Example of Box Girder Bridge Calculation

COMPREHENSIVE RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1
MULTI-SPAN CIP REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE
1. Problem Statement
Evaluate a six-span cast-in-place reinforced concrete highway overcrossing

located in southern California for seismic retrofitting. The structure is supported
on monolithic single column bents and has a single expansion joint hinge located
in span 3. The bridge was constructed in the early 1960’s and has several
obvious seismic deficiencies including substandard transverse column
reinforcement and a minimal support length at the interior expansion joint hinge.
Use the D2 method of evaluation.
Once an evaluation has been completed and seismic deficiencies identified and
quantified, develop a retrofit strategy that will result in the minimal performance
criteria being met. Design the retrofit measures necessary to implement the
selected strategy.
2. Description of As-Built Bridge
The bridge, which is located in a seismically active region of southern California,

is on a curved horizontal alignment of 600 ft radius and has variable span
lengths. It passes over a freeway and parallel surface streets. The site class is
Type D.
The cross-section of the superstructure is of constant width and consists of five

girder stems with an overhang on one side. A raised curb with emergency
sidewalk is provided on the other side. The depth of the superstructure varies
from 7’-0” to 3’-6” with the transition occurring in span 3.
Abutments are seat type supported on 45-ton piles with approach retaining walls
provided to contain approach roadway fills. They are oriented normal to the
superstructure. The superstructure is supported on elastomeric bearings with
concrete shear keys provided to restrain transverse movement. The bearing
seat is 2’-6” in width.
The internal expansion joint hinge located in span 3 consists of an 8 inch bearing
seat with embedded steel angles for bearing. Transverse concrete shear keys
are provided, but no longitudinal cable restrainers are in place.
Internal bents are single columns of circular cross section supported on pile
footings. Columns at Bents 2 and 3 are 6’-0” in diameter while the remaining
E1-1
columns are 5’-0”. The main reinforcing steel is lap spliced just above the
footings, and the column transverse steel, consisting of #5 spirals with a 5” pitch,
is lap spliced periodically.
Pile footings vary in size depending on the size of the column, and lack upper
layers of reinforcing steel to resist negative bending moments. Piles have a
design capacity of 45 tons and are effectively “pinned” at the base of the footing.
The reinforcing steel from the piles extends into the footing and can resist the
seismic uplift capacity of the piles, which is assumed to be 50% of their ultimate
compressive capacity (Cu = 2 x Cdesign).
A field inspection of the bridge revealed no deterioration or modification of the

structure. Because of the age of the concrete it is assumed to have an in-situ
strength of 5500 psi. Reinforcing steel is Grade 60.
The as-built plans for the bridge are shown in Figures E1-1 through E1-3.
3. Enhanced Procedure for Method D2 Seismic Evaluation
The procedure described in the manual for Method D2 is enhanced to include

components other than the columns.
Step 1 – Strength and Deformation Capacities
a. Hinge Force and Displacement Capacity
The expansion joint hinge force and displacement capacities are calculated
based on the details of the as-built structure. The transverse force capacity is
based on shear friction in the shear keys. The total number of #5 bars crossing
the shear plane is 16 and the bars are assumed to be Grade 60 with an expected
strength of 66 ksi. The concrete crack surface over each of the two shear keys is
16 inches by 36 inches. Therefore, the shear capacity is given by
( [
Vu = φVn = φ cA cv + μ A vf f y + Pc ])
= .85(.150(16 ⋅ 36 ⋅ 2) + 1.4[16 ⋅ 0.31⋅ 60 + 0])
= 502 kips
The displacement capacity can be calculated as the seat width minus the
expansion joint gap plus 100 mm (4 inches).
δ c = Ns − gej − 2c h = 8 − 1 − 4 = 3.0 inches
E1-2
Table E1-1 - Hinge Force and Displacement Capacities
Transverse Force Longitudinal

Hinge Kips Displacement - inches
1 (KN) (mm)
502 3.0
(2232) (102)
b. Column and Foundation Shear Capacities
In the case of column shear capacities, both the initial and final shear strength is
considered. An example of the required calculation for Bent 2 follows.
0.25 0.25
⎡1.6ρ v A e ⎤ ⎡1.6ρ v 0.8 A g ⎤
0.25
⎡ ρ ⎤
tan θ = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ = ⎢0.64 v ⎥
⎢⎣ Λρ t A g ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2ρ t A g ⎥⎦ ⎣ ρt ⎦
A 32 ⋅ 1.27
ρ t = sl = = .01
Ac π(36) 2
4 A ss 4(.31)
ρv = = = 0.00368
sD′′ 5(72 − 4.63)
0.25
⎡ 0.00368 ⎤
∴ tan θ = ⎢0.64 = [0.2355 ] = 0.697
0.25
⎣ 0.01 ⎥⎦
1
cot θ = = 1.435
tan θ
π D′′ π (72 − 4.63)

Vs = A h f yh cot θ = (.31)(60) (1.435 )
2 s 2 5
= 565 kips ⇒ 2514 KN
Λ 2 ⎛ .875(68.7) ⎞
Vp = P tan α = (1157 )⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 240 ⎠
= 290 kips ⇒ 1291 KN
E1-6
The initial and final contribution of the concrete (Vci and Vcf respective ly) is :
3.61 5500 ⋅ 0.8 ⋅ π ⋅ (36) 2
Vci = 3.61 '
fce =
Ae
1000
= 872 kips ⇒ 3881 KN
Vcf = 0.60 fce
'
A e = 145 kips ⇒ 645 KN
Therefore, the initial and final ultimate shear capacity (Vui and Vuf ) is given by :
Vui = 0.85(Vs + Vp + Vci ) = 0.85(565 + 290 + 872 )
= 1468 kips ⇒ 6532 KN
Vuf = 0.85(Vs + Vp + Vcf ) = 0.85(565 + 290 + 145 )
= 850 kips ⇒ 3782 KN
The following table includes the shear capacities for all of the columns.
Table E1-2 - Column Shear Strength Capacity
Column Dead Load Initial Shear Final Shear

Column Length Axial Load Strength Strength
Feet (m) Kips (KN) Kips (KN) Kips (KN)
20.0 1157 1468 850
2
(6.10) (5149) (6532) (3782)
24.5 1069 1407 789
3
(7.47) (4757) (6263) (3512)
17.0 448 1006 576
4
(5.18) (1994) (4475) (2565)
19.4 457 996 567
5
(5.91) (2034) (4431) (2521)
21.7 545 1001 572
6
(6.62) (2425) (4455) (2545)
Similarly, the foundation shear capacity is calculated based on the capacity of the
piles in shear plus the capacity provided by passive pressure on the face of the
pile cap. The ultimate lateral capacity of a single pile is assumed to be 40 kips
(178 KN) based on physical testing of similar piles. The shear capacities for Bent
2 and 3 are calculated as follows:
Hc (piles) = Np ⋅ 40 = 25(40 ) = 1000 kips ⇒ 4450 KN

2 ⋅ h′ 2 ⋅ (4 + 2)
Hc (cap) = Pp W = dW = 4 ⋅ 15
3 3
= 240 kips ⇒ 1068 KN
E1-7
The total shear capacities of all pier foundations are summarized below
Table E1-3 - Pier Foundation Capacities
Shear Capacity
Pier Foundation Kips (KN)
Longit. Trans.
1240 1240
2 and 3
(5518) (5518)
832 832
4, 5 and 6
(3702) (3702)
E1-8
c. Abutment Force and Displacement Capacities
Abutment force capacities are governed either by the capacity of shear keys or
the capacity of the piles and wingwalls. The shear key capacity is calculated in a
manner similar to those for the hinge and is summarized below.
i. Shear Keys:
( [
Vu = φVn = φ cA cv + μ A vf f y + Pc ])
= 0.85(.150(30 ⋅ 36 ⋅ 2) + 1.4[16 ⋅ 0.31⋅ 60])
= 630 kips
ii. Piles and Wingwalls
In the case of the piles the calculation for Abutment 1 is performed as follows:
Vp = Np ( 40 ) = 13 ⋅ 40 = 520 kips
The wingwall capacity is equal to the capacity of one wingwall in shear. In this
case the wingwall is 14 feet high and 12 inches thick (d=9”). Therefore:
Vw = φHd ⋅ 2 fc' = 0.85 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 0.074

= 190 kips
Vabut = Vp + Vw = 520 + 190 = 710 kips
The displacement capacity in the longitudinal direction depends on the geometry

of the seat and the nominal amount of expansion (ge = 1”). In this case:
δ abut = Ns − g e − 2c c = 30 − 1 − 4 = 25 inches
Similarly for Abutment 7:
Vabut = 576 kips

δ abut = 25 inches
Table E1-4 - Abutment Force and Displacement Capacities
Transverse Force
Kips (KN) Longitudinal
Abut
Shear Piles and Displacement -
Keys Wingwalls inches (mm)
E1-9
630 710 25.0
1
(2804) (3160) (635)
630 576 25.0
7
(2804) (2563) (635)
Step 2 – Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis
In a displacement-based approach, the first step in a nonlinear static pushover

analysis is to assess the deformation capacity of various ductile elements such
as columns. One method is to perform moment-curvature computer analyses
based on allowable strains. For this problem, simplified methods presented in
the retrofit guidelines for determining allowable plastic rotations of the columns
are used. These depend on the limit state being investigated.
In this bridge, the unconfined splices that are typical of bridge construction prior
to 1971 must be considered. The transverse spiral reinforcing in the column is
lap spliced (a substandard detail) and will be subject to failure as soon as the
outer concrete cover spalls. Therefore, a compression failure in unconfined
concrete should be investigated. Shear failure is another possibility that could
limit ductile response. The following calculations are performed for Bent 2.
2f y 2(60 )
φy = =
E sD′ 29000 (72 − 2(2) − 2(.69 ) − 1.44 )
= 0.00006348 rad/in
L p = 0.08L + 4400ε y db
L p = 0.08(20(12)) + 4400(.00207 )(1.25 )
= 30.59 in (for transverse bending)
L p = 0.08(10(12)) + 4400(.00207 )(1.25 )
= 20.99 in (for longitudinal bending)
0.725
⎡ Pe f y ⎛ 1 − 2c D ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ' + 0.5ρ t ' ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
c 1 ⎢ fc A g fc ⎝ 1 − 2d′ D ⎠ ⎥
=
D β⎢ 1.32α ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⇒ 0.2216 by trial and error
c = 0.2216D = 0.2216 (72 ) = 15.96 in
The allowable plastic rotation for each of the limit states can now be calculated.
E1-10
ε cu .005
φp = − φy = − .00006348
c 15.96
= .0002498 rad/in
θ p = φ pL p = .0002498 (30.59 )
= 0.00764 rad (transverse bending)
θ p = φ pL p = .0002498 (20.99 )
= 0.00524 rad (longitudinal bending)
The splice section is evaluated as follows:
f ye 66000
l s = 0.032 db = 0.032 1.25 = 41 in
' 4225
fce
L lap = 42 in
Therefore, this is a "long” splice and, by inspection, unconfined compression will

control.
Although the final shear capacity is sufficient to resist shear demands in the
transverse direction, shear failure could occur in the longitudinal direction due to
shear capacity degradation resulting from flexural yielding. The amount of plastic
rotation that is allowed will be limited because of this. This is calculated as
follows.
The plastic overstrength moment at the dead load axial force is calculated first.
E1-11
⎡ ⎛ P Pbcc ⎞ ⎤
2
⎢ ⎜ e
− ⎟ ⎥
Mpo ⎛ M ⎞ ⎢ ⎜ fc' A g fc' A g ⎟ ⎥
= ⎜ bo ⎟ ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
fc' A gD ⎜⎝ fc' A gD ⎟⎠ ⎢ ⎜ Pto − Pbcc ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ fc' A g fc' A g ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where
fc' = 5.5 ksi
Pe 1157
= = 0.0517
'
fc A g 5.5(28.27 )(144 )
Pto fsu ⎛ 1.5(66 ) ⎞
= −ρ t = −.01⎜ ⎟ = −0.180
fc' A g fc' ⎝ 5 .5 ⎠
Pbcc A cc ⎛ 24.71 ⎞
= 0.5αβ = 0.5(0.85 )(0.85 )⎜ ⎟ = 0.316
fc' A g Ag ⎝ 28.27 ⎠
Mbo ⎛ f su D′ Pbcc 1 − κ o ⎞⎟
= ⎜K ρ +
fc' A gD ⎜⎝ fc D fc' A g 2 ⎟⎠
shape t '
1.5(66 ) 65.18 ⎛ 1 − 0 .6 ⎞
= 0.32(0.01) + 0.316⎜ ⎟
5. 5 72 ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 0.1153
Therefore,
⎡ ⎛ P Pbcc ⎞ ⎤
2
⎢ ⎜ e
− ⎟ ⎥
⎛ M ⎞ ⎢ ⎜ fc' A g fc' A g ⎟ ⎥ '
= ⎜ ' bo ⎟ ⎢1 − ⎜
Pbcc ⎟ ⎥ c g
Mpo f A D
⎜ fc A gD ⎟ Pto
⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ fc' A g fc' A g ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ 0.0517 − 0.316 ⎞ 2 ⎤
= 0.1153 ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (5.5 )(28.27 )(144 )(72) ÷ 12
⎢⎣ ⎝ − 0.180 − 0.316 ⎠ ⎥⎦
= 11,091 kip ft
E1-12
Therefore, the limitations on flexural yielding based on shear strength for Bent 2
degradation is:
Vm = Mp L = 11091 10 = 1109 kips

⎛ ⎛ V − Vm ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1470 − 1109 ⎞ ⎞
φ p = ⎜⎜ 5⎜⎜ i ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎟φ y = ⎜⎜ 5⎜
⎟ ⎟ + 2 ⎟⎟(0.00006348 )
⎝ ⎝ Vi − Vf ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 1470 − 852 ⎠ ⎠
= 0.0003124 rad/in
θ p = φ pL p = 0.0003124 (20.99 ) = 0.00656 radians (Does not control)
The deformation capacity of all as-built columns is summarized below.
Column Deformation Capacity (Longitudinal)
Yield Ultimate Plastic Plastic

Plastic
Column Curvature Curvature Moment Hinge Rotation
radians/in radians/in Kip ft Length radians
(radians/m) (radians/m) (KN m) inches (m)
.0000698 .000291 11095 22.1 .00643
2
(.00275) (.01147) (15053) (.561)
.0000698 .000300 10963 24.3 .00729
3
(.00275) (.01182) (14874) (.617)
.0000856 .000339 7121 20.7 .00786
4
(.00337) (.01336) (9661) (.526)
.0000856 .000378 7132 21.8 .00825
5
(.00337) (.01489) (9676) (.554)
.0000856 .000361 7238 22.9 .00828
6
(.00337) (.01422) (9820) (.582)
Column Deformation Capacity (Transverse)
Yield Ultimate Plastic Plastic Plastic

