AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 131:363–367 (2006)
Test of the Lamendin Aging Method on Two Historic
Skeletal Samples
Mary S. Megyesi,1* Douglas H. Ubelaker,2 and Norman J. Sauer1
1
Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48910
2
Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
KEY WORDS Spitalfields; St. Bride’s; age estimation; root translucency
ABSTRACT The Lamendin aging method involves
the quantification of root translucency and the attach-
ment position of the periodontal membrane. It was de-
veloped using recent medical-examiner specimens, and
was tested on modern skeletal samples such as the Terry
Collection (Lamendin et al. [1992] J. Forensic Sci.
37:1373–1379; Prince and Ubelaker [2002] J. Forensic
Sci. 47:107–116). The method may be one of the most
useful for estimating age after the mid-30s. The current
study is an evaluation of the Lamendin criteria on two
historic skeletal samples from Britain. Both the Christ’s
Church Spitalfields and St. Bride’s Church collections re-
present documented skeletal samples that were interred
in the 18th and 19th centuries. In total, 1,188 teeth from
220 adult individuals were examined from these two col-
lections. The Lamendin method requires measuring total
root length (cementoenamel junction to apex), gingival
regression (cementoenamel junction to periodontal liga-
Dental root translucency, periodontal regression, and
other traits such as secondary dentin and root resorption
have been the focus of many adult age-estimation techni-
ques for some time (Gustafson, 1950; Bang and Ramm,
1970; Acsadi and Nemeskeri, 1970; Maples, 1978;
Lorentsen and Solheim, 1989; Solheim, 1989). Lamendin
et al. (1992) proposed a technique that uses two traits,
root translucency and periodontal regression, in single-
rooted teeth to estimate age in adults. Root translucency
generally appears after age 20, and is due to the deposit
of hydroxyapatite crystals within the dentin tubuli
(Sengupta et al., 1998). Age estimates based on root
translucency are generally effective in adults over age
30, which is an advantage over many skeletal aging
techniques that lose accuracy in adults past age 30
(Soomer et al., 2003; Baccino et al., 1999). Root translu-
cency is best observed when the tooth is backlit when
placed on a light box. Root translucency generally pro-
gresses from the root apex toward the cementoenamel
junction, and is measured on the labial surface of the
tooth root from the apex to the maximum height of the
translucency (Lamendin et al., 1992).
Periodontosis, or gingival regression, is ‘‘Due to the
degeneration of the soft tissues surrounding the tooth, it
progresses from the neck to the apex of the root (and)
appears as a smooth and yellowish area below the
enamel and darker than it but clearer than the rest of
the root’’ (Lamendin et al., 1992, p. 1374). It is measured
on the labial surface from the cementoenamel junction to
the line of attachment of the soft tissues.
In addition to the measurement of these traits, the
Lamendin method of dental aging requires a measure-
C 2006
V WILEY-LISS, INC.
ment attachment), and root translucency (root apex to
maximum level of root translucency) on the labial sur-
face of single-rooted teeth. Our results indicate that
postmortem factors affect the applicability of the Lamen-
din technique to archaeological and historical samples.
In particular, root translucency disappears with time, or
is obscured by unknown postmortem taphonomic effects
related to the length of interment or postmortem en-
vironment. Thirty-five percent of our sample showed
no root translucency, indicating that caution is required
when applying this method to archaeological or his-
torical remains. The mean error of age estimates for Spi-
talfields and St. Bride’s was higher than in the original
study of Lamendin et al. ([1992] J. Forensic Sci. 37:
1373–1379), and higher than in the test by Prince and
Ubelaker ([2002] J. Forensic Sci. 47:107–116) of the
Lamendin method on the Terry Collection. Am J Phys
Anthropol 131:363–367, 2006. V 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
C
ment of root height, taken on the labial surface from the
cementoenamel junction to the root apex. A sample of
306 extracted teeth from 208 individuals of known age,
sex, and French ancestry was used in the original study
of Lamendin et al. (1992) to create a multiple regression
equation to estimate age:
Age ¼ ð0:18
PÞ þ ð0:42
TÞ þ 25:53
where P ¼ periodontosis height * 100/(root height), and
T ¼ translucency height * 100/(root height).
