost fully on imported energy carriers. Morocco has been spending more
156
than US$3 billion a year on imported fuel and electricity and its power demand growth amounts to
6.5 per cent a year(fig.11).
Electricity demand growth knows an annual average close to:
6.1% from 2014 to 2016, which leads to net energy called of 38 TWhin 2016.
6.2% from 2017 to 2025, which leads to energy called for about 65 TWh in 2025.
According to the Moroccan Ministry of Energy and Mining, the overall installed capacity of
renewable energy (not counting hydropower) was about 300MW in 2011. The Moroccan
Government has fulfilled its objective of supplying approximately 8% of overall primary energy
from renewables in 2012 which include energy generation, conversion and distribution. Morocco is
planning USD13 billion increase and growthin wind, solar and hydroelectric power generation
capacity which would raise highly the share of renewables in the energy mix to 42% by the year
2020, with solar, wind and hydro each to contribute 14%.(fig.12)
60000,0
50000,0
40000,0
30000,0
20000,0
10000,0
0,0
Fig.11. Projection of demand for electric power in 2025
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2008 2020
Neclear Fuel Solar Coal Hydro Natural Gas Wind
Fig.12. Evolution of installed capacity in Morocco in 2020 [10]
157
Morocco has a great potential in renewable energies especiallysolar and wind. On a

worldwide scale, Morocco ranks 9th for solar energy, and 31st for wind energy.
Morocco enjoys an intensive solar radiation with an average of 5.3kWh/m2 under annual sunshine
periodsgoing from 2700 h in the north to approximately 3500 h in the south. Morocco is currently
offering many investment opportunities on the level ofprojects relating to the development of
thermal power generation.
For wind energy, the country enjoys a huge potential, mainlyalong its 3500 km coastalline with
wind speeds risingfrom 7 m/s and 11 m/s. Despite the fact that hydraulic energy is the basis of
electricity production in Morocco, thisenergy is limited because to the water shortage in particular
regions mainly in the south.
Morocco possesses a great biomass potential due of its enormous generation of agricultural, animal
and municipal waste [27-28]. Nevertheless, the prevalent use of biomass in Morocco is
classicalfuels for the purposes of cooking and heating.
4.2. Moroccan project in the field of Renewable Energy

Taking profit of its huge potential renewable energies, Morocco has introduced an ambitious
renewable energy program for the 2010-2020 period. This program is expected to generate a
structural change in the energy supply via the extension of renewable energies as power generation
technologies (Table 1). In fact, Morocco aims to increase the installed electrical capacity based
onrenewable energies to 42% by 2020 trough the planning of numerous projects in solar, wind and
hydropower options (Table 2).
Table 1 .Thermal power generation technologies [2]
Criterion Parabolic trough Central-receiver Linear Fresnel Parabolic dish

Reflectors Solar Tower Receiver/engine Curved mirrors
Absorber tube
Technical composition Absorber tube Heliostats Reflector &
reconcentrator
Solar filed piping - - -
Efficiency (%) 15 20-35 25-30 8-100
Capital cost USD Kw-1 2.9-3.2 2.4-3.6 2.65-2.9 3.13-5.2
Table 2 . Renewable Energies Projects [10-29]
Potential level of
Investmentcost
Ressource Projects Location/Situation production
(Billion DH)
(MW)
Ouerzazat Ouerzazat/Under construction 500 70
Solar Ain Beni Mathar Beni Mathar/Plannedproject 400 -
Foum El Oued Laayoune/Plannedproject 500 -
158
Boujdour Laayoune/Plannedproject 100 -
SabkhatTah Tarfaya/Plannedproject 500 -
Taza Taza/Under construction 150 3
JbelLahdid Essaouira/Invitation for tenders 200
Tiskard Tarfaya/ Invitation for tenders 300
Boujdour Boujdour /Invitation for tenders 100 28.5
Midelt Midelt/Invitation for tenders 150
Wind Tanger Tanger/Invitation for tenders 100
Tarfaya Tarfaya/ Under construction 300 8.4
KoudiaLbaida 1 Tetouan/Plannedproject 100 -
KoudiaLbaida 2 Tetouan/Plannedproject 200 -
JbelKhaladi Tangier/Under construction 120 1.9
Akhfenir Tantan/Plannedproject 100 -
M’dez El Menzel Sefrou/Under construction 170 2.87