Column Curvature Curvature Moment Hinge Rotation
radians/in radians/in Kip ft Length radians
(radians/m) (radians/m) (KN m) inches (m)
.0000698 .000291 11095 31.7 .00923
2
(.00275) (.01147) (15053) (.805)
.0000698 .000300 10963 36.0 .01083
3
(.00275) (.01182) (14874) (.914)
.0000856 .000380 7121 28.8 .01096
4
(.00337) (.01497) (9661) (.732)
.0000856 .000378 7132 31.1 .01178
5
(.00337) (.01489) (9676) (.790)
E1-13
.0000856 .000361 7238 33.4 .01204
6
(.00337) (.01422) (9820) (.848)
Once the deformation capacity of the potential plastic hinge has been
determined, a longitudinal displacement capacity evaluation of the entire bridge
is determined through a longitudinal “push-over” analysis. In this type of analysis
the columns are modeled as non-linear elements. The frame, which is modeled
in 2-dimensions, is incrementally displaced in the longitudinal direction until the
maximum allowable plastic rotation is achieved in the plastic hinge zones. The
displacement at which this occurs is identified as the displacement capacity, Δci.
The transverse displacement capacity is determined by a transverse “push-over”

analysis of each bent. Both the longitudinal and transverse “push-over” models
include non-linear foundation springs for both rotational and translational
movement.
1. Longitudinal “Push-over” Analysis
a. Computer Models
The computer model used for the longitudinal “push-over” analysis is shown in
Figure E1-4. This model was analyzed using the DRAIN2DX computer program
that was originally developed at the University of California at Berkeley. The
non-linear elements used to model the potential plastic hinges in the reinforced
concrete column are based on a tri-linear interaction curve (i.e. Shape Code 3).
This tri-linear curve is selected to match the actual interaction curve in the vicinity
of the axial load. The actual interaction curve is calculated using the computer
program YIELD, one of several that can be used for this purpose. The tri-linear
curves used in this analysis are shown in Figures E1-5a and E1-5b.
Slaved Nodes at Hinge
201 301 305 401 501 601

101 102 202 203 302 303 304 306 307 402 403 502 503 602
Rigid Links (Typ) 210 310 410 510 610
220 420 520 620

320 430 530 630
230
330 Nonlinear Beam Element (Typ)
Nonlinear Foundation Element (Typ)
Figure E1-4 –DRAIN2DX Model
E1-14
Tri-linear curve fit for DRAIN2DX
35000
Tri-linear curve fit for DRAIN2DX
21000 30000
19000
17000 25000
15000
20000
13000
11000
Axial Force - kips
Axial Force - kips

15000
9000 Interaction Diagram Interaction Diagram
7000 10000
5000
3000 5000
1000
0 0
-1000
10000 10000 20000
-3000 -5000
-5000 Nominal Moment - kip ft Nominal Moment - kip ft
Figure E1-5a Figure E1-5b

Interaction Diagram - 5 ft Column Interaction Diagram - 6 ft Column
The foundations are modeled as non-linear elements for translation and rotation.
With respect to rotation, this is done to simulate “rocking” of the footings when
the pile axial capacities are exceeded. If “rocking” of the foundations occur prior
to the limiting deformation in the column, the foundation will act as a fuse that
may spare the columns significant damage. The foundation non-linear rotational
springs are calculated as follows.
Bent 2 & 3
Ultimate Compression Capacity of Pile = 2(90) = 180 kips
Ultimate Tension Capacity of Pile = 0.5 Compression Capacity = 90 kips
PDL( 2) = 1157 kips ⇒ 5149 KN

PDL( 3 ) = 1069 kips ⇒ 4757 KN
Ultimate Moment Capacity (See Figure E1-6)
N(1) = N(2) = 5(-90) = -450 kips => -2003 KN
N(4) = N(5) = 5(180) = 900 kips => 4006 KN
N(3)2 = 1157 + 2(450) – 2(900) = 257 kips => 1144 KN
N(3)3 = 1069 + 2(450) – 2(900) = 169 kips => 752 KN
E1-15
Mc = N(1) ⋅ 6 + N(2) ⋅ 3 + N( 4) ⋅ 3 + N(5) ⋅ 6
= 450 ⋅ 6 + 450 ⋅ 3 + 900 ⋅ 3 + 900 ⋅ 6
Mc = 12,150 kip ⋅ ft ⇒ 16,484 KN ⋅ m
For this example, the footing rotational response is modelled as perfectly elastic/plastic.
Ultimate pile capacities are assumed to be reached at a vertical displaceme nt of 1".
From this the initial rotational stiffness is calculated for input into the DRAIN2DX program.
δ 1
φu = u = = 0.01389 rad
l ex 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 12
Mc 12,150
kR = = ≈ 875,000 kip ⋅ ft/rad
φ u .01389
⇒ 1,187,000 KN ⋅ m/rad
P
M
H
N(1) N(2) N(3) N(4) N(5)
Figure E1-6 – Pile Footing Free Body Diagram (Bent 2 & 3)
Ultimate Translational Capacity
E1-16
Hc (piles) = Np ⋅ 40 = 25(40 ) = 1000 kips
⇒ 4450 KN
2 ⋅ h′ 2 ⋅ (2 + 4 )
Hc (cap) = Pp W = dW = 4 ⋅ 15
3 3
= 240 kips ⇒ 1068 KN
Based on past testing, the pile ultimate capacity is reached at a displaceme nt
of approximat ely 1". The initial translational stiffness is calculated for input to
DRAIN2DX.
Δ u = 1 inch ⇒ 25 mm
Hc (piles) + Hc (cap) 1000 + 240
kT = =
ΔU 1
= 1240 kips/inch ⇒ 217 KN/mm
E1-17
Similarly for Bents 4 to 6:
Mc 6,150
kR = = ≈ 332,000 kip ⋅ ft/rad
φ u 0.0185
⇒ 450,560 KN ⋅ m/rad (average)
Hc 832
kT = = = 832 kips/inch ⇒ 146 KN/mm
Δu 1
Translational yielding of the piles in this case can mean destruction of the pile
heads. This could potentially result in significant vertical settlements at the
foundation although complete collapse is unlikely. Still it is advisable to avoid
this failure mode. Rotational yielding will usually mean that piles will plunge and
pull out of the soil if the pile to footing connection is sufficiently strong. Although
this action can limit column forces, there are two issues to be considered.
First, the response of the foundation is subject to some uncertainty, and the
possibility of foundation over strength makes the “fusing” action unreliable unless
there is a significant difference between the column and the foundation moment
capacities. Therefore, columns should generally be retrofitted as a “fail safe”
measure even if the pushover analysis indicates piles will yield first.
Secondly, the amount of plastic rotation to be tolerated in the foundation before

foundation retrofitting is mandated is subject to some judgment. Excessive
plastic rotation can result in unacceptable foundation settlement as pointed out in
Chapter 6. In this case, it is assumed that a plastic rotation of 0.03 radians can
be tolerated.
Member properties used for the “push-over” analysis are consistent with those
used in the dynamic analysis described below. Appendix E1-1 includes the
DRAIN2DX input files.
b. Computer Results
In the longitudinal direction the DRAIN2DX model is displaced incrementally until

the allowable deformation is achieved at the potential plastic hinge zones. The
controlling displacement is shown in bold face type. The following table
summarizes the results of all of the non-linear “push-over” analyses.
E1-18
Table E1-7 - Displacement Capacity – inches (mm)
Longitudinal Transverse
Bent
Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate
(Bottom) (Top) (Bottom) (Top)
5.6 1 3.1 1 7.0 1
2 N/A
(142) (79) (178)
7.1 1 4.1 1 10.3 1
3 N/A
(180) (104) (262)
9.2 2 3.4 1 10.8 2 N/A
4
(234) (81) (274)
9.2 2 3.1 1 10.8 2
5 N/A
(234) (79) (274)
9.2 2 3.5 1 10.8 2
6 N/A
(234) (80) (274)
Notes: 1. Controlled by column

2. Controlled by footing
Step 3 – Non-Seismic Demands
Non-seismic loads to be considered in the Extreme Event 1 loading condition are

assumed to be negligible for this example.
Step 4 – Demand Analysis
1. Response Spectrum Parameters
Based on the location of the bridge site, the following seismic loading parameters
are determined from the maps developed by the United States Geologic Survey
(USGS).
Ss = 2.0
S1 = 1.0
Site factors (for Site Class D) are given in Table 1-4 of the retrofit manual.
Fa = 1.0
Fv = 1.5
Therefore,
SDS = FaSs = 1.0(2.0) = 2.0

SD1 = FvS1 = 1.5(1.0) = 1.5
E1-19
The resulting response spectrum to be used for the demand analysis is shown in
Figure E1-7
2.0
Spectral Acceleration - g's
1.0
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Period - Sec.
Figure E1-7 – Design Spectra
2. Member Properties for Analysis
The superstructure section properties were calculated using the “Section Wizard”
computer program, which is part of STAAD III. Table E1-8 summarizes these
results.
Table E1-8 - Superstructure Section Properties – ft

(Metric values shown in parentheses)
Section Depth Ax Izz Iyy Ixx

7.00 51.40 393.70 3855.05 896.87
Span 1 & 2
(2.13) (4.78) (3.40) (33.31) (7.75)
7.00 179.55 789.54 9928.09 2279.85
Bent 2 & 3
(2.13) (16.69) (6.82) (85.78) (19.70)
5.84 47.58 258.28 3578.65 624.55
Span 3 – A
(1.78) (4.42) (2.23) (30.92) (5.40)
4.67 43.72 153.80 3299.76 394.65
Span 3 – B
(1.42) (4.06) (1.33) (28.51) (3.41)
3.50 39.85 78.84 3020.71 213.71
Spans 4-6
(1.07) (3.70) (0.68) (26.10) (1.85)
3.50 93.24 109.76 5552.09 318.47
Bents 4-6
(1.07) (8.67) (0.95) (47.96) (2.75)
E1-20
Gross column section properties are modified to reflect the cracking that is likely
to occur during a seismic event. The modification factors are taken from Table 7-
1 in the Bridge Retrofit Manual. In the as-built case, the structural details will not
accommodate ductile behavior and thus preclude plastic hinging from taking
place. Therefore:
For Bents 2 and 3 (6’ φ Columns):
A g = πr 2 = 3.1416 ⋅ (3)2 = 28.27 ft 2 ⇒ 2.63 m2

πr 4 3.1416 ⋅ (3 )
4
Ig = = = 63.61 ft 4 ⇒ 0.55 m4
4 4
A e = A g = 2.63 m2
Mn = 9386(12) = 112,600 k - in (From YIELD computer program)
D′ = 72 - 4 - 2(.69) - 1.44 = 65.2 in.
E = 57000 fc' 1000 = 57000 5500 1000 = 4230 ksi
M D′ 112600 ⋅ 65.2
Ie = n = = 419,000 in 4 ⇒ 20.2 ft 4 ⇒ 0.175 m 4
E2ε y 4230(2)(.00207 )
For Bents 4, 5 and 6 (5’ φ Columns):
A g = πr 2 = 3.1416 ⋅ (2.5)2 = 19.64 ft 2 ⇒ 1.83 m2

πr 4 3.1416 ⋅ (2.5 )
4
Ig = = = 30.68 ft 4 ⇒ 0.27 m4
4 4
A e = A g = 1.83 m2
Mn = 5836(12) = 70,000 k - in
D′ = 60 − 4 − 2(.69 ) − 1.44 = 53.2 in
M D′ 70,000 ⋅ 53.2
Ie = n = = 213,000 in 4 ⇒ 10.26 ft 4 ⇒ 0.0886 m 4
E2ε y 4230(2)(.00207 )
3. Elastic Response Spectrum (Demand) Analysis
a. Computer Models
The SEISAB computer program was used to perform the elastic response
spectrum (demand) analysis. SEISAB automatically models the structural
elements of the bridge with “beam” elements. As a default, the superstructure
spans are modeled using four “beam” elements, which result in lumped masses
at the quarter points of the span. Columns are modeled using 3 “beam”
elements. The pile foundations are modeled using SEISAB pile and footing data
block capabilities.
E1-21
When using a linear elastic model to simulate the non-linear behavior of a bridge
during a strong earthquake it is typical practice to use several computer models
to envelope the actual bridge response. In this case, two “compression” models
and one “tension” model was used. The first “compression” model assumed that
the expansion joints at Abutment 1 and the hinge were locked up and able to
transmit longitudinal forces. The second “compression” model assumed the
hinge and Abutment 7 were locked up. The “tension” model assumed all
expansion joints were free to move. The worst-case forces and displacements
from each of these models were used to determine seismic demands.
The behavior of the longitudinal expansion joints at the abutments depends not
only on the expansion joint gap, but also on the non-linear behavior of the fill
behind the abutment wall. In the compression models this behavior is usually
“linearized” using a trial and error approach. This is demonstrated in Figure E1-
8, which shows the non-linear force-displacement curve at Abutment 1 plus the
linearized displacement actually used in the first “compression” model.
1200
1000
Longituninal Force (kips)
800 1.0
k
600
Linearized Stiffness
400
200
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Longitudinal Displacement (inches)
Figure E1-8 Abutment 1 Longitudinal Response
In this figure the ultimate capacity of the abutment is given as the passive
pressure behind the wall. The backwall is assumed to shear off at the level of
the bearing seat and engage the fill behind the wall. The displacement at which
the ultimate force is reached includes the displacement required to achieve full
passive pressure (0.02H) plus the expansion joint gap, Dg. Therefore, at
Abutment 1:
E1-22
2H2 W 2 ⋅ 7.5 2 ⋅ 28.78
HP = Pp W = p pHW = =
3 3
= 1079 Kips ⇒ 4803 KN
Δ ult = 0.02H + D g = 0.02 ⋅ 7.5 ⋅ 12 + 1.0

= 2.80 in ⇒ 71 mm
For Abutment 7:
2H2 W 2 ⋅ 5.02 ⋅ 28.78

HP = Pp W = ppHW = = = 480 Kips ⇒ 2135 KN
3 3
Δult = 0.02H + Dg = 0.02 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 12 + 1.0 = 2.20 in ⇒ 56 mm
The actual stiffness used in the model must be adjusted until the computed
abutment force demand is within 30% of Hp.
b. Computer Input Files
SEISAB computer input files for each of the three elastic models used are
included in Appendix E1-2.
c. Computer Results
The following tables summarize the maximum results obtained from the SEISAB
computer analyses.
Table E1-9 Abutment Forces and Displacements
Forces – Kips Displacements – inches