Recently, the Lamendin technique of dental aging was
applied to the Terry Collection (Prince and Ubelaker,
2002), but tests of its applicability on ancient or historic
remains have not been conducted in depth. This study
examines the applicability of the Lamendin dental aging
traits to two historic samples. It is not known how root
translucency and the periodontal ligament attachment
site are affected over time or by the conditions of inter-
ment. The purpose of this study was to examine the
traits used in the Lamendin dental aging method on a
*Correspondence to: Mary S. Megyesi, Department of Anthropol-
ogy, 354 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48910. E-mail: megyesim@msu.edu
Received 23 August 2005; accepted 6 February 2006.
DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20446
Published online 14 April 2006 in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com).
364 M.S. MEGYESI ET AL.
TABLE 1. Tooth frequencies by type for Spitalfields
(n ¼ 951) and St. Bride’s (n ¼ 237)1
Tooth type Number present
Incisors, maxillary 155
35
Incisors, mandibular 277
68
Canines, maxillary 104
15
Canines, mandibular 128
31
Premolars, maxillary 85
23
Premolars, mandibular 202
65
1
S, Spitalfields; B, St. Bride’s.
historic sample, and compare the results to previously
published tests of this method.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The skeletal material from Christ Church (Spitalfields,
London) and St. Bride’s (Fleet Street, London) repre-
sents the remains of middle-class Londoners interred in
the 18th and 19th centuries (Adams and Reeve, 1987;
Molleson and Cox, 1993; Scheuer and Bowman, 1995).
The samples from both Spitalfields and St. Bride’s used
in the present study had metal plates associated
with each coffin, inscribed with name, age-at-death, and
date of death. In total, 176 individuals and 951 teeth
from Spitalfields, and 44 individuals and 237 teeth from
St. Bride’s, were sampled for this analysis. The analyses
of the Spitalfields and St. Bride’s samples were kept
separate for this study, so that differences between sam-
ples could be noted. The Spitalfields sample consisted of
87 females and 89 males, aged 26–91 years, with a mean
age of 55.4 years and a standard deviation of 15 years.
The St. Bride’s sample consisted of 24 females and 20
males, aged 27–79 years, with a mean age of 48.5 years
and a standard deviation of 16.4 years. The distribution
and frequency of tooth type for both samples are pre-
sented in Table 1. Mandibular teeth were more common
in both samples, making up approximately 64% (n ¼
607) of the teeth in Spitalfields, and 70% (n ¼ 164) of
the teeth in St. Bride’s.
Individuals were chosen for this analysis if they: 1)
were over age 25 at time of death, and 2) had at least
one single-rooted (incisor, canine, or premolar) tooth
available for analysis. Age and sex were not known by
any of the authors during the analysis. The burial num-
ber of each individual was recorded, all teeth available
for analysis were identified and sided, and then all mea-
surements for each tooth were taken. All available inci-
sors, canines, and premolars were measured for root
height and periodontosis height under a desk lamp, and
then the tooth was placed on a light box to measure root
translucency. A sliding digital caliper was used to take
measurements in millimeters from the labial surface of
the tooth. Measurements were taken by two observers
(M.S.M. and N.J.S.) who worked closely together, often
collaborating on difficult specimens and discussing cases
with D.H.U. as work progressed. Interobserver error for
this method was published elsewhere (Lamendin et al.,
1992; Baccino et al., 1999; Willems et al., 2002) and, due
to the collaborative nature of data collection, was not
American Journal of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa
TABLE 2. Tooth frequencies for each condition score
Condition
score ¼ 1 Condition
Condition (poor score ¼ 2
(S) score ¼ 0 condition, (poor condition,
(B) (good degraded, hypercementosis/
(S) Sample condition) eroded, etc.) stains)
(B)
(S) Spitalfields N ¼ 746 (78%) N ¼ 118 (13%) N ¼ 87 (9%)
(B) St. Bride’s N ¼ 176 (74%) N ¼ 4 (1%) N ¼ 57 (24%)
(S)
(B)
(S) tested here. All measurements were imported directly
(B) into preformatted Microsoft Excel spreadsheets from the
(S) calipers via an input cable. After the analysis was com-
(B)
pleted, a list with the age and sex for each burial num-
ber was provided to the authors for each collection.
The condition of each tooth at time of analysis was
scored qualitatively into one of three categories: 0, good
condition, tooth enamel and root intact, and smooth with
no cracks, chips, or degradation; 1, poor condition, tooth
and/or root chipped, eroded, cracked, degraded, or flak-
ing; or 2, poor condition, hypercementosis, stains, or ac-
cretions (glue) present or adhering to root surface. If the
tooth displayed both hypercementosis and was degraded,
it was scored as a 1. The purpose of this score was to
qualitatively assess the condition of the teeth in order to
evaluate if dental aging traits were affected by the con-
dition of the teeth.
