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History of Radiation
Rontgen ray or x-ray

Dr. Soha Basha

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 outlines

• History of radiation
• Radiation measurement
• Application of dental radiology

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WHO DISCOVERED X-RAYS?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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• In late 1895, a German scientist, W.C. Roentgen
was working with a cathode ray tube in his labo
ratory, when he accidentally discovered x rays.
• Roentgen found that the X-ray would pass thro
ugh the tissue of humans leaving the bones and
metals visible. One of Roentgen’s first experime
nts was a film of his wife's hand with a ring on
her finger.

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• Roentgen passed a high voltage current throug
h the evacuated tube and was surprised to obs
erve that a fluorescent screen lying on a table a
t some distance was glowing brightly.
• He then noted that a shadow was produced w
hen an object was placed between the tube an
d the screen.

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• Further experimentation revealed that the rays
that caused the fluorescent screen to glow also
acted upon the emulsion on photographic plat
es in the same manner as light.
• Thus, it was shown that the rays produced wou
ld pass through some substances through whic
h light would not pass.

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• Since Roentgen was unable to determine the e
xact nature of the rays produced, he referred t
o them as x-rays .

•“ x ” being commonly used to denote an unk

nown factor). In later years, scientists have ref
erred to them as Roentgen rays.

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• Definition Of Radiology
• It is a science of medical specialty using medical
imaging technologies to diagnose and treat pati
ent or for research application in medicine and d
entistry.
Definition Of Radiography:
• It is the art of producing a shadow picture or im
age for specific object by passing x-ray through t
he structure to the sensitized plate

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 Properties Of X-ray
• It has extremely short wave length.
• It has a selective penetration and absorption po
wer.
• It affects the photographic film emulsion.
• It can cause certain substances to fluoresce.
• It can cause ionization of the atom.
• It has biological damaging effects.

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 Dosimetry
• It determines the quantity of radiation exposure
or dose.
• Dose: this term is used to describe the amount
of energy absorbed per unit mass at the site of i
nterest.
• Exposure: is a measure of radiation based on it
s ability to produce ionization in air under stand
ard condition of temperature and pressure (STP)

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 Units of measurement
• The modernized version of the metric system
called SI system.(System International d’ Units)
• Exposure: is a measure of radiation quantity ,
it is the capacity of radiation to ionize air. It is
traditional unit is roentgen (R).
• In recent years it has been replaced by kerma
(kinetic energy released in matter)

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 Absorbed dose

• It is amount of the energy absorbed from th

e radiation beam per unit mass of tissue.
• The SI unit is the gray (Gy).
• The traditional unit is rad ( radiation absorbe
d dose)

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 Equivalent dose HT

• Is used to compare the biologic effect of different ty

pe of radiation on tissue or organs.
• It is the sum of the absorbed dose and the radiation
weighting factor WR
• The unit of equivalent dose is the Sv sievert. the tr
aditional unit is rem (roentgen equivalent man).

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 Effective dose ( E )

• Is used to estimate the risk in human. It is the

sum of the equivalent dose (HT) and the tiss
ue weighting factor (WT).
• The unit of the effective dose is Sv sievert

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secondary
radiation

Scatter
radiation

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 Types of Radiation
Primary Radiation:
•Radiation coming directly out of the target. Most of it is ab
sorbed by the lead housing except for a small part passing th
rough the head housing aperture.
Useful Beam:
•Part of the primary radiation passing through the aperture
& affects the film.
Central Ray:
•Part occupying the central part of the useful beam, almost
parallel to each other.

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Secondary Radiation:
•It is the radiation coming from the object. They are of longe
r wavelength & almost soft rays. They don't change their dir
ection
Scattered Radiation:
•Secondary radiation coming from the object at different dire
ction of primary radiation; rays that are deviated in directio
n after hitting an object.
Stray Radiation:
• A from of secondary radiation which has been deviated in
direction during passage of x-ray through objects which is l
ighter than aluminium e.g. when the primary beam hits me
tallic glasses worn by the patient before it hits the patien
t's teeth.

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 Dose Limit

• National Council on Radiation Protection and

Measurements (NCPR) & the international Co
mmission on Radiological Protection (ICPR) e
stablished guidelines for the limitations on th
e amount of radiation received by both occup
ationally exposed individuals and the public.

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 Dose Limit
• Occupationally exposed individuals like denti
sts and dental assistants are allowed to recei
ve up to 50 mSv of whole body radiation exp
osure per year.
• Every effort should be made to keep exposur
e to the minimal.

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 Dose Limit

• Dose limit for members of the public, not occ

upationally exposed has been established at
10% of the dose limit for the occupationally e
xposed. Which means it should be 5 mSv per
year.

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MAIN INDICATION OF
RADIOGRAPHY IN DE
NTISTRY

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• Diagnosis
• Treatment planning
• Monitoring of the lesion development

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 MAIN INDICATION
• Trauma and Exodontia
• Periodontology
• Endodontic Treatment of Teeth
• Orthodontic
• Implantology
• Developmental Defects and Anomalies
• Swellings, Cysts and Neoplasm
• Metabolic Disease
• Defects and Variations in Tooth Density

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 RADIOGRAPHY IN ENDODONTIC
• Pre-operative
• Working length estimation
• Pre-condensation
• Post-operative
• Review to assess the treatment options.

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 RADIOGRAPHY IN IMPLANTOLOGY

• Pre-operative planning, during surgery and in postop

erative assessment
• The quality and quantity of bone in the implant site.
• The bucco-lingual width and height of available bone.
• Exact location of certain anatomic structures.
• Evidence of atypical anatomy such as enlarged marro
w spaces.
• Presence of pathology.

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RADIOGRAPHY IN PERIODONTOLOGY
• Lamina Dura and Periodonlal Membrane Spa
ce
• Types of Bone Loss
• Diagnosis of Trauma from occlusion
• Evaluation and assessment of Periodontal tr
eatment

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RADIOGRAPHY PRIOR TO ORAL SURG
ERY AND TOOTH EXTRACTION
May be indicated in the following situations:
• A history of previous difficult extractions
• A clinical suspicion of unusual anatomy
• A medical history placing the patient at special risk
• Extraction of teeth or roots that are impacted or like
ly to have a close relationship to anatomical structu
res.

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 Conclusion

 Radiography is one of the most useful and powerful

diagnostic tools available to the dental practitioner.
 The use of x rays as a standard diagnostic procedur
e is well established in dental career. But it create a
n obligation on the dental practitioner who must we
igh the benefits of additional diagnostic information
against the risk from radiation exposure to the patie
nt and staff.

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 ALRA
• In keeping with current radiation protection philoso
phy, exposure to all persons should be kept As Low
As Reasonably Achievable ( ALRA )

• It is the basic principle of radiation protection that r

epresenting what we can do to keep exposure to th
e patient and the operator as low as possible.

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

Radiographic Procedures Must Optimized To Provide Acceptable Diagnostic Information To The Dental Practitioner With Minimum Radiation Exposure To The Patient And Dental Office Staff.

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Thank You

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