Location (KN) (mm)
Longitudinal Transverse Longitudinal Transverse
1109 920 5.9 1.8
Abutment 1
(6884) (4250) (149) (45)
477 864 5.7 1.7
Abutment 7
(6684) (3925) (145) (42)
E1-23
Table E1-10 Column Moments and Displacements
Elastic Moment Displacement

Bent Location K ft (KN m) inches (mm)
Longit. Trans. Longit. Trans.
Top 34171 -
(46360) 5.8 7.3
2
21944 19987 (147) (185)
Bottom
(29772) (27116)
Top 30288 -
(41092) 6.1 13.9
3
20863 34024 (156) (354)
Bottom
(28305) (46160)
Top 17974 -
(24385) 5.0 15.2
4
10341 26691 (128) (387)
Bottom
(14030) (36212)
Top 19486 -
(26437) 5.4 10.7
5
10758 15847 (137) (273)
Bottom
(14595) (21500)
Top 16799 -
(22791) 5.6 6.1
6
10295 7298 (143) (154)
Bottom
(13967) (9901)
Plastic shear demands on the columns and foundations are limited by yielding of
the columns and/or the foundations and are calculated as follows for Bent 2 in
the longitudinal direction:
∑ Mp 2.0(11095 )
Vp = = = 1110 kips
Lc 20
The remaining plastic shear demands are calculated in a similar fashion and are
summarized below.
E1-24
Table E1-11 Column Plastic Shears
Plastic Shear
Bent Kips (KN)
Longit. Trans.
2 1110 555
(4940) (2470)
3 895 448
(3983) (1994)
4 780 362
(3729) (1885)
5 685 317
(3271) (1638)
6 617 283
(2968) (1486)
Hinge force and displacement demands are obtained from the worst case
SEISAB model.
Table E1-12 - Hinge Force and Displacement Demands
Transverse Force Longitudinal

Hinge Kips (KN) Displacement inches
(mm)
1076 7.6
(4788) (193)
Step 5 - Summary of Capacity/Demand Ratios
The adequacy of the current structure to resist earthquakes is given by the

capacity/demand ratio for the various components of the bridge for different types
of actions. These are summarized as follows with inadequate components
indicated by bold type.
E1-25
Table E1-13 Capacity/Demand Ratios
Location Response Item Longitudinal Transverse

Force – Keys N/A 0.68
Abutment 1 Force - Piles N/A 0.77
Displacement 4.41 N/A
Force – Keys N/A 0.73
Abutment 7 Force - Piles N/A 0.67
Displacement 4.56 N/A
Bent 2 Displacement 0.53 1 0.96 1
Foundation Shear 1.12 2.23
Hinge 1 Displacement 0.53 N/A
Force N/A 0.39
Footnotes: 1. Controlled by failure of unconfined concrete in compression.

2. Controlled by plunging and uplift of foundation piles.
Figure E1-9 is a graphical presentation of the as-built seismic deficiencies of the

bridge.
E1-26
4. Retrofit Strategy Evaluation
a. Identification of Retrofit Strategy
A retrofit strategy that addresses the global response of the bridge is shown in
Figure E1-10. The strategy, which involves retrofitting of all five columns and
both abutments, addresses each deficiency that was identified by the detailed
seismic evaluation performed above. The hinge is also to be retrofitted with seat
extenders and longitudinal cable restrainers to prevent unseating. It is also
necessary to retrofit the foundations at Piers 2, 3, 5 and 6 to prevent failure of the
pile cap in negative bending and Pier 4 to prevent excessive plastic rotation of
the foundation. This strategy is evaluated in the following sections.
A less obvious strategy, which relied on Piers 3 and 4 to carry all longitudinal
forces, was also investigated. This strategy involved retrofitting these two
columns with steel or fiber shells. Transverse forces would be carried by the two
abutments, which were also to be retrofitted, and Piers 3 and 4, such that each
frame could resist torsional response about the vertical axis. Piers 2, 5 and 6
would have been allowed to fail under lateral load, but would have been
retrofitted with light steel shells to preserve axial load capacity at these locations.
This strategy could have worked if it weren’t for the high ductility demands placed
on the retrofitted columns. Short of replacing these columns, or strengthening
them significantly, it was not possible to retrofit these columns to gain the ductility
necessary to resist failure of the main reinforcement due to low cycle fatigue.
Therefore, this trial strategy was ultimately rejected.
b. Design of Retrofit Measures
i. Abutment Retrofit
1. CIDH Bolters
The existing abutment piles and wingwalls at the abutments do not have the
capacity to resist transverse forces. It is necessary to provide additional capacity
through large diameter cast-in-drilled hole (CIDH) bolsters. The shear capacity
of this bolster must exceed the difference between the transverse force demands
and the capacity of the existing abutment. Therefore,
Vbolster = (Vd − Vabut )
For Abutment 1 this is calculated as follows
Vbolster = 920 − 710 = 210 kips
E1-28
At Abutment 7:
Vbolster = 864 − 576 = 288 kips
Therefore, to simplify details, design both bolsters to resist the forces at

Abutment 7. The minimum diameter of the CIDH bolster is determined based on
the maximum shear capacity, which is determined by using the maximum
allowable shear stress, which is 8 fc' . Therefore,
Vbolster 288
A e (min) = = = 706 in 2
φ ⋅ 8 fc' 0.85 ⋅ 0.480
A e 706
A bolster = = = 883 in 2
0. 8 .8
4 ⋅ A bolster 4 ⋅ 883
D bolster (min) = = = 33.5 in
π π
Use D bolster = 48 in
The top of the pile is detailed with a “pinned” connection at the level of the
abutment footing. This eliminates the need for the bolster-to-abutment
connection to resist large moments. Therefore, the connection need only resist
the shear force of 288 kips. Dowels drilled and bonded into the side of the
abutment wall are used for this purpose. According to Caltrans tests, a #7 dowel
bonded into a 7” deep, drilled hole with magnesium phosphate grout can safely
resist 20.3 kips in tension. Therefore, the number of dowels required to transfer
the shear force eccentrically applied at the top of the bolster is:
1.5 Vbolster 1.5(288 )

Ndowels = = = 21.3 dowels ∴ use 21 dowels
TC # 7 20.3
The 1.5 factor in the above equation accounts for the eccentricity of the load.
Such dowels must be spaced at a minimum of 14 inches and must be a minimum

of 4 inches away from the edge of any drilled concrete.
The pinned connection at the top of the pile must also be capable of transferring
the 288 kip shear force. The “pin” is designed using the principals of shear
friction. Therefore, the minimum area of concrete is:
E1-30
Vbolster 288
A pin = = = 471 in 2
φ(0.2)fc' 0.85(0.2)(3.6)
⇒ use a 25 in diameter circle
The required area of reinforcing steel crossing the shear plane is:
Vbolster
− cA cv 288 − 0.1( 491)
φ .85
A vf = = = 4.83 in 2
μf y 1.0(60)
∴ use 7 - #8 dowels
The moment in the CIDH bolster is calculated with the help of a computer
program that models the CIDH pile as a series of beam-column elements and the
subsurface lateral soil stiffness as p-y curves for each increment of soil depth
along the length of the pile. Shear and moment diagrams along the pile can be
developed using this technique, and from these the maximum moment demand
can be determined. In this case the maximum moment demand is:
Mbolster = 2155 k - ft
Because plastic hinging in the CIDH bolsters will not be allowed, the bolster is
designed for this moment. Based on an interaction analysis, this requires 20
#10’s as main reinforcement around the perimeter of the CIDH pile. This results
in ρt of 0.0140.
The final shear capacity provided by the concrete in the pile is determined as
follows
0.6 3600 ⋅ 0.8π(24 )

2
Vcf = 0.6 fc' Ae = = 52 kips
1000
Therefore, the shear capacity provided by the transverse reinforcement must be
Vbolster − φVcf 288 − 0.85(52)

Vs = = = 287 kips
φ 0.85
This requires hoop spacing as follows
D′′
s = A v f yh cot θ
Vs
By assuming θ to be 35 degrees, and #6 hoops, the spacing is as follows
E1-31
π
s= (0.44 )(60 ) 48 − 6.88 (1.43 ) = 8.50 inches
2 288
∴ use # 6 hoops @ 8" oc
This gives a volumetric ratio of
2A bh 2(0.44 )
ρv = = = 0.00268
sD′′ 8.0( 41.12)
Therefore, the assumption for θ can be checked
⎛ 1.6(.00268 )(1448 ) ⎞
0.25
⎛ 1.6ρ v A e ⎞ 0.25
θ = a tan⎜ ⎟ = a tan⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ Λρ t A g ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1(.0140 )(1810 ) ⎠
= 35.1 degrees
Since this approximately equal to the assumed value for θ, the above shear
reinforcement results are acceptable.
2. Pipe Restrainers
The existing shear keys at the abutments are not capable of transferring the
transverse shear forces from the superstructure to the abutments. The existing
shear key capacity was previously calculated based on their shear friction
capacity.
Vkeys = 630 kips
Therefore, additional shear capacity must be provided as follows based on

Abutment 1:
Vadd = Vd − Vkeys = 920 − 630 = 290 kips
Pipe shear keys may be used to provide this extra capacity.
An A36 pipe filled with concrete is capable of resisting 26 ksi in shear. Therefore
a double extra strong 6” diameter pipe will provide 406 kips nominal capacity or
345 kips ultimate capacity after the application of a 0.85 capacity reduction
factor. If one pipe is used, it will provide the required additional shear capacity.
A cored hole will be required in the existing concrete in order to place the pipe.
The pipe shear key may be placed vertically if provisions are made for
longitudinal movement of the superstructure. This design has the advantage of
eliminating excavation behind the abutment, but requires complicated details to
E1-32
provide for longitudinal movement. Alternately, the pipe may be oriented
longitudinally. In this case one end of the pipe shear key will pass through the
abutment backwall. Because this backwall is not thick enough to provide the
necessary bearing area for the pipe, it must be reinforced from behind, which will
require some excavation behind the abutment and potentially more disruption to
traffic. The required bearing area in either case is calculated as follows:
Vpipe 290
Ag = = = 105 in 2
φ(0.85 ) fc' 0.9(0.85 )(3.6 )
The value of Ag may include as much as twice the actual contact area on the
surface of the pipe if sufficient concrete surrounds the cored hole. Therefore,
because the pipe will rotate and non-uniform (i.e. triangular) bearing during an
earthquake, it is judged that the pipe must be embedded a minimum of 18” (i.e.
approx. 105/2x6x1/2) to develop the required shear capacity. Pipe embedment
can be reduced if supplemental steel bearing plates are provided to distribute
concrete bearing stresses. Abutment retrofit details are shown in Figure E1-11.
ii. Column Retrofit
1. Carbon Fiber Jacket Retrofit
Carbon fiber jackets are chosen over steel shells because they add such a small
increase in longitudinal strength and thus allow for a longer plastic hinge zone.
This increases the amount of plastic rotation that can occur prior to a low cycle
fatigue failure of the main reinforcing steel. If sufficient confinement is provided
with a composite shell, the mode of column failure will always be low cycle
fatigue of the main column reinforcement. For the 6 ft diameter columns the
allowable plastic curvature for this mode of failure is calculated as follows:
2ε ap
φp =
(d − d′)
where
ε ap = 0.08(2N f )
− 0. 5
(
= 0.08 7(Tn ) )
−0.333 −0.5
( )
−0.333 −0.5
= 0.08 7(0.77 )
= 0.0289
2(.0289 )
∴ φp = = 0.0008868
(68.59 − 3.41)
Therefore, the allowable pastic rotations for Bent 2 are as follows
θ p = φpL p = .0008868 (22.1) = .01960 radians (longitudinal)
θ p = φpL p = .0008868 (31.7 ) = .02811 radians (transverse)
Similarly, plastic rotations for the other columns can be determined
E1-33
These allowable plastic rotation capacities result in the following column
displacement capacities assuming over strength and/or retrofitted footings at
Bents 4 thru 6 do not yield.
E1-34
Table E1-14 – Retrofitted Displacement Capacity – inches (mm)
Longitudinal Transverse
Bent
6.2 12.5
2
(173) (272)
8.2 17.6
3
(208) (361)
6.1 13.7
4
(178) (318)
6.4 14.2
5
(173) (320)
6.8 15.0
6
(183) (325)
Notice that all displacement capacities are sufficient with the exception of Bent 4
in the transverse direction. Because the displacement capacities listed in Table
E1-15 are limited by low cycle fatigue failure, jacketing is not the solution at the
bottom of Bent 4. In this case a replaceable hinge retrofit is required in order
lengthen the plastic hinge and mitigate low cycle fatigue failure.
The remaining columns may all be retrofitted with composite fiber shells.
Another alternative may be steel shells or the use of replacement hinges on all
columns. The thickness of the carbon fiber jackets should be sufficient to
prevent the occurrence of a compression failure in the concrete or a shear failure
of the column prior to the low cycle fatigue failure. As an example, consider Bent
3.
φ p = 0.0008868 radians/inch
( )
∴ ε cu = φ p + φ y (c − d′′)
= (0.0008868 + 0.0000698 )(13.51 − 0) = .0129
∴ use ε cu = .015 as the target concrete strain capacity
Using the simplified method, the thickness of a passive carbon-fiber jacket for
confinement is given by
31D 31(72)
tp = = = 0.068 in
Ej 33000
For lap splice performance:
E1-36
500Dfl 500(72)(.3 )
tp = = = 0.327 in
Ep 33000
For shear enhancement