Maintaining consistency with the methodology of
Lamendin et al. (1992) and similar studies (Drusini
et al., 1991; Sengupta et al., 1998; Prince and Ubelaker,
2002), this study estimated age with Lamendin’s regres-
sion equation for each tooth, even if there were multiple
teeth from the same individual. Since the goal of this pa-
per is to broadly test a dental aging method on a popula-
tion removed in time and space from previous tests, we
feel that it is important to adhere to the methodologies
previously published. Introducing a different methodol-
ogy here would make it extremely difficult to compare
our results to other studies. Although multiple teeth from
the same mouth may not show independence, the Spital-
fields and St. Bride’ samples are wholly independent from
the comparison populations, so that any differences
should not be significantly affected. Any biases in this
method should cancel each other out and not significantly
affect a broad comparison of the Lamendin aging method
between our historical sample and modern samples.
RESULTS
Table 2 shows the number and percentage of teeth in
each sample that fell into each condition category. The
percentage of teeth in good condition is roughly the same
in the Spitalfields and St. Bride’s samples (78% and
74%, respectively), but the St. Bride’s sample had pro-
portionally more teeth with hypercementosis and stains,
and the Spitalfields sample had proportionally more
teeth that were degraded, cracked, or eroded.
Applying Lamendin’s technique to the Spitalfields
sample produced a mean error of 15.4 years, with a
standard deviation of 11.4 years and a standard mean
error of 0.37. For the St. Bride’s sample, there was a
mean error of 16.7 years, with a standard deviation of
12.5 years and a standard mean error of 0.82. Table 3
is a summary of the mean errors for Spitalfields and
St. Bride’s, grouped by age cohort. Table 3 indicates that
this technique is most accurate with the 25–49-year age
 TEST OF LAMENDIN AGING METHOD 365
1
TABLE 3. Comparison of mean error for age cohorts in Spitalfields and St. Bride’s
Age interval (years) 25–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80–89 90–99 Total
Number of teeth 96 (S) 137 (S) 133 (S) 241 (S) 220 (S) 109 (S) 10 (S) 5 (S) 951 (S)
41 (B) 51 (B) 12 (B) 27 (B) 82 (B) 24 (B) 237 (B)
Mean error (years), Spitalfields 10.9 7.7 9.9 13.3 20.7 27.0 34.2 46.8 15.4
Mean error (years), St. Bride’s 9.3 10.5 12.2 20.3 18.4 35.0 16.7
1
S, Spitalfields; B, St. Bride’s.

TABLE 4. ANOVA of root translucency, depending on TABLE 6. Mean errors grouped by tooth condition for
tooth condition Spitalfields and St. Bride’s1
Sum of Mean Good condition Poor condition
squares df square F P-value Tooth condition (score ¼ 0) (score ¼ 1 or 2)
Spitalfields Number of teeth 746 (S) 205 (S)
Groups 136,224.4 1 136,224.4 176 (B) 61 (B)
Error 500,752.6 949 527.6 258.2 0.001 Mean errors (years), 14.7 18.4
Total 636,977.0 950 Spitalfields2
St. Bride’s Mean errors (years), 14.0 24.4
Groups 27,749.7 1 27,749.7 St. Bride’s2
Error 136,910.9 235 582.6 47.6 0.001 1
Total 164,660.6 236 S, Spitalfields; B, St. Bride’s.
2
Difference between means is significant at p ¼ 0.001.

TABLE 5. ANOVA of periodontosis regression, depending TABLE 7. Mean errors grouped by translucency for
on tooth condition Spitalfields and St. Bride’s1
Sum of Mean Translucency
squares df square F P-value present Translucency ¼ 0
Spitalfields Number of teeth 614 (S) 337 (S)
Groups 891.8 1 891.8 152 (B) 85 (B)
Error 170,327.7 949 179.5 5.0 0.026 Mean errors (years), 13.1 19.7
Total 171,219.5 950 Spitalfields2
St. Bride’s Mean errors (years), 14.4 21.0
Groups 12.8 1 12.8 St. Bride’s2
Error 35,310.1 235 150.3 0.1 0.770
Total 35,322.9 236 1
S, Spitalfields; B, St. Bride’s.