Hydropower
StepAbdelmoumen Agadir/Under construction 350 2.4
4.3. Perspective
Actually Morocco has major achievements in the renewable energy sector and a consistant
renewable energy strategy. These combined efforts being pursued in these diverse forms or
renewable energy have the potential to translate Morocco from being a net energy importer into a
net energy exporter in the future, without disposing of fossil fuel reserves. That would be quite
unprecedented, even more so for a developing country, and signify to the world the emergence of a
green economy and a responsible country on the front of the fight against global warming.
Regionally, Morocco aims at becoming a major actor in a Northern African Energy market, and
integrating its power grid with that of its neighbors. Renewable energy could one day sit along
agriculture and phosphates as one of the main exports of the Kingdom.
Worth mentioning as well is that the actual grid infrastructure does not allow for a rapid massive
expansion of renewables as energy source and upgrades are bound to cost billions of dollars of hard
earned currency. As far as the regulatory and legal frameworks are concerned a law should adress a
sector that is actually quite opaque and dominated solely by the de facto energy monopoly of the
Kingdom, ONEE(National Office of Electricity and Water Supply). Deregulation should also be
pursued with a possible breaking up of ONEE’s distribution monopoly as a way to open up the
sector to newcommers.
Last item that is not negligible is that Morocco needs to find ways to dispose of a homegrown pool
of scientitst and engeneers to accompany its energy strategy, and do so in the face of the brain drain
phenomenon that afflicts most developing countries.
159
4.4. Barriers for implementing renewable energy in Morocco

It is generally acknowledged that all of the aforementioned reforms and investments on the part of
the Moroccan government had shown considerable commitment to promote renewable energy and
counter-act the major challenges relating to the energy system in the country. However, many
impediments to further progress still prevail. These represent significant constraints2 below[30].The
table is based on the framework of analysis provided by [30].
Table 3. Barriers to renewable energy development in Morocco
160
Barrier Category Barrier

Economic and financialbarriers Lack of access to capital and credit
High direct capital costs and high perceived risk
Low return on investment, long payback time and
short termism
Marketfailures and imperfections Heavy subsidy of fossil fuels
Low market penetration, lack of entrepreneurs,
skilled workers and RE specialized industry
Highcontrol and monopoly of energy sector
Externalities not considered
Political, institutional/ governance and regulatory barriers Complication of the necessary transformation
process due to current legal and regulatory
framework.
Lack of a clear economic strategy
Uncertainty, instability, and lack of consistency in
governmental policies.
Lack of involvement, cross-party cooperation and
communication
Lobbyism
Absence of ambitious drive from the leaders
Absence of transparency
Lack of information and data
Cultural, behavioural and educational barriers Lack of knowledge and understanding of the
potential of RE
Lack of acceptance, sensitivity and public apathy
TechnicalBarriers Overall technical challenges relating to intermittent
nature of most RE
Lack of integration of different sectors
Lack of skilled personnel and maintenance capacity
5. Conclusion
Good political will in Morocco concerning the support of renewable energy and the development of
the Moroccan market sector has been acknowledged worldwide, and and has madeMoroccoa
forefront country on the level of large scale renewable energy development.
Proactive action such as represented by Team Energy Morocco demonstrates this good will to
prepare the landscape for renewable energy development and create a harmonized consolidated
vision. Yet, from the perspective of energy policies and capacity, Morocco still confronts many
difficulties that need to be surmountedfor the vision to become a reality, and for Morocco to
become a regional leader in renewable energy.
The Moroccan government should take into account a serious focus on developing a neatly drawn
roadmap of renewable energy with strong guidelines that include grid connection requirements,
such as the opening up of low voltage lines to photovoltaic and wind. This,accompanied with local
capacity building action as well as a high motivation will help renewable energy development in
Morocco.
161
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Revue CREMA ISSN: 2351-7735 N° 8 / 2020