2v sj 2(1110 − 850 ) / 0.85
tp = =
πE p ε pD cot θ 3.1416(33000 )(.006 )(72)(1.43 )
= 0.01 in
Therefore, use t = 0.375 inches at lap zone and t = 0.125 inches elsewhere
Check εcu
2.5ρ s fdu ε du
ε cu = 0.004 + '
fcc
where
4(t p ) 4(.125 )
ρs = = = 0.0069
D 72
f du = 600 ksi
ε du = 0.02
'
fcc = 1.33fce
'
= 1.33(5.5 ) = 7.315 ksi
2.5(.0069 )(600 )(.02 )
ε cu = 0.004 + = 0.0324 > 0.015 ∴ OK
7.315
Similar jackets can be used on the remaining columns. A 0.125 inch thick shell
should be used at the upper plastic hinge zone of Bent 4.
2. Replaceable Plastic Hinge
The plastic hinge length at the base of Pier 4 must be of sufficient length to
accommodate the required plastic rotation. This can be accomplished by using
the replaceable hinge detail discussed in Section 9.2.1.1(b). An example of this
type of retrofit is shown in Figure 9-4. The first step is to determine the size of
the fuse bar, which must provide the maximum strength but guarantee yielding
before the existing main column steel.
2f y 2(60 )
d f < db = 1.25 = 1.14 inches
fsu 144
∴ Use 1 - 1/8" diameter fuse bars
The length of the fuse bar is the length of the plastic hinge. Therefore, using a
plastic rotation demand, θd, based on a transverse displacement demand of 15.2
E1-37
inches as required from Table E1-10 and a yield displacement of 6.7 inches
obtained from the transverse DRAIN2DX output, the following minimum fuse bar
length is obtained.
du − d y du − d y 15.2 − 6.7
θp = ≈ = = .0489 radians
Lp D 60
L− L− 204 −
2 2 2
Therefore
θp
D′(2N f ) (60 − 6.63 )(2(7.64 ))0.5 = 63.75 inches
.0489
Lf = =
0.5
0.16 0.16
∴ Use L f = 66 inches
The next step is to size the connector plate and welds. Assuming E70XX
electrodes and 3/16” fillet welds:
2
d f fsu 1.125 2 144
L w = 0.56 = 0.56 = 12.2 inches
s w fw .25 33.6
The minimum plate thickness based on AISC LRFD is 5/16 inches.
Finally, the transverse reinforcement in terms of ½ inch diameter prestress strand

must be determined for concrete confinement, anti-buckling and shear
resistance.
For concrete confinement
⎡ 2 ⎤
fc' ⎢ ⎛⎜ Pe fy ⎞ ⎛ A g
2
⎞
ρ s = 0.008 12 ⎟
+ ρ t ' ⎜⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥
Usf ⎢ ⎜⎝ fc' A g fc ⎟⎠ ⎝ A cc ⎟ ⎥
⎠
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
4 ⎡ ⎛ 448 ⎤
2 2
124 ⎞ ⎛ 2827 ⎞
ρ s = 0.008 ⎢12⎜⎜ + .00984 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥
16 ⎢ ⎝ 4(2827 ) 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2402 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
ρ s = 0.00195
For anti-buckling the transverse reinforcement spacing is limited to 6 inches.
For shear resistance
ρ t fsu A g
tan α tan θ = 2(0.32)(1.0 ) (1.0)
.00984 144 2827 53.37
ρ s = 2K shape Λ
φ f yh A cc .9 216 2402 204
ρ s = 0.00144
E1-38
Therefore, confinement controls. Use ρs =0.00195 or ½” strand at 5-1/2” cc.
iii. Column Foundation Retrofit
1. Footing Overlay (Without Additional Piles)
Column Footings (pile caps) do not have a top mat of reinforcement. Therefore,
they are structurally inadequate for resisting the uplift forces generated in the
piles by column overturning. To prevent flexural failures of the footings these
footings will be overlayed with 12 inches of concrete that contains horizontal
reinforcement to resist negative bending moments. This overlay will be made to
act compositely with the existing footing by drilling and bonding vertical
reinforcement into the existing footing that will act in shear friction to resist
horizontal shear stresses. The negative bending moment and shear generated
by pile uplift at Bent 2 is given by:
⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞
⎜ ⎜ 6 .0 π ⎟ ⎟
⎛ d ⎞ ⎜ 4 ⎟⎟
− e ⎟ = 5 ⋅ 90 ⋅ ⎜ 6.0 + 3.0 − 2 ⋅ ⎜
d
M footing = Np Tp ⎜ x p1 − e + x p2
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
= 1657 k ⋅ ft
Vfooting = Np Tp = 5 ⋅ 90 = 450 kips
The ultimate moment resistance provided by 16 #6 reinforcing bars is given by:
⎛ 16 ⋅ .44 ⋅ 60 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛ a⎞
Mu = φA s f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = 0.90 ⋅ 16 ⋅ .44 ⋅ 60⎜ 4.64 − 5.5 ⋅ 15 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 12 ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= 1752 k ⋅ ft > 1657 OK
The shearing resistance at the interface of the existing footing and the overlay
that is required to develop composite behavior is:
Vfooting Q 450(1.0 ⋅ 15 ⋅ 2.0 )

ν int erface = = = 5.76 k/ft 2
Ib 1
5 3 ⋅ 15 ⋅ ⋅ 15
12
Therefore, the resistance provided by #5 dowels drilled and bonded in a 5 inch

deep hole is:
E1-39
ν u = φv dowel = 0.85 ⋅ 8.2 = 6.97 kips > 5.76 OK
A pattern of #5 dowels at 12 inches on center in both directions will be sufficient

to resist horizontal shear stresses. Similar overlays will be required on the
remaining footings with the exception of Bent 4, which must have piles added for
flexural strength.
E1-40
2. Footing Retrofit (With Additional Piles)
Only at Bent 4 is the foundation rotational displacement capacity inadequate. In

this case piles will either plunge or uplift an excessive amount. To prevent this,
foundation flexural strength must be increased. This is accomplished by adding
8 - 16” diameter cast-in-drilled hole (CIDH) piles. Because piles must be
installed under the existing superstructure, CIDH piles are used for
constructability reasons. This results in more than enough additional flexural
capacity, but is the minimum number of piles required to achieve a symmetric
pile pattern. The additional piles will increase both the positive and negative
moment demands on the footings.
⎛ π ⎞⎟ ⎛ π ⎞⎟
⎜ 5 .0 ⎜ 5. 0
⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ d ⎞
M fpos = Np1C p ⎜ x 1 − e ⎟ + Np2 C p ⎜ x 2 − e ⎟ = 2 ⋅ 180⎜ 7.33 − 4 ⎟ + 4 ⋅ 180⎜ 4.5 − 4⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 3482 k ⋅ ft
⎛ π ⎞⎟ ⎛ π ⎞⎟
⎜ 5 .0 ⎜ 5 .0
⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ d ⎞
M fneg = Np1Tp ⎜ x 1 − e ⎟ + Np 2 Tp ⎜ x 2 − e ⎟ = 2 ⋅ 90⎜ 7.33 − 4 ⎟ + 4 ⋅ 90⎜ 4.5 − 4⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 1741 k ⋅ ft
Positive moment will be resisted by the bottom reinforcement. Because