2
Difference between means is significant at p ¼ 0.001.

groups. The lowest mean error is 7.7 years for the Spi-
talfields age cohort of 30–39 years. For ages over 49
years in both samples, the mean errors are much higher,
with the highest mean error of 46.8 years for the Spital-
fields age cohort of age 90–99 years.
In order to assess whether the condition of teeth was
affecting root translucency and periodontosis, the condi-
tion scores of 1 and 2 were pooled to create a larger sam-
ple size and to compare teeth judged to be in good condi-
tion against those judged to be in poor condition. An
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was run to determine if
the difference in T (percent of tooth root that is translu-
cent) and P (percent of tooth root uncovered by gingival
tissue) was significant between teeth in good condition
and teeth in poor condition. Table 4 shows the results of
the ANOVA for translucency in both samples, and Table 5
shows the results of the ANOVA for periodontosis in
both samples. The ANOVA results indicate that both
root translucency and periodontosis vary significantly
(P < 0.05) between teeth in good condition vs. those in bad
condition in the Spitalfields sample, but in the St. Bride’s
sample, only root translucency was significant.
Since the traits used in the Lamendin method are
affected by the condition of teeth, it follows that the error
of age estimation should also be affected by the condition
of teeth. Therefore, the effect of tooth condition on the
error of age estimation was examined. Table 6 shows the
mean error of age estimation for teeth in good condition
vs. those in poor condition. Teeth in good condition for
both samples have a mean error of around 14 years, while
those in poor condition have a mean error of 18.4 years for
Spitalfields, and 24.4 years for St. Bride’s. A t-test for
equality of means indicates that the difference between
the mean errors of teeth in good condition vs. those in poor
condition is significant at the 0.001 level for both the
Spitalfields and St. Bride’s samples.
Approximately 35% of the teeth in both samples had
no root translucency (n ¼ 337 teeth with no translucency
for Spitalfields; n ¼ 85 teeth with no translucency for
St. Bride’s). It may be that the lack of root translucency
represents younger individuals, for whom less or no
translucency would be expected. However, when we com-
pared the mean errors between teeth with no translu-
cency to those with translucency, the mean errors were
significantly greater in the teeth where translucency
equaled zero (P < 0.001). Table 7 shows the mean error
of the age estimate, based on whether root transparency
is present for both samples.
Since the presence of root translucency and the condi-
tion of teeth seem to have the most effect on the mean
error of age estimates, it seems likely that the lowest
mean error rates should be obtained with the exclusion
of all teeth in poor condition and those teeth exhibiting
no root translucency. Table 8 shows the mean error of
age estimates when only teeth in good condition with
translucency present are used in the calculation. The
mean error rates are nearly identical to Table 7, which
measures mean error based only on translucency.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa

366 M.S. MEGYESI ET AL.
TABLE 8. Mean error for teeth only in good condition
and translucency present
Mean error
Spitalfields (n ¼ 592) 13.2
St. Bride’s (n ¼ 136) 13.3
DISCUSSION
The percentage of teeth with no translucency seemed
high (35%), since there is no mention of teeth without
translucency in Lamendin et al. (1992) or Prince and
Ubelaker (2002). The presence or absence of root trans-
lucency seemed to have the most effect on the mean
errors of age estimates, especially considering that those
for teeth with translucency present were nearly identical
when teeth in both good and poor condition were used,
compared to those where only teeth in good condition
were used, as shown in Tables 7 and 8.
Previous studies suggested that root translucency may
be affected by the postmortem interval and the condition
of the remains. Vlcek and Mrklas (1975) cautioned that
root transparency and periodontosis could not be eval-
uated in archeological specimens. In a study of 250 teeth
from the 8th and 10th centuries, Marcsik et al. (1992)
found that approximately 36% of the sample lacked
translucency, a percentage nearly identical to the Spital-
fields and St. Bride’s samples evaluated here. In teeth
where transparency was present, age estimates using
sectioned teeth were found to be slightly higher than
skeletal age estimates, but Marcsik et al. (1992) con-
cluded that dental root transparency does have value in
age estimations of archaeological material. Lucy et al.