UPDATED MORROCAN ENERGITIC SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES

2. Energy situation in Morocco

Population (Million) Emission of CO2 per capita (T CO2/capita)

Fig.1.Morocco population and

Emission of CO2 due to electricity production (g CO2/KWh)

Fig.2.Total emission of CO2and Carbon Emission for Electricity Generation[1

Fig.3. Energy dependence Rate in Morocco (2002-2014).[10-14]

2.1. Energy Generation and energy consumption in Morocco

Energy Generation (GWH) Energy Cosumption(GWH) Peak Load(MW)

Fig.4. Peak power, energy production and demand in Morocco, 2008-2014[10-15-16]

2.2. Distribution of energy consumption

Fig.5.Distribution of energy consumption in Morocco (2013) [10-15]

2.3. Electricity demand

Fig.6.Evolution of electricity demand in Morocco (2002 -2014). [15]

2.4. Connection Morocco –Spain and Morocco-Algeria

2.5. Puissance installed

Hydraulic plants+STEP Thermal Wind Total

2.6. Rural electrification

Fig.10 . Evolution of Rural Electrification Rate in MOROCCO [15-10]

3. Government strategy for sustainable development

Securing supply through diversification of fuel types and origins.

• SIE [25](Sociétéd'InvestissementsEnergétiques), reference investor in Moroccan energy strategy,

• The creation of Research institute on Renewable Energy IRESEN in 2009 [26],

4. Prioritization of RE sources in Morocco and perspective

4.1. Renewable Energy in Morocco

Electricity demand growth knows an annual average close to:

Fig.11. Projection of demand for electric power in 2025

Neclear Fuel Solar Coal Hydro Natural Gas Wind

Fig.12. Evolution of installed capacity in Morocco in 2020 [10]

Morocco has a great potential in renewable energies especiallysolar and wind. On a

4.2. Moroccan project in the field of Renewable Energy

Criterion Parabolic trough Central-receiver Linear Fresnel Parabolic dish

Table 2 . Renewable Energies Projects [10-29]

Solar Ain Beni Mathar Beni Mathar/Plannedproject 400 -

Foum El Oued Laayoune/Plannedproject 500 -

Boujdour Laayoune/Plannedproject 100 -

SabkhatTah Tarfaya/Plannedproject 500 -

Taza Taza/Under construction 150 3

JbelLahdid Essaouira/Invitation for tenders 200

Tiskard Tarfaya/ Invitation for tenders 300

Boujdour Boujdour /Invitation for tenders 100 28.5

Midelt Midelt/Invitation for tenders 150

Wind Tanger Tanger/Invitation for tenders 100

Tarfaya Tarfaya/ Under construction 300 8.4

KoudiaLbaida 1 Tetouan/Plannedproject 100 -

KoudiaLbaida 2 Tetouan/Plannedproject 200 -

JbelKhaladi Tangier/Under construction 120 1.9

Akhfenir Tantan/Plannedproject 100 -

M’dez El Menzel Sefrou/Under construction 170 2.87

4.4. Barriers for implementing renewable energy in Morocco

Table 3. Barriers to renewable energy development in Morocco

Barrier Category Barrier

[1]US Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2013.CreateSpace

[2]T. Kousksou, A. Allouhi, M. Belattar, A. Jamil, T. El Rhafiki, et Y. Zeraouli, « Morocco’s

[7]T. Kousksou, A. Allouhi, M. Belattar, A. Jamil, T. El Rhafiki, A. Arid, et Y. Zeraouli,

[8]« Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc ». [En ligne].

[16]« Morocco’s Power Sector Transition: Achievements and Potential - iaiwp1505.pdf ».

[18]« La nouvelle Strat_egieEnerg_etique Nationale Bilan d’etape. Morocco: Ministry of Energy,

[20]« Les Energies Renouvelables au Maroc:Stratégie et plan d’action (MEMEE) ». .

[24]MEMEE, « La loi n°57-09 relative à la création de la Moroccan Agency for SolarEnergy

[26]IRESEN - Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles, « IRESEN - Institut