additional footing width will be added to accommodate the 8 new piles, additional
bottom bars can be added. Existing bottom bars can be extended into the
widened portion of the footing by exposing the ends of these bars and welding or
mechanically splicing an additional length of bar onto the ends of these existing
bars. Therefore, check the capacity of the existing bottom bars.
⎛ 12 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 60 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛ a⎞ ⎜ 0 . 85 ⋅ 5 . 5 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 12 ⎟ = 2783 k ⋅ ft
Mcexist = φA s f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = 0.9 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 60 4.34 −
⎝ 2⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
There is room to add 6 extra bottom bars in the widened portions of the footing.
The capacity of these additional bars is:
E1-41
⎛ 6 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 60 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛ a⎞
Mcnew = φA s f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = 0.9 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 60⎜ 4.34 − 0.85 ⋅ 3.5 ⋅ 5.67 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 12 ⎟ = 1382 k ⋅ ft
⎝ 2⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
∴ Mctotal = Mcexist + Mcnew = 2783 + 1382 = 4165 k ⋅ ft > 3482 OK
Negative moment can be resisted with an overlay similar to the one designed for
the remaining footings.
Therefore, use 8 new 16” diameter cast-in-drilled hole piles in a footing enlarged
to 17’-8” square and 5’-0” deep. Use a 1’-0” overlay with 16 - #6 bars in each
direction, # 5 drilled and bonded dowels at 12” on center in each direction, and 8
additional - #9 bars in each direction at the bottom of the footing. Details of the
column and footing retrofits are shown in Figure E1-12.
iv. Hinge Retrofit
1. Pipe Seat Extenders
The hinge seat is not wide enough to accommodate the longitudinal movement at
the expansion joint hinge. In addition, the transverse shear keys are not strong
enough to resist the transverse forces developed during the design earthquake.
These problems can be overcome by using 8” xx strong pipe seat extenders that
were developed by Caltrans after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. These seat
extenders will allow 8” of relative longitudinal displacement at the hinges, which
is sufficient to accommodate the 7.6 inches of longitudinal displacement demand.
In addition, these seat extenders will serve as supplemental transverse shear
keys. Test performed by Caltrans have demonstrated that in addition to
accommodating 8 inches of relative displacement, these devises are able to
carry 180 kips of horizontal shear. Because it is assumed that the maximum
transverse shear demand will not occur at the same time as the maximum
relative longitudinal displacement, the existing concrete shear keys will
participate in the resistance to transverse forces. Therefore, the additional shear
capacity required from the seat extenders is given by:
( )
Vdpipeextenders = L f Vd − Vkeys = 1.3(1076 − 536 ) = 702 kips
Notice that a load factor of 1.3 was used to account for misalignment tolerances
of the individual pipe extender units. The required number of seat extenders is
determined as follows:
Vdpipeextenders
Npipeextenders = = 3.9 ∴Use 4 pipe extender units.
180
E1-42
Expansion joint hinge diaphragm bolsters are used to anchor the pipe seat
extenders.
2. Longitudinal Cable Restrainers
Some jurisdictions will use a minimum of two longitudinal cable restrainer units in
conjunction with the seat extenders. These are optional unless it is necessary to
restrain the relative longitudinal displacements at the hinges. In this example,
restrainer units will not be specified. Figure E1-13 includes details of the
expansion joint hinge retrofit.
E1-44
Appendix E1-1
E1-46
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- ! Bent 6 Column and Foundation
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - LONGITUDINAL PUSHOVER C 610 386.29 97.75
! File : RETEX1 C 620 386.29 80.74
! FOUNDATION SPRINGS, C 630 386.29 80.74
! 1. rotation and horiz. translation ==> elastic perfectly plastic !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! 2. vert. dir. ==> Fixed *RESTRAINTS
! Longitudinal direction, !
! Push Each frame at superstructure level S 010 101 ! ABUT 1
! Units: kips, ft S 111 230 ! BENT 2 SPRINGS
! S 111 330 ! BENT 3 SPRINGS
! NOTE : S 111 530 ! BENT 5 SPRINGS
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn S 111 630 ! BENT 6 SPRINGS
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 603 ! ABUT 7
*STARTXX !--------------------------------------------------------------------
retex1 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM LONGITUDINAL *SLAVING
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 305 306 1
*NODECOORDS !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- !*MASSES
! NODES !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! for Longitudinal dir *ELEMENTGROUP
! ----------------------------- !
! Superstructure ! GROUP 1: SUPERSTRUCTURE
C 101 0.00 100.0 2 0 0 .00 SUPERSTRUCTURE
C 102 73.71 100.0 ! stiffness types
C 201 76.71 100.0 ! Bent 2 7 0 1
C 202 79.71 100.0 1 6.62E+05 0.00 51.40 393.70 4 4 2
C 203 195.68 100.0 2 6.62E+05 0.00 179.55 10000.0 4 4 2
C 301 198.68 100.0 ! Bent 3 3 6.62E+05 0.00 49.49 325.99 4 4 2
C 302 201.68 100.0 4 6.62E+05 0.00 44.69 206.04 4 4 2
C 303 221.46 100.0 5 6.62E+05 0.00 41.79 116.32 4 4 2
C 304 241.33 100.0 6 6.62E+05 0.00 39.85 78.84 4 4 2
C 305 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 7 6.62E+05 0.00 93.24 10000.0 4 4 2
C 306 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! HIGH VALUE - NO YIELDING ASSUMED
C 307 269.44 100.0 ! element generation
C 401 271.94 100.0 ! Bent 4 1 101 102 1 1 1
C 402 274.44 100.0 2 102 201 2 1 1
C 403 325.79 100.0 3 201 202 2 1 1
C 501 328.29 100.0 ! Bent 5 4 202 203 1 1 1
C 502 330.79 100.0 5 203 301 2 1 1
C 503 383.79 100.0 6 301 302 2 1 1
C 601 386.29 100.0 ! Bent 6 7 302 303 3 1 1
C 602 388.79 100.0 8 303 304 4 1 1
C 603 448.28 100.0 9 304 305 5 1 1
! Bent 2 Column and Foundation 10 306 307 6 1 1
C 210 76.71 95.79 11 307 401 7 1 1
C 220 76.71 75.79 12 401 402 7 1 1
C 230 76.71 75.79 13 402 403 6 1 1
C 310 198.68 95.79 15 501 502 7 1 1
C 320 198.68 71.29 16 502 503 6 1 1
C 330 198.68 71.29 17 503 601 7 1 1
C 410 271.94 97.75 19 602 603 6 1 1
C 420 271.94 80.74 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
C 430 271.94 80.74 *ELEMENTGROUP
! Bent 5 Column and Foundation ! GROUP 2: Bent 2 & 3 Columns
C 510 328.29 97.75 2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
C 530 328.29 80.74 2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 28.3 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links NSD 001 501 ! TOP OF PIER 5
2 6.62E+05 0.00 28.3 19.4 4 4 2 ! columns NSD 001 601 ! TOP OF PIER 6
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK !
2 3 7895. -7895. 35000 -3625 3.17 .264 3.17 .264 E 001 2 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 2
! element generation !
1 201 210 1 1 1 1 E 001 2 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 3
2 210 220 1 2 2 2 !
3 301 310 1 1 1 1 E 001 3 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 4
4 310 320 1 2 2 2 !
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- E 001 3 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 5
*ELEMENTGROUP !
! GROUP 3: Bent 4 THRU 6 Columns E 001 3 6 ! TOP OF COLUMN 6
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS !
! stiffness types E 001 4 1 10 ! FOUNDATION SPRINGS
2 0 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links *NODALOAD
2 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 9.9 4 4 2 ! columns PUS1 FRAME 1 PUSHOVER PATTERN
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK S 1.0 0.0 201
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! element generation *NODALOAD
1 401 410 1 1 1 1 PUS2 FRAME 2 PUSHOVER PATTERN
2 410 420 1 2 2 2 S 1.0 0.0 401
3 501 510 1 1 1 1 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
4 510 520 1 2 2 2 *PARAMETERS
5 601 610 1 1 1 1 OS 1 0 -1 0
6 610 620 1 2 2 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
!------------------------------------------------------------------- *GRAV Gravity Load Analysis
*ELEMENTGROUP I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
! GROUP 4: Bent foundation Springs !--------------------------------------------------------------------
4 0 0 .00 PILE SPRINGS *STAT Nonlinear pushover analysis
! stiffness types N PUS1
5 D 201 1 0.01 0.500
1 14880 0.00 1240 -1240 1 1 1 ! horizontal !---------------------------------------------------------------------
springs *STAT Nonlinear pushover analysis
2 9984 0.00 832 -832 1 1 1 N PUS2
3 875000 0.00 12150 -12150 1 3 1 ! rotational D 401 1 0.01 0.500
springs !---------------------------------------------------------------------
4 332000 0.00 6150 -6150 1 3 1 *STOP
5 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
! element generation
1 220 230 1 ! horizontal springs
2 320 330 1
3 420 430 2
4 520 530 2
5 620 630 2
6 220 230 3 ! rotational springs
7 320 330 3
8 420 430 4
9 520 530 4
10 620 630 4
11 220 230 5 ! vertical springs
12 320 330 5
13 420 430 5
14 520 530 5
15 620 630 5
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESULTS
NSD 001 201 ! TOP OF PIER 2
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- C 530 328.29 80.74
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - LONGITUDINAL PUSHOVER ! Bent 6 Column and Foundation
! File : RETEXA C 610 386.29 97.75
! 1. rotation and horiz. translation ==> elastic perfectly plastic C 630 386.29 80.74
! 2. vert. dir. ==> Fixed !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! Longitudinal direction, *RESTRAINTS
! Push Each frame at superstructure level !
! Units: kips, ft S 010 101 ! ABUT 1
! 2. 9/15/2004 revised by rvn S 111 630 ! BENT 6 SPRINGS
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 603 ! ABUT 7
*STARTXX !--------------------------------------------------------------------
retexa 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM LONGITUDINAL *SLAVING
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 305 306 1
*NODECOORDS !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- *MASSES
! NODES S 010 1157.0 201 32.2
! for Longitudinal dir S 010 1069.0 301
! ----------------------------- S 010 448.0 401
! Superstructure S 010 457.0 501
C 101 0.00 100.0 S 010 545.0 601
C 102 73.71 100.0 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
C 201 76.71 100.0 ! Bent 2 *ELEMENTGROUP
C 202 79.71 100.0 !
C 203 195.68 100.0 ! GROUP 1: SUPERSTRUCTURE
C 301 198.68 100.0 ! Bent 3 2 0 0 .00 SUPERSTRUCTURE
C 303 221.46 100.0 7 0 1
C 304 241.33 100.0 1 6.62E+05 0.00 51.40 393.70 4 4 2
C 305 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 2 6.62E+05 0.00 179.55 10000.0 4 4 2
C 306 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 3 6.62E+05 0.00 49.49 325.99 4 4 2
C 307 269.44 100.0 4 6.62E+05 0.00 44.69 206.04 4 4 2
C 401 271.94 100.0 ! Bent 4 5 6.62E+05 0.00 41.79 116.32 4 4 2
C 402 274.44 100.0 6 6.62E+05 0.00 39.85 78.84 4 4 2
C 403 325.79 100.0 7 6.62E+05 0.00 93.24 10000.0 4 4 2
C 501 328.29 100.0 ! Bent 5 1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! HIGH VALUE - NO YIELDING ASSUMED
C 503 383.79 100.0 1 101 102 1 1 1
C 601 386.29 100.0 ! Bent 6 2 102 201 2 1 1
C 602 388.79 100.0 3 201 202 2 1 1
C 603 448.28 100.0 4 202 203 1 1 1
C 210 76.71 95.79 6 301 302 2 1 1
C 220 76.71 75.79 7 302 303 3 1 1
C 230 76.71 75.79 8 303 304 4 1 1
C 310 198.68 95.79 10 306 307 6 1 1
C 320 198.68 71.29 11 307 401 7 1 1
C 330 198.68 71.29 12 401 402 7 1 1
C 410 271.94 97.75 14 403 501 7 1 1
C 420 271.94 80.74 15 501 502 7 1 1
C 430 271.94 80.74 16 502 503 6 1 1
C 510 328.29 97.75 18 601 602 7 1 1
C 520 328.29 80.74 19 602 603 6 1 1
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 620 630 5
*ELEMENTGROUP !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! GROUP 2: Bent 2 & 3 Columns *RESULTS
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS NSD 001 201 ! TOP OF PIER 2
! stiffness types NSD 001 301 ! TOP OF PIER 3
2 0 2 NSD 001 401 ! TOP OF PIER 4
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK !
2 3 7895. -7895. 35000 -3625 3.17 .264 3.17 .264 E 001 2 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 2
1 201 210 1 1 1 1 E 001 2 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 3
2 210 220 1 2 2 2 !
3 301 310 1 1 1 1 E 001 3 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 4
4 310 320 1 2 2 2 !
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- E 001 3 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 5
*ELEMENTGROUP !
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS !
2 0 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK S 1.0 0.0 201
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! element generation *PARAMETERS
1 401 410 1 1 1 1 OS 1 0 -1 0
2 410 420 1 2 2 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
3 501 510 1 1 1 1 *GRAV Gravity Load Analysis
4 510 520 1 2 2 2 I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
5 601 610 1 1 1 1 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
6 610 620 1 2 2 2 *STAT Nonlinear pushover analysis
!------------------------------------------------------------------- N PUS1
*ELEMENTGROUP D 201 1 0.01 0.750
! GROUP 4: Bent foundation Springs !---------------------------------------------------------------------
4 0 0 .00 PILE SPRINGS *STOP
! stiffness types
5
1 14880 0.00 1240 -1240 1 1 1 ! horizontal
springs
2 9984 0.00 832 -832 1 1 1
3 875000 0.00 12150 -12150 1 3 1 ! rotational
springs
4 332000 0.00 6150 -6150 1 3 1
5 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
2 320 330 1
3 420 430 2
4 520 530 2
5 620 630 2
7 320 330 3
8 420 430 4
9 520 530 4
10 620 630 4
12 320 330 5
13 420 430 5
14 520 530 5
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- ! Bent 6 Column and Foundation
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - LONGITUDINAL PUSHOVER C 610 386.29 97.75
! File : RETEXB C 620 386.29 80.74
! 1. rotation and horiz. translation ==> elastic perfectly plastic !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! 2. vert. dir. ==> Fixed *RESTRAINTS
! Longitudinal direction, !
! Push Each frame at superstructure level S 010 101 ! ABUT 1
! Units: kips, ft S 111 230 ! BENT 2 SPRINGS
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 603 ! ABUT 7
*STARTXX !--------------------------------------------------------------------
retexb 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM LONGITUDINAL *SLAVING
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 305 306 1
*NODECOORDS !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- *MASSES
! NODES S 010 1157.0 201 32.2
! ----------------------------- S 010 448.0 401
C 101 0.00 100.0 S 010 545.0 601
C 102 73.71 100.0 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
C 202 79.71 100.0 !
C 303 221.46 100.0 7 0 1
C 304 241.33 100.0 1 6.62E+05 0.00 51.40 393.70 4 4 2
C 305 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 2 6.62E+05 0.00 179.55 10000.0 4 4 2
C 306 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 3 6.62E+05 0.00 49.49 325.99 4 4 2
C 307 269.44 100.0 4 6.62E+05 0.00 44.69 206.04 4 4 2
C 401 271.94 100.0 ! Bent 4 5 6.62E+05 0.00 41.79 116.32 4 4 2
C 402 274.44 100.0 6 6.62E+05 0.00 39.85 78.84 4 4 2
C 403 325.79 100.0 7 6.62E+05 0.00 93.24 10000.0 4 4 2
C 503 383.79 100.0 1 101 102 1 1 1
C 601 386.29 100.0 ! Bent 6 2 102 201 2 1 1
C 602 388.79 100.0 3 201 202 2 1 1
C 603 448.28 100.0 4 202 203 1 1 1
C 210 76.71 95.79 6 301 302 2 1 1
C 220 76.71 75.79 7 302 303 3 1 1
C 230 76.71 75.79 8 303 304 4 1 1
C 310 198.68 95.79 10 306 307 6 1 1
C 320 198.68 71.29 11 307 401 7 1 1
C 330 198.68 71.29 12 401 402 7 1 1
C 410 271.94 97.75 14 403 501 7 1 1
C 420 271.94 80.74 15 501 502 7 1 1
C 430 271.94 80.74 16 502 503 6 1 1
C 510 328.29 97.75 18 601 602 7 1 1
C 520 328.29 80.74 19 602 603 6 1 1
C 530 328.29 80.74 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 0 2 NSD 001 401 ! TOP OF PIER 4
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK !
2 3 7895. -7895. 35000 -3625 3.17 .264 3.17 .264 E 001 2 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 2
1 201 210 1 1 1 1 E 001 2 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 3
2 210 220 1 2 2 2 !
3 301 310 1 1 1 1 E 001 3 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 4
4 310 320 1 2 2 2 !
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- E 001 3 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 5
*ELEMENTGROUP !
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS !
2 0 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK S 1.0 0.0 401
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 401 410 1 1 1 1 OS 1 0 -1 0
2 410 420 1 2 2 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
4 510 520 1 2 2 2 I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
5 601 610 1 1 1 1 !---------------------------------------------------------------------
!------------------------------------------------------------------- N PUS2
! stiffness types
5
1 14880 0.00 1240 -1240 1 1 1 ! horizontal
springs
2 9984 0.00 832 -832 1 1 1
3 875000 0.00 12150 -12150 1 3 1 ! rotational
springs
4 332000 0.00 6150 -6150 1 3 1
5 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
2 320 330 1
3 420 430 2
4 520 530 2
5 620 630 2
7 320 330 3
8 420 430 4
9 520 530 4
10 620 630 4
12 320 330 5
13 420 430 5
14 520 530 5
15 620 630 5
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 220 230 1 ! horizontal springs
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - TRANSVERSE BENT 2 PUSHOVER 2 220 230 2 ! rotational springs
! File : RETBT2 3 220 230 3 ! vertical springs
! FOUNDATION SPRINGS, !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! 1. rotation and horiz. translation ==> elastic perfectly plastic *RESULTS
! 2. vert. dir. ==> Fixed NSD 001 201 ! TOP OF PIER 2
! Transverse direction, !
! Push column at superstructure level E 001 1 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 2
! Units: kips, ft !
! E 001 2 1 3 ! FOUNDATION SPRINGS
! !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! NOTE : *NODALOAD
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn PUS1 FRAME 1 PUSHOVER PATTERN
! 2. 9/14/2004 rvn S 1.0 0.0 201
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- !--------------------------------------------------------------------
*STARTXX *PARAMETERS
retBT2 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM TRANSVERSE B2 OS 1 0 -1 0
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- !--------------------------------------------------------------------
*NODECOORDS *GRAV Gravity Load Analysis
! ----------------------------- I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
! NODES !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! for Transverse B2 dir *STAT Nonlinear pushover analysis
! ----------------------------- N PUS1
! Superstructure D 201 1 0.01 1.500
C 201 76.71 100.0 ! Bent 2 !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! Bent 2 Column and Foundation *STOP
C 210 76.71 95.79
C 220 76.71 75.79
C 230 76.71 75.79
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESTRAINTS
!
S 111 230 ! BENT 2 SPRINGS
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
!*MASSES
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! GROUP 2: Bent 2 Column
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
! stiffness types
2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 28.3 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links
2 6.62E+05 0.00 28.3 19.4 4 4 2 ! columns
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK
2 3 7895. -7895. 35000 -3625 3.17 .264 3.17 .264
1 201 210 1 1 1 1
2 210 220 1 2 2 2
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! GROUP 4: Bent foundation Springs
4 0 0 .00 PILE SPRINGS
! stiffness types
3
1 14880 0.00 1240 -1240 1 1 1 ! horizontal
springs
2 875000 0.00 12150 -12150 1 3 1 ! rotational
springs
3 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 320 330 1 ! horizontal springs
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - TRANSVERSE BENT 3 PUSHOVER 2 320 330 2 ! rotational springs
! File : RETBT3 3 320 330 3 ! vertical springs
! FOUNDATION SPRINGS, !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! 1. rotation and horiz. translation ==> elastic perfectly plastic *RESULTS
! 2. vert. dir. ==> Fixed NSD 001 301 ! TOP OF PIER 3
! Transverse direction, !
! Push Each frame at superstructure level E 001 1 2 ! BOTTOM OF COLUMN 3
! Units: kips, ft !
! E 001 2 1 3 ! FOUNDATION SPRINGS
! !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! NOTE : *NODALOAD
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn PUS1 BENT 3 PUSHOVER PATTERN
! 2. 9/14/2004 rvn S 1.0 0.0 301
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- !--------------------------------------------------------------------
*STARTXX *PARAMETERS
retbt3 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM LONGITUDINAL OS 1 0 -1 0
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- !--------------------------------------------------------------------
*NODECOORDS *GRAV Gravity Load Analysis
! ----------------------------- I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
! NODES !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! for Transverse dir *STAT Nonlinear pushover analysis
! ----------------------------- N PUS1
! Superstructure D 301 1 0.01 2.000
C 301 198.68 100.0 ! Bent 3 !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! Bent 3 Column and Foundation *STOP
C 310 198.68 95.79
C 320 198.68 71.29
C 330 198.68 71.29
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESTRAINTS
!
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*MASSES
S 010 33.2 301
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! GROUP 2: Bent 2 & 3 Columns
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
! stiffness types
2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 28.3 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links
2 6.62E+05 0.00 28.3 19.4 4 4 2 ! columns
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK
2 3 7895. -7895. 35000 -3625 3.17 .264 3.17 .264
1 301 310 1 1 1 1
2 310 320 1 2 2 2
*ELEMENTGROUP
! stiffness types
3
1 14880 0.00 1240 -1240 1 1 1 ! horizontal
springs
2 875000 0.00 12150 -12150 1 3 1 ! rotational
springs
3 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 420 430 2
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - TRANSVERSE PUSHOVER - BT 4 3 420 430 3
! File : RETBT4 !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! FOUNDATION SPRINGS, *RESULTS
! 1. rotation and horiz. translation ==> elastic perfectly plastic NSD 001 401 ! TOP OF PIER 4
! 2. vert. dir. ==> Fixed !
! Transverse direction, E 001 1 2 ! BOTTOM OF COLUMN 4
! Units: kips, ft E 001 2 1 3 ! FOUNDATION SPRINGS
! !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! *NODALOAD
! NOTE : PUS2 BENT 4 PUSHOVER PATTERN
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn S 1.0 0.0 401
! 2. 9/15/2004 rvn !--------------------------------------------------------------------
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- *PARAMETERS
*STARTXX OS 1 0 -1 0
retbt4 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM LONGITUDINAL !--------------------------------------------------------------------
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- *GRAV Gravity Load Analysis
*NODECOORDS I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
! ----------------------------- !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! NODES *STAT Nonlinear pushover analysis
! for Transverse dir N PUS2
! ----------------------------- D 401 1 0.01 2.000
! Superstructure !---------------------------------------------------------------------
C 401 271.94 100.0 ! Bent 4 *STOP
! Bent 4 Column and Foundation
C 410 271.94 97.75
C 420 271.94 80.74
C 430 271.94 80.74
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESTRAINTS
!
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*MASSES
S 010 448.0 401 32.2
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! GROUP 3: Bent 4 THRU 6 Columns
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
! stiffness types
2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links
2 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 9.9 4 4 2 ! columns
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333
1 401 410 1 1 1 1
2 410 420 1 2 2 2
!-------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! stiffness types
3
1 9984 0.00 832 -832 1 1 1
2 332000 0.00 6150 -6150 1 3 1
3 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
1 420 430 1
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 520 530 2
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - TRANSVERSE PUSHOVER 3 520 530 3
! File : RETBT5 !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! Transverse direction, E 001 1 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 5
! Push Each frame at superstructure level E 001 2 1 3 ! FOUNDATION SPRINGS
! Units: kips, ft !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! *NODALOAD
! PUS2 FRAME 2 PUSHOVER PATTERN
! NOTE : S 1.0 0.0 501
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! 2. 9/19/2004 revised by rvn *PARAMETERS