(1995) noted changes to the internal microstructure that
obliterated transparent dentin of sectioned tooth roots
from a mediaeval cemetery. Sengupta et al. (1999) de-
scribed a ‘‘chalky’’ appearance to the dentin of some sec-
tioned teeth when viewed under a light microscope in a
sample of 61 mandibular canines from Spitalfields, and
reported very poor correlations between root translu-
cency and age. The ‘‘chalky’’ dentin appeared to invade
previously translucent dentin, but it is unclear how or
why it forms. The high percentage of teeth found with-
out translucency in our study, employing a much larger
sample from Spitalfields, suggests that we observed the
same phenomenon. However, since we observed only
intact teeth without the aid of a light microscope, we did
not detect ‘‘chalkiness,’’ but only noted the lack of trans-
lucency. Mandojana et al. (2001) found differences in root
translucency length between freshly extracted teeth and
teeth from skeletal remains with a postmortem interval
between 21–37 years. In a study on remains that had
been underwater on a sunken ship for over 300 years,
Kvaal and During (1999) concluded that root translu-
cency had been affected by the postmortem environment.
These studies, along with the results of our current
study, strongly suggest that root translucency is sensi-
tive to both the antiquity of remains and the postmortem
environment. However, the processes or factors that
affect translucency are currently unknown and not uni-
form, as many teeth in both the Spitalfields and
St. Bride’s samples do retain translucency, and as evi-
denced by Drusini et al. (1991), wherein root transpar-
ency age estimates worked as well on a sample that had
been buried for approximately 100 years as in a clini-
cally extracted sample. The mean errors for younger age
cohorts, aged 25–49 years, averaged 9.5 years for Spital-
American Journal of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa
fields and 10.6 years for St. Bride’s. This indicates that
despite the postmortem effects on translucency, this
method does have potential in adult age-estimation of
archaeological or historical material. Examining the ef-
fect of different postmortem environments on root trans-
lucency would be a needed step before age estimates
using root translucency were used on undocumented
archaeological or historical material.
Table 5 indicates that the periodontosis regression in
the St. Bride’s sample does not vary significantly be-
tween teeth in good condition and teeth in poor condi-
tion. Most of the teeth in poor condition in the St. Bride’s
sample only exhibited hypercementosis or stains, while
most teeth in poor condition in Spitalfields were cracked
and eroded. The periodontal ligament attachment area
was easier to determine on the smooth roots of the
St. Bride’s sample, despite the hypercementosis or stains,
than on the degraded roots of teeth in poor condition in
the Spitalfields sample. We observed that on teeth where
the root surface was smooth, the periodontal ligament
attachment could be distinguished as a darkened, some-
what curved line on the root surface that was distinct
from the rest of the root surface.
CONCLUSIONS
The Lamendin method, as applied to the historic Spi-
talfields and St. Bride’s samples, had a higher mean
error (15.4 years for Spitalfields, and 16.7 years for
St. Bride’s) when compared to the original study of
Lamendin et al. (1992) (mean error, 10 years) and com-
pared to Lamendin’s method applied to the Terry Collec-
tion by Prince and Ubelaker (2002) (mean error, 8.2
years). The lowest mean error for a particular age group
occurred in the youngest cohorts, aged 25–49 years in
both the Spitalfields and St. Bride’s samples, compared
to the lowest mean error for ages 30–69 years in the
original study of Lamendin et al. (1992) and that of
Prince and Ubelaker (2002). This indicates that the
Lamendin method is not working as well for older indi-
viduals in this sample. The lowest mean error for all
ages in the Spitalfields sample occurred when teeth only
exhibiting translucency were used (mean error, 13.1
years), and the lowest mean error for all ages in the
St. Bride’s sample occurred when teeth only in good con-
dition exhibiting translucency were used (mean error,
13.3 years).
The high mean error rates for this sample are prob-
ably the result of several factors. One of these is overall
tooth condition, which was identified here as having a
significant effect on the traits used in the Lamendin
method (root translucency and periodontal regression)
and also on the age estimates. Root translucency in par-
ticular seems to be affected in the Spitalfields and
St. Bride’s samples, but the factor or factors that contrib-
ute to this phenomenon are not well-understood and do
not seem to affect all teeth uniformly. The periodontal
ligament attachment seems most affected by the exter-
nal condition of the tooth root.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Louise Scheuer for assistance with
the St. Bride’s collection, and Robert Kruszynski and
Louise Humphrey for help with the Spitalfields collec-
tion, at the Natural History Museum, London. Stephen
Nawrocki contributed to beneficial discussions about this
 TEST OF LAMENDIN AGING METHOD
project, and Ryan Tubbs provided useful commentary on
drafts. The authors also thank three anonymous re-
viewers whose comments improved the manuscript.
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