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- OS 1 0 -1 0
*STARTXX !--------------------------------------------------------------------
retbt5 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM TRANSVERSE *GRAV Gravity Load Analysis
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
*NODECOORDS !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- *STAT Nonlinear pushover analysis
! NODES N PUS2
! for Transverse dir D 501 1 0.01 1.500
! ----------------------------- !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! Superstructure *STOP
C 501 328.29 100.0 ! Bent 5
C 510 328.29 97.75
C 520 328.29 80.74
C 530 328.29 80.74
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESTRAINTS
!
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*MASSES
S 010 457.0 501 32.2
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! GROUP 3: Bent 5
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
! stiffness types
2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links
2 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 9.9 4 4 2 ! columns
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333
1 501 510 1 1 1 1
2 510 520 1 2 2 2
!-------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! stiffness types
3
1 9984 0.00 832 -832 1 1 1
2 332000 0.00 6150 -6150 1 3 1
3 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
1 520 530 1
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 620 630 2
! File : RETBT6 !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! Push Bent at superstructure level !
! !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! *NODALOAD
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn S 1.0 0.0 601
! 2. 9/19/04 revised by rvn !--------------------------------------------------------------------
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- *PARAMETERS
retbt6 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM TRANSVERSE !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- D 601 1 0.01 1.500
! Superstructure !---------------------------------------------------------------------
C 601 386.29 100.0 ! Bent 6 *STOP
C 610 386.29 97.75
C 620 386.29 80.74
C 630 386.29 80.74
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESTRAINTS
!
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*MASSES
S 010 545.0 601 32.2
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
! stiffness types
2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links
2 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 9.9 4 4 2 ! columns
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333
1 601 610 1 1 1 1
2 610 620 1 2 2 2
!-------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! stiffness types
3
1 9984 0.00 832 -832 1 1 1
2 332000 0.00 6150 -6150 1 3 1
3 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
1 620 630 1
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- C 530 328.29 80.74
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - LONGITUDINAL PUSHOVER - STRATEGY EVALUATION ! Bent 6 Column and Foundation
! File : SETEXA C 610 386.29 97.75
! 2. vert. dir. ==> Fixed !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! 2. 9/15/2004 revised by rvn S 111 630 ! BENT 6 SPRINGS
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 603 ! ABUT 7
*STARTXX !--------------------------------------------------------------------
setexa 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM LONGITUDINAL *SLAVING
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 305 306 1
*NODECOORDS !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- *MASSES
! NODES S 010 1157.0 201 32.2
! ----------------------------- S 010 448.0 401
C 101 0.00 100.0 S 010 545.0 601
C 102 73.71 100.0 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
C 202 79.71 100.0 !
C 303 221.46 100.0 7 0 1
C 304 241.33 100.0 1 6.62E+05 0.00 51.40 393.70 4 4 2
C 305 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 2 6.62E+05 0.00 179.55 10000.0 4 4 2
C 306 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 3 6.62E+05 0.00 49.49 325.99 4 4 2
C 307 269.44 100.0 4 6.62E+05 0.00 44.69 206.04 4 4 2
C 401 271.94 100.0 ! Bent 4 5 6.62E+05 0.00 41.79 116.32 4 4 2
C 402 274.44 100.0 6 6.62E+05 0.00 39.85 78.84 4 4 2
C 403 325.79 100.0 7 6.62E+05 0.00 93.24 10000.0 4 4 2
C 503 383.79 100.0 1 101 102 1 1 1
C 601 386.29 100.0 ! Bent 6 2 102 201 2 1 1
C 602 388.79 100.0 3 201 202 2 1 1
C 603 448.28 100.0 4 202 203 1 1 1
C 210 76.71 95.79 6 301 302 2 1 1
C 220 76.71 75.79 7 302 303 3 1 1
C 230 76.71 75.79 8 303 304 4 1 1
C 310 198.68 95.79 10 306 307 6 1 1
C 320 198.68 71.29 11 307 401 7 1 1
C 330 198.68 71.29 12 401 402 7 1 1
C 410 271.94 97.75 14 403 501 7 1 1
C 420 271.94 80.74 15 501 502 7 1 1
C 430 271.94 80.74 16 502 503 6 1 1
C 510 328.29 97.75 18 601 602 7 1 1
C 520 328.29 80.74 19 602 603 6 1 1
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 620 630 5
*ELEMENTGROUP !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 0 2 NSD 001 401 ! TOP OF PIER 4
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK !
2 3 7895. -7895. 35000 -3625 3.17 .264 3.17 .264 E 001 2 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 2
1 201 210 1 1 1 1 E 001 2 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 3
2 210 220 1 2 2 2 !
3 301 310 1 1 1 1 E 001 3 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 4
4 310 320 1 2 2 2 !
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- E 001 3 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 5
*ELEMENTGROUP !
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS !
2 0 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK S 1.0 0.0 201
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 401 410 1 1 1 1 OS 1 0 -1 0
2 410 420 1 2 2 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
4 510 520 1 2 2 2 I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
5 601 610 1 1 1 1 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
!------------------------------------------------------------------- N PUS1
! stiffness types
5
1 14880 0.00 1240 -1240 1 1 1 ! horizontal
springs
2 9984 0.00 832 -832 1 1 1
3 875000 0.00 12150 -12150 1 3 1 ! rotational
springs
4 332000 0.00 9225 -9225 1 3 1
5 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
2 320 330 1
3 420 430 2
4 520 530 2
5 620 630 2
7 320 330 3
8 420 430 4
9 520 530 4
10 620 630 4
12 320 330 5
13 420 430 5
14 520 530 5
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- C 530 328.29 80.74
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - LONGITUDINAL PUSHOVER - STRATEGY EVALUATION ! Bent 6 Column and Foundation
! File : SETEXB C 610 386.29 97.75
! 2. vert. dir. ==> Fixed !--------------------------------------------------------------------
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 603 ! ABUT 7
*STARTXX !--------------------------------------------------------------------
setexb 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM LONGITUDINAL *SLAVING
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- S 010 305 306 1
*NODECOORDS !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- *MASSES
! NODES S 010 1157.0 201 32.2
! ----------------------------- S 010 448.0 401
C 101 0.00 100.0 S 010 545.0 601
C 102 73.71 100.0 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
C 202 79.71 100.0 !
C 303 221.46 100.0 7 0 1
C 304 241.33 100.0 1 6.62E+05 0.00 51.40 393.70 4 4 2
C 305 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 2 6.62E+05 0.00 179.55 10000.0 4 4 2
C 306 261.19 100.0 ! Hinge 3 6.62E+05 0.00 49.49 325.99 4 4 2
C 307 269.44 100.0 4 6.62E+05 0.00 44.69 206.04 4 4 2
C 401 271.94 100.0 ! Bent 4 5 6.62E+05 0.00 41.79 116.32 4 4 2
C 402 274.44 100.0 6 6.62E+05 0.00 39.85 78.84 4 4 2
C 403 325.79 100.0 7 6.62E+05 0.00 93.24 10000.0 4 4 2
C 503 383.79 100.0 1 101 102 1 1 1
C 601 386.29 100.0 ! Bent 6 2 102 201 2 1 1
C 602 388.79 100.0 3 201 202 2 1 1
C 603 448.28 100.0 4 202 203 1 1 1
C 210 76.71 95.79 6 301 302 2 1 1
C 220 76.71 75.79 7 302 303 3 1 1
C 230 76.71 75.79 8 303 304 4 1 1
C 310 198.68 95.79 10 306 307 6 1 1
C 320 198.68 71.29 11 307 401 7 1 1
C 330 198.68 71.29 12 401 402 7 1 1
C 410 271.94 97.75 14 403 501 7 1 1
C 420 271.94 80.74 15 501 502 7 1 1
C 430 271.94 80.74 16 502 503 6 1 1
C 510 328.29 97.75 18 601 602 7 1 1
C 520 328.29 80.74 19 602 603 6 1 1
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 620 630 5
*ELEMENTGROUP !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 0 2 NSD 001 401 ! TOP OF PIER 4
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK !
2 3 7895. -7895. 35000 -3625 3.17 .264 3.17 .264 E 001 2 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 2
1 201 210 1 1 1 1 E 001 2 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 3
2 210 220 1 2 2 2 !
3 301 310 1 1 1 1 E 001 3 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 4
4 310 320 1 2 2 2 !
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- E 001 3 4 ! TOP OF COLUMN 5
*ELEMENTGROUP !
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS !
2 0 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK S 1.0 0.0 401
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 401 410 1 1 1 1 OS 1 0 -1 0
2 410 420 1 2 2 2 !--------------------------------------------------------------------
4 510 520 1 2 2 2 I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
5 601 610 1 1 1 1 !---------------------------------------------------------------------
!------------------------------------------------------------------- N PUS2
! stiffness types
5
1 14880 0.00 1240 -1240 1 1 1 ! horizontal
springs
2 9984 0.00 1248 -1248 1 1 1
3 875000 0.00 12150 -12150 1 3 1 ! rotational
springs
4 332000 0.00 9225 -9225 1 3 1
5 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
2 320 330 1
3 420 430 2
4 520 530 2
5 620 630 2
7 320 330 3
8 420 430 4
9 520 530 4
10 620 630 4
12 320 330 5
13 420 430 5
14 520 530 5
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 420 430 2
! RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1 - TRANSVERSE PUSHOVER - BT 4 3 420 430 3
! File : SETBT4 !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! *NODALOAD
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn S 1.0 0.0 401
! 2. 9/15/2004 rvn !--------------------------------------------------------------------
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- *PARAMETERS
setbt4 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM LONGITUDINAL !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- D 401 1 0.01 2.000
! Superstructure !---------------------------------------------------------------------
C 401 271.94 100.0 ! Bent 4 *STOP
C 410 271.94 97.75
C 420 271.94 80.74
C 430 271.94 80.74
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESTRAINTS
!
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*MASSES
S 010 448.0 401 32.2
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! GROUP 3: Bent 4 THRU 6 Columns
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
! stiffness types
2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links
2 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 9.9 4 4 2 ! columns
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333
1 401 410 1 1 1 1
2 410 420 1 2 2 2
!-------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! stiffness types
3
1 9984 0.00 1248 -1248 1 1 1
2 332000 0.00 9225 -9225 1 3 1
3 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
1 420 430 1
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 520 530 2
! File : SETBT5 !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! Transverse direction, E 001 1 2 ! TOP OF COLUMN 5
! Push Each frame at superstructure level E 001 2 1 3 ! FOUNDATION SPRINGS
! Units: kips, ft !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! *NODALOAD
! PUS2 FRAME 2 PUSHOVER PATTERN
! NOTE : S 1.0 0.0 501
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! 2. 9/19/2004 revised by rvn *PARAMETERS
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- OS 1 0 -1 0
*STARTXX !--------------------------------------------------------------------
setbt5 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM TRANSVERSE *GRAV Gravity Load Analysis
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- I 32.2 0 -1 ! Gravity
*NODECOORDS !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- *STAT Nonlinear pushover analysis
! NODES N PUS2
! for Transverse dir D 501 1 0.01 1.500
! ----------------------------- !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! Superstructure *STOP
C 501 328.29 100.0 ! Bent 5
C 510 328.29 97.75
C 520 328.29 80.74
C 530 328.29 80.74
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESTRAINTS
!
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*MASSES
S 010 457.0 501 32.2
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! GROUP 3: Bent 5
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
! stiffness types
2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links
2 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 9.9 4 4 2 ! columns
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333
1 501 510 1 1 1 1
2 510 520 1 2 2 2
!-------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! stiffness types
3
1 9984 0.00 1248 -1248 1 1 1
2 332000 0.00 9225 -9225 1 3 1
3 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
1 520 530 1
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 620 630 2
! File : SETBT6 !-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! Push Bent at superstructure level !
! !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! *NODALOAD
! 1. 2/3/2004 rvn S 1.0 0.0 601
! 2. 9/19/04 revised by rvn !--------------------------------------------------------------------
!-------------------------------------------------------------------- *PARAMETERS
setbt6 0 1 1 0 F EXAMPLE PROBLEM TRANSVERSE !--------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- !---------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------- D 601 1 0.01 1.500
! Superstructure !---------------------------------------------------------------------
C 601 386.29 100.0 ! Bent 6 *STOP
C 610 386.29 97.75
C 620 386.29 80.74
C 630 386.29 80.74
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*RESTRAINTS
!
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*MASSES
S 010 545.0 601 32.2
!--------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
2 0 1 .00 COLUMNS
! stiffness types
2 0 2
1 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 100000.00 4 4 2 ! rigid links
2 6.62E+05 0.00 19.6 9.9 4 4 2 ! columns
1 1 10E09 -10E09 ! RIGID LINK
2 3 5556. -5556. 21000. -3522. 4.54 .333 4.54 .333
1 601 610 1 1 1 1
2 610 620 1 2 2 2
!-------------------------------------------------------------------
*ELEMENTGROUP
! stiffness types
3
1 9984 0.00 1248 -1248 1 1 1
2 332000 0.00 9225 -9225 1 3 1
3 1000000 0.00 1000000 -1000000 1 2 1 ! vertical
1 620 630 1
Appendix E1-2
E1-47
SEISAB "EXAMPLE 1 - WEST COAST BRIDGE" C ***********************************
STATIC ANALYSIS C PILE SUB BLOCK *
OUTPUT LEVEL 2 C ***********************************
C AS-BUILT ANALYSIS PILE 'PILE' "TYPICAL PILE"
C ************************************ STIFFNESS
C ALIGNMENT DATA BLOCK * KF1F1 480.
C ************************************ KF1M3 0.
ALIGNMENT OFFSET L 15.5 KF2F2 4040.
STATION 18 + 00.00 KF3F3 480.
COORDINATES N 10000.00 E 10000.00 KF3M1 0.0
BEARING N 56 44 15 W KM1M1 0.0
BC 18 + 85.15 KM2M2 0.0
RADIUS R 600.0 KM3M3 0.0
BEARING N 28 08 04 W C ***********************************
BC 21 + 84.68 C FOOTING DATA BLOCK *
RADIUS R 590.0 C ***********************************
BEARING N 07 02 34 W FOOTING
C ************************************ PILE '23' "PIERS 2 & 3"
C SPAN DATA BLOCK * TOP LAYOUT
C ************************************ 1 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -6.0
SPANS 2 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -3.0
LENGTHS /1.0,74.6,3.0/,/3.0,118.97,3.0/, - 3 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -0.0
/3.0,20.34,20.35,20.35,8.52,2.5/,/2.5,52.73,2.5/, - 4 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 3.0
/2.5,54.43,2.5/,/2.5,60.01,1.0/ 5 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 6.0
AREA /179.6,51.4,179.6/,/179.6,51.4,179.6/, - 6 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -6.0
/179.6,49.5,45.7,41.8,39.9,93.2/, - 7 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -3.0
/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/ 8 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -0.0
I11 /2280,897,2280/,/2280,897,2280/, - 9 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 3.0
/2280,761,510,304,214,318/, - 10 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 6.0
/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/ 11 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -6.0
I22 /9928,3855,9928/,/9928,3855,9928/, - 12 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -3.0
/9928,3717,3440,3161,3021,5552/, - 13 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -0.0
/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/ 14 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 3.0
I33 /790,394,790/,/790,394,790/, - 15 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 6.0
/790,326,206,116,79,110/, - 16 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -6.0
/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/ 17 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -3.0
DENSITY .150 18 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -0.0
WEIGHT 1.50 19 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 3.0
E 609000. 20 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** 21 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -6.0
C DESCRIBE DATA BLOCK * 22 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -3.0
C *********************************** 23 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -0.0
DESCRIBE 24 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 3.0
C *********************************** 25 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 6.0
C COLUMN SUB BLOCK * PILE '456' "PIERS 4,5 & 6"
C *********************************** TOP LAYOUT
COLUMN 'SIX' "SIX FT ROUND COL" 1 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 -4.5
AREA 28.3 2 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 -1.5
I11 25.4 3 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 1.5
I22 19.4 4 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 4.5
I33 19.4 5 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -4.5
DENSITY .150 6 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -1.5
E 661680. 7 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 1.5
COLUMN 'FIVE' "FIVE FT ROUND COL" 8 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 4.5
AREA 19.6 9 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -4.5
I11 12.3 10 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -1.5
I22 9.9 11 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 1.5
I33 9.9 12 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 4.5
DENSITY .150 13 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -4.5
E 661680. 14 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -1.5
15 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 1.5 C ARBITRARY CURVE
16 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 4.5 C PERIOD .000 .150 .75 .80 .90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 -
C ********************************** C 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.25 2.50 3.0
C ABUTMENT DATA BLOCK * C VALUE .800 2.00 2.00 1.875 1.667 1.5 1.364 1.25 1.154 1.07 -
C ********************************** C 1.00 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.75 0.667 0.600 0.500
ABUTMENT STATION 18 + 65.99 C GRAVITY 32.2
CONNECTION PIN AT ABUTMENT 1 7 FINISH
C **********************************
C BENT DATA BLOCK *
C **********************************
BENT
HEIGHT 24.21,28.71,19.26,21.65,23.95
COLUMN 'SIX' AT BENT 2,3
COLUMN 'FIVE' AT BENT 4,5,6
COLUMN TOP END JOINT SIZE 4.21 AT BENT 2,3
COLUMN TOP END JOINT SIZE 2.25 AT BENT 4,5,6
C **********************************
C FOUNDATION DATA BLOCK *
C **********************************
FOUNDATION
AT BENT 2,3
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '23'
WEIGHT 27.0 $ EFFECTIVE PILE CAP WEIGHT -(GAMMA(CONC)-GAMMA(SOIL))
AT BENT 4,5,6
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '456'
AT ABUTMENT 1
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 16330.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 100.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
AT ABUTMENT 7
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 5.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 100.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
C *********************************
C LOADS DATA BLOCK *
C *********************************
LOADS
STATICS ANALYSIS
C RESPONSE SPECTRUM
C MODE SHAPES 20
C DIRECTION FACTORS
C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.0 "LONGIT"
C X 0.0 Y 0.0 Z 1.0 "TRANS"
C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.4 "CASE I"
C X 0.4 Y 0.0 Z 1.0 "CASE II"
SEISAB "EXAMPLE 1 - WEST COAST BRIDGE" C PILE SUB BLOCK *
RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS C ***********************************
C AS-BUILT ANALYSIS - TENSION PILE 'PILE' "TYPICAL PILE"
C ************************************ STIFFNESS
C ************************************ KF1M3 0.
STATION 18 + 00.00 KF3F3 480.
BC 18 + 85.15 KM2M2 0.0
BEARING N 28 08 04 W C ***********************************
RADIUS R 590.0 C ***********************************
C ************************************ PILE '23' "PIERS 2 & 3"
C ************************************ 1 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -6.0
SPANS 2 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -3.0
LENGTHS /1.0,74.6,3.0/,/3.0,118.97,3.0/, - 3 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -0.0
/3.0,20.34,20.35,20.35,8.52,2.5/,/2.5,52.73,2.5/, - 4 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 3.0
/2.5,54.43,2.5/,/2.5,60.01,1.0/ 5 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 6.0
AREA /179.6,51.4,179.6/,/179.6,51.4,179.6/, - 6 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -6.0
/179.6,49.5,45.7,41.8,39.9,93.2/, - 7 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -3.0
/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/ 8 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -0.0
I11 /2280,897,2280/,/2280,897,2280/, - 9 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 3.0
/2280,761,510,304,214,318/, - 10 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 6.0
/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/ 11 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -6.0
I22 /9928,3855,9928/,/9928,3855,9928/, - 12 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -3.0
/9928,3717,3440,3161,3021,5552/, - 13 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -0.0
/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/ 14 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 3.0
I33 /790,394,790/,/790,394,790/, - 15 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 6.0
/790,326,206,116,79,110/, - 16 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -6.0
/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/ 17 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -3.0
DENSITY .150 18 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -0.0
WEIGHT 1.50 19 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 3.0
E 609000. 20 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** 21 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -6.0
C *********************************** 23 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -0.0
C *********************************** 25 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** TOP LAYOUT
AREA 28.3 2 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 -1.5
I11 25.4 3 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 1.5
I22 19.4 4 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 4.5
I33 19.4 5 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -4.5
DENSITY .150 6 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -1.5
E 661680. 7 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 1.5
AREA 19.6 9 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -4.5
I11 12.3 10 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -1.5
I22 9.9 11 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 1.5
I33 9.9 12 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 4.5
DENSITY .150 13 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -4.5
E 661680. 14 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -1.5
C *********************************** 15 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 1.5
16 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 4.5 RESPONSE SPECTRUM
C ********************************** MODE SHAPES 20
C ABUTMENT DATA BLOCK * DIRECTION FACTORS
C ********************************** C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.0 "LONGIT"
ABUTMENT STATION 18 + 65.99 C X 0.0 Y 0.0 Z 1.0 "TRANS"
CONNECTION PIN AT ABUTMENT 1 7 C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.4 "CASE I"
C ********************************** C X 0.4 Y 0.0 Z 1.0 "CASE II"
C HINGE DATA BLOCK * ARBITRARY CURVE
C ********************************** PERIOD .000 .150 .75 .80 .90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 -
HINGE 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.25 2.50 3.0
AT 3 62.5 VALUE .800 2.00 2.00 1.875 1.667 1.5 1.364 1.25 1.154 1.07 -
WEIGHT 17.5 1.00 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.75 0.667 0.600 0.500
TRANS PIN GRAVITY 32.2
LONG FREE FINISH
TORSION FREE
C **********************************
C BENT DATA BLOCK *
C **********************************
BENT
HEIGHT 24.21,28.71,19.26,21.65,23.95
C **********************************
C **********************************
FOUNDATION
AT BENT 2,3
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '23'
AT BENT 4,5,6
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '456'
AT ABUTMENT 1
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 1750.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
AT ABUTMENT 7
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 1750.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
C *********************************
C *********************************
LOADS
C AS-BUILT ANALYSIS - COMPRESSION ABUT 1 PILE 'PILE' "TYPICAL PILE"
C ************************************ STIFFNESS
C ************************************ KF1M3 0.
STATION 18 + 00.00 KF3F3 480.
BC 18 + 85.15 KM2M2 0.0
BEARING N 28 08 04 W C ***********************************
RADIUS R 590.0 C ***********************************
C ************************************ PILE '23' "PIERS 2 & 3"
C ************************************ 1 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -6.0
SPANS 2 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -3.0
LENGTHS /1.0,74.6,3.0/,/3.0,118.97,3.0/, - 3 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -0.0
/3.0,20.34,20.35,20.35,8.52,2.5/,/2.5,52.73,2.5/, - 4 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 3.0
/2.5,54.43,2.5/,/2.5,60.01,1.0/ 5 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 6.0
AREA /179.6,51.4,179.6/,/179.6,51.4,179.6/, - 6 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -6.0
/179.6,49.5,45.7,41.8,39.9,93.2/, - 7 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -3.0
/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/ 8 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -0.0
I11 /2280,897,2280/,/2280,897,2280/, - 9 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 3.0
/2280,761,510,304,214,318/, - 10 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 6.0
/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/ 11 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -6.0
I22 /9928,3855,9928/,/9928,3855,9928/, - 12 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -3.0
/9928,3717,3440,3161,3021,5552/, - 13 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -0.0
/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/ 14 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 3.0
I33 /790,394,790/,/790,394,790/, - 15 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 6.0
/790,326,206,116,79,110/, - 16 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -6.0
/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/ 17 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -3.0
DENSITY .150 18 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -0.0
WEIGHT 1.50 19 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 3.0
E 609000. 20 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** 21 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -6.0
C *********************************** 23 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -0.0
C *********************************** 25 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** TOP LAYOUT
AREA 28.3 2 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 -1.5
I11 25.4 3 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 1.5
I22 19.4 4 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 4.5
I33 19.4 5 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -4.5
DENSITY .150 6 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -1.5
E 661680. 7 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 1.5
AREA 19.6 9 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -4.5
I11 12.3 10 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -1.5
I22 9.9 11 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 1.5
I33 9.9 12 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 4.5
DENSITY .150 13 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -4.5
E 661680. 14 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -1.5
C *********************************** 15 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 1.5
C ********************************** MODE SHAPES 20
C ********************************** C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.0 "LONGIT"
C ********************************** C X 0.4 Y 0.0 Z 1.0 "CASE II"
C ********************************** PERIOD .000 .150 .75 .80 .90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 -
HINGE 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.25 2.50 3.0
AT 3 62.5 VALUE .800 2.00 2.00 1.875 1.667 1.5 1.364 1.25 1.154 1.07 -
WEIGHT 17.5 1.00 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.75 0.667 0.600 0.500
LONG PIN FINISH
TORSION FREE
C **********************************
C BENT DATA BLOCK *
C **********************************
BENT
HEIGHT 24.21,28.71,19.26,21.65,23.95
C **********************************
C **********************************
FOUNDATION
AT BENT 2,3
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '23'
AT BENT 4,5,6
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '456'
AT ABUTMENT 1
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 2500.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
AT ABUTMENT 7
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 5.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
C *********************************
C *********************************
LOADS
C AS-BUILT ANALYSIS - COMPRESSION ABUT 7 PILE 'PILE' "TYPICAL PILE"
C ************************************ STIFFNESS
C ************************************ KF1M3 0.
STATION 18 + 00.00 KF3F3 480.
BC 18 + 85.15 KM2M2 0.0
BEARING N 28 08 04 W C ***********************************
RADIUS R 590.0 C ***********************************
C ************************************ PILE '23' "PIERS 2 & 3"
C ************************************ 1 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -6.0
SPANS 2 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -3.0
LENGTHS /1.0,74.6,3.0/,/3.0,118.97,3.0/, - 3 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -0.0
/3.0,20.34,20.35,20.35,8.52,2.5/,/2.5,52.73,2.5/, - 4 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 3.0
/2.5,54.43,2.5/,/2.5,60.01,1.0/ 5 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 6.0
AREA /179.6,51.4,179.6/,/179.6,51.4,179.6/, - 6 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -6.0
/179.6,49.5,45.7,41.8,39.9,93.2/, - 7 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -3.0
/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/ 8 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -0.0
I11 /2280,897,2280/,/2280,897,2280/, - 9 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 3.0
/2280,761,510,304,214,318/, - 10 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 6.0
/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/ 11 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -6.0
I22 /9928,3855,9928/,/9928,3855,9928/, - 12 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -3.0
/9928,3717,3440,3161,3021,5552/, - 13 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -0.0
/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/ 14 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 3.0
I33 /790,394,790/,/790,394,790/, - 15 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 6.0
/790,326,206,116,79,110/, - 16 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -6.0
/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/ 17 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -3.0
DENSITY .150 18 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -0.0
WEIGHT 1.50 19 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 3.0
E 609000. 20 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** 21 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -6.0
C *********************************** 23 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -0.0
C *********************************** 25 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** TOP LAYOUT
AREA 28.3 2 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 -1.5
I11 25.4 3 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 1.5
I22 19.4 4 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 4.5
I33 19.4 5 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -4.5
DENSITY .150 6 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -1.5
E 661680. 7 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 1.5
AREA 19.6 9 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -4.5
I11 12.3 10 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -1.5
I22 9.9 11 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 1.5
I33 9.9 12 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 4.5
DENSITY .150 13 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -4.5
E 661680. 14 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -1.5
C *********************************** 15 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 1.5
C ********************************** MODE SHAPES 20
C ********************************** C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.0 "LONGIT"
C ********************************** C X 0.4 Y 0.0 Z 1.0 "CASE II"
C ********************************** PERIOD .000 .150 .75 .80 .90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 -
HINGE 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.25 2.50 3.0
AT 3 62.5 VALUE .800 2.00 2.00 1.875 1.667 1.5 1.364 1.25 1.154 1.07 -
WEIGHT 17.5 1.00 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.75 0.667 0.600 0.500
LONG PIN FINISH
TORSION FREE
C **********************************
C BENT DATA BLOCK *
C **********************************
BENT
HEIGHT 24.21,28.71,19.26,21.65,23.95
C **********************************
C **********************************
FOUNDATION
AT BENT 2,3
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '23'
AT BENT 4,5,6
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '456'
AT ABUTMENT 1
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 5.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
AT ABUTMENT 7
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 1000.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
C *********************************
C *********************************
LOADS
C STRATAGY 1 ANALYSIS - TENSION PILE 'PILE' "TYPICAL PILE"
C ************************************ STIFFNESS
C ************************************ KF1M3 0.
STATION 18 + 00.00 KF3F3 480.
BC 18 + 85.15 KM2M2 0.0
BEARING N 28 08 04 W C ***********************************
RADIUS R 590.0 C ***********************************
C ************************************ PILE '23' "PIERS 2 & 3"
C ************************************ 1 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -6.0
SPANS 2 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -3.0
LENGTHS /1.0,74.6,3.0/,/3.0,118.97,3.0/, - 3 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -0.0
/3.0,20.34,20.35,20.35,8.52,2.5/,/2.5,52.73,2.5/, - 4 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 3.0
/2.5,54.43,2.5/,/2.5,60.01,1.0/ 5 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 6.0
AREA /179.6,51.4,179.6/,/179.6,51.4,179.6/, - 6 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -6.0
/179.6,49.5,45.7,41.8,39.9,93.2/, - 7 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -3.0
/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/ 8 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -0.0
I11 /2280,897,2280/,/2280,897,2280/, - 9 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 3.0
/2280,761,510,304,214,318/, - 10 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 6.0
/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/ 11 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -6.0
I22 /9928,3855,9928/,/9928,3855,9928/, - 12 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -3.0
/9928,3717,3440,3161,3021,5552/, - 13 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -0.0
/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/ 14 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 3.0
I33 /790,394,790/,/790,394,790/, - 15 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 6.0
/790,326,206,116,79,110/, - 16 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -6.0
/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/ 17 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -3.0
DENSITY .150 18 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -0.0
WEIGHT 1.50 19 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 3.0
E 609000. 20 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** 21 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -6.0
C *********************************** 23 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -0.0
C *********************************** 25 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** TOP LAYOUT
AREA 28.3 2 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 -1.5
I11 25.4 3 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 1.5
I22 19.4 4 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 4.5
I33 19.4 5 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -4.5
DENSITY .150 6 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -1.5
E 661680. 7 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 1.5
AREA 19.6 9 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -4.5
I11 12.3 10 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -1.5
I22 9.9 11 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 1.5
I33 9.9 12 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 4.5
DENSITY .150 13 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -4.5
E 661680. 14 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -1.5
C *********************************** 15 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 1.5
16 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 4.5 LOADS
C ********************************** RESPONSE SPECTRUM
C ABUTMENT DATA BLOCK * MODE SHAPES 20
C ********************************** DIRECTION FACTORS
ABUTMENT STATION 18 + 65.99 C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.0 "LONGIT"
CONNECTION PIN AT ABUTMENT 1 7 C X 0.0 Y 0.0 Z 1.0 "TRANS"
C ********************************** C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.4 "CASE I"
C HINGE DATA BLOCK * C X 0.4 Y 0.0 Z 1.0 "CASE II"
C ********************************** ARBITRARY CURVE
HINGE PERIOD .000 .150 .75 .80 .90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 -
AT 3 62.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.25 2.50 3.0
WEIGHT 17.5 VALUE .800 2.00 2.00 1.875 1.667 1.5 1.364 1.25 1.154 1.07 -
TRANS PIN 1.00 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.75 0.667 0.600 0.500
LONG FREE GRAVITY 32.2
TORSION FREE FINISH
C **********************************
C BENT DATA BLOCK *
C **********************************
BENT
HEIGHT 24.21,28.71,19.26,21.65,23.95
COLUMN TOP FREE AT BENT 2,5,6
C **********************************
C **********************************
FOUNDATION
AT BENT 2,3
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '23'
AT BENT 4,5,6
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '456'
AT ABUTMENT 1
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 1000.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
AT ABUTMENT 7
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 1000.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
C *********************************
C *********************************
C STRATAGY 1 ANALYSIS - COMPRESSION ABUT 1 PILE 'PILE' "TYPICAL PILE"
C ************************************ STIFFNESS
C ************************************ KF1M3 0.
STATION 18 + 00.00 KF3F3 480.
BC 18 + 85.15 KM2M2 0.0
BEARING N 28 08 04 W C ***********************************
RADIUS R 590.0 C ***********************************
C ************************************ PILE '23' "PIERS 2 & 3"
C ************************************ 1 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -6.0
SPANS 2 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -3.0
LENGTHS /1.0,74.6,3.0/,/3.0,118.97,3.0/, - 3 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -0.0
/3.0,20.34,20.35,20.35,8.52,2.5/,/2.5,52.73,2.5/, - 4 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 3.0
/2.5,54.43,2.5/,/2.5,60.01,1.0/ 5 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 6.0
AREA /179.6,51.4,179.6/,/179.6,51.4,179.6/, - 6 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -6.0
/179.6,49.5,45.7,41.8,39.9,93.2/, - 7 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -3.0
/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/ 8 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -0.0
I11 /2280,897,2280/,/2280,897,2280/, - 9 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 3.0
/2280,761,510,304,214,318/, - 10 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 6.0
/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/ 11 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -6.0
I22 /9928,3855,9928/,/9928,3855,9928/, - 12 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -3.0
/9928,3717,3440,3161,3021,5552/, - 13 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -0.0
/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/ 14 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 3.0
I33 /790,394,790/,/790,394,790/, - 15 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 6.0
/790,326,206,116,79,110/, - 16 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -6.0
/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/ 17 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -3.0
DENSITY .150 18 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -0.0
WEIGHT 1.50 19 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 3.0
E 609000. 20 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** 21 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -6.0
C *********************************** 23 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -0.0
C *********************************** 25 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** TOP LAYOUT
AREA 28.3 2 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 -1.5
I11 25.4 3 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 1.5
I22 19.4 4 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 4.5
I33 19.4 5 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -4.5
DENSITY .150 6 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -1.5
E 661680. 7 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 1.5
AREA 19.6 9 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -4.5
I11 12.3 10 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -1.5
I22 9.9 11 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 1.5
I33 9.9 12 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 4.5
DENSITY .150 13 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -4.5
E 661680. 14 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -1.5
C *********************************** 15 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 1.5
16 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 4.5 LOADS
C ********************************** C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.4 "CASE I"
HINGE PERIOD .000 .150 .75 .80 .90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 -
AT 3 62.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.25 2.50 3.0
WEIGHT 17.5 VALUE .800 2.00 2.00 1.875 1.667 1.5 1.364 1.25 1.154 1.07 -
TRANS PIN 1.00 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.75 0.667 0.600 0.500
LONG PIN GRAVITY 32.2
TORSION FREE FINISH
C **********************************
C BENT DATA BLOCK *
C **********************************
BENT
HEIGHT 24.21,28.71,19.26,21.65,23.95
COLIMN TOP FREE AT BENT 2,5,6
COLUMN TOP END JOINT SIZE 4.21 AT BENT 3
COLUMN TOP END JOINT SIZE 2.25 AT BENT 4
C **********************************
C **********************************
FOUNDATION
AT BENT 2,3
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '23'
AT BENT 4,5,6
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '456'
AT ABUTMENT 1
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 1100.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
AT ABUTMENT 7
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 5.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
C *********************************
C *********************************
C STRATAGY 1 ANALYSIS - COMPRESSION ABUT 7 PILE 'PILE' "TYPICAL PILE"
C ************************************ STIFFNESS
C ************************************ KF1M3 0.
STATION 18 + 00.00 KF3F3 480.
BC 18 + 85.15 KM2M2 0.0
BEARING N 28 08 04 W C ***********************************
RADIUS R 590.0 C ***********************************
C ************************************ PILE '23' "PIERS 2 & 3"
C ************************************ 1 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -6.0
SPANS 2 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -3.0
LENGTHS /1.0,74.6,3.0/,/3.0,118.97,3.0/, - 3 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 -0.0
/3.0,20.34,20.35,20.35,8.52,2.5/,/2.5,52.73,2.5/, - 4 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 3.0
/2.5,54.43,2.5/,/2.5,60.01,1.0/ 5 'PILE' AT -6.0 0.0 6.0
AREA /179.6,51.4,179.6/,/179.6,51.4,179.6/, - 6 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -6.0
/179.6,49.5,45.7,41.8,39.9,93.2/, - 7 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -3.0
/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/,/93.2,39.9,93.2/ 8 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 -0.0
I11 /2280,897,2280/,/2280,897,2280/, - 9 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 3.0
/2280,761,510,304,214,318/, - 10 'PILE' AT -3.0 0.0 6.0
/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/,/318,214,318/ 11 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -6.0
I22 /9928,3855,9928/,/9928,3855,9928/, - 12 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -3.0
/9928,3717,3440,3161,3021,5552/, - 13 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 -0.0
/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/,/5552,3021,5552/ 14 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 3.0
I33 /790,394,790/,/790,394,790/, - 15 'PILE' AT 0.0 0.0 6.0
/790,326,206,116,79,110/, - 16 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -6.0
/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/,/110,79,110/ 17 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -3.0
DENSITY .150 18 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 -0.0
WEIGHT 1.50 19 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 3.0
E 609000. 20 'PILE' AT 3.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** 21 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -6.0
C *********************************** 23 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 -0.0
C *********************************** 25 'PILE' AT 6.0 0.0 6.0
C *********************************** TOP LAYOUT
AREA 28.3 2 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 -1.5
I11 25.4 3 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 1.5
I22 19.4 4 'PILE' AT -4.5 0.0 4.5
I33 19.4 5 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -4.5
DENSITY .150 6 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 -1.5
E 661680. 7 'PILE' AT -1.5 0.0 1.5
AREA 19.6 9 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -4.5
I11 12.3 10 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 -1.5
I22 9.9 11 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 1.5
I33 9.9 12 'PILE' AT 1.5 0.0 4.5
DENSITY .150 13 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -4.5
E 661680. 14 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 -1.5
C *********************************** 15 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 1.5
16 'PILE' AT 4.5 0.0 4.5 LOADS
C ********************************** C X 1.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.4 "CASE I"
HINGE PERIOD .000 .150 .75 .80 .90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 -
AT 3 62.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.25 2.50 3.0
WEIGHT 17.5 VALUE .800 2.00 2.00 1.875 1.667 1.5 1.364 1.25 1.154 1.07 -
TRANS PIN 1.00 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.75 0.667 0.600 0.500
LONG PIN GRAVITY 32.2
TORSION FREE FINISH
C **********************************
C BENT DATA BLOCK *
C **********************************
BENT
HEIGHT 24.21,28.71,19.26,21.65,23.95
COLUMN TOP FREE AT BENTS 2,5,6
C **********************************
C **********************************
FOUNDATION
AT BENT 2,3
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '23'
AT BENT 4,5,6
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 3600
KF3F3 3600
PILE FOOTING '456'
AT ABUTMENT 1
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 5.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
AT ABUTMENT 7
SPRING CONSTANTS
KF1F1 550.
KF2F2 100000.
KF3F3 6240.
KM1M1 1000000.
KM2M2 1000000.
KM3M3 1000000.
C *********************************
C *********************************

Example of Box Girder Bridge Calculation

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Example of Box Girder Bridge Calculation

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COMPREHENSIVE RETROFIT EXAMPLE 1

MULTI-SPAN CIP REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE

Evaluate a six-span cast-in-place reinforced concrete highway overcrossing

2. Description of As-Built Bridge

The bridge, which is located in a seismically active region of southern California,

The cross-section of the superstructure is of constant width and consists of five

A field inspection of the bridge revealed no deterioration or modification of the

3. Enhanced Procedure for Method D2 Seismic Evaluation

The procedure described in the manual for Method D2 is enhanced to include

Step 1 – Strength and Deformation Capacities

a. Hinge Force and Displacement Capacity

δ c = Ns − gej − 2c h = 8 − 1 − 4 = 3.0 inches

Transverse Force Longitudinal

b. Column and Foundation Shear Capacities

π D′′ π (72 − 4.63)

Table E1-2 - Column Shear Strength Capacity

Column Dead Load Initial Shear Final Shear

Hc (piles) = Np ⋅ 40 = 25(40 ) = 1000 kips ⇒ 4450 KN

Table E1-3 - Pier Foundation Capacities

Vw = φHd ⋅ 2 fc' = 0.85 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 0.074

Vabut = Vp + Vw = 520 + 190 = 710 kips

The displacement capacity in the longitudinal direction depends on the geometry

Similarly for Abutment 7:

Vabut = 576 kips

Table E1-4 - Abutment Force and Displacement Capacities

In a displacement-based approach, the first step in a nonlinear static pushover

Therefore, this is a "long” splice and, by inspection, unconfined compression will

Vm = Mp L = 11091 10 = 1109 kips

The deformation capacity of all as-built columns is summarized below.

Column Deformation Capacity (Longitudinal)

Yield Ultimate Plastic Plastic

Column Deformation Capacity (Transverse)

Yield Ultimate Plastic Plastic Plastic

The transverse displacement capacity is determined by a transverse “push-over”

1. Longitudinal “Push-over” Analysis

Slaved Nodes at Hinge

201 301 305 401 501 601

220 420 520 620

Figure E1-4 –DRAIN2DX Model

Axial Force - kips

Figure E1-5a Figure E1-5b

Ultimate Compression Capacity of Pile = 2(90) = 180 kips

Ultimate Tension Capacity of Pile = 0.5 Compression Capacity = 90 kips

PDL( 2) = 1157 kips ⇒ 5149 KN

Ultimate Moment Capacity (See Figure E1-6)

N(1) = N(2) = 5(-90) = -450 kips => -2003 KN

N(4) = N(5) = 5(180) = 900 kips => 4006 KN

N(3)2 = 1157 + 2(450) – 2(900) = 257 kips => 1144 KN

N(3)3 = 1069 + 2(450) – 2(900) = 169 kips => 752 KN

N(1) N(2) N(3) N(4) N(5)

Figure E1-6 – Pile Footing Free Body Diagram (Bent 2 & 3)

Ultimate Translational Capacity

Secondly, the amount of plastic rotation to be tolerated in the foundation before

In the longitudinal direction the DRAIN2DX model is displaced incrementally until

Notes: 1. Controlled by column

Step 3 – Non-Seismic Demands

Non-seismic loads to be considered in the Extreme Event 1 loading condition are

Step 4 – Demand Analysis

1. Response Spectrum Parameters

SDS = FaSs = 1.0(2.0) = 2.0

Spectral Acceleration - g's

Figure E1-7 – Design Spectra

2. Member Properties for Analysis