LEARNING JOURNAL

ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI HAZARD TRAINING COURSE

September 21 – 25, 2020

Name : YOGHA MAHARDIKHA KUNCORO PUTRA

Employee ID Number : 199109042012101001
Affiliation : BBMKG WILAYAH III DENPASAR
Date : 21 SEPTEMBER 2020

A. Summary
Lecture 1. (Walter Mooney, Earthquake Science Center, USGS)
For the opening of this training, Mr. Walter Mooney explains how the cooperation
between BMKG-USGS has built and shown us what activities have been carried out.
Some examples of cooperation activities that have been carried out by BMKG-USGS
included did on-site discussion in BMKG Jakarta, did hands-on training at BMKG,
Training the Future Leaders at STMKG. Besides that, he also gave instructions about the
topics that we will learn in this training, including:
1. Earthquakes: Crustal, Mega-Thrust, and Deep Events.
2. Tsunamis: Occurrence and Mechanisms.
3. Earthquake Induced Liquefaction and Landslides.
4. Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tectonics.
5. Submarine Landslides and Tsunamis.
6. Recent (2020) Studies if the 2018 Palu Earthquake, Tsunami, and Landslides.
7. Climate Change and Hazards Mitigation.

Lecture 2. (Walter Mooney, Earthquake Science Center, USGS)

In the second lecture, Mr. Walter Mooney gives us an explanation about the
introduction, purpose, and scope of this training. For the first, he tells us about our
schedule in the training from 21 September until 25 September 2020. Then he tells us
about the overview of the topics that we will learn in this training, including :Over the
geologic time, rocks generated at Oceanic Spreading Ridges record Magnetic Polarity
Reversal. From this anomaly we can reconstruct the Plate Motions.
- Based on the theory of plate movement, due to the movement of tectonic plates since
millions of years ago, this resulted in the formation of complex tectonic structures in
eastern Indonesia and the subduction of continental and oceanic plates in western
Indonesia.
- Based from USGS Data 25% of the worlds largest recorded events (> M8.0) since
1900 happen in Indonesia. So its important to learning about Earthquake and
Tsunami Events in Indonesia.
Lecture 3. (Sean Hutchings, Earthquake Science Center, USGS)
In the third session of this training, Mr. Sean give us explanation about topic Seismicity
of Indonesia. There are some important points that he note, including :
- There are 3 type from the motion in plate boundaries: Divergent Boundaries,
Convergent Boundaries, and Transfrom Boundaries.
- In the Divergent Boundaries also have 2 type: Sea Floor Spreading and Continental
Rifting, the dominant force at this plate boundary is tension.
- In the Transfrom Boundaries have 3 type of motion: Sher, Right-Lateral, and Left-
Lateral.
- In the Convergent Boundaries have 3 type: Oceanic-Oceanic, Oceanic-Continental,
Continental-Continental. The dominant force at this plate boundary is Compression.
- Seismicity concentrated at plate boundaries
- There are some Fault Type: Thrust, Reserve, Normal, and Strike-Slip
- A Wadati–Benioff zone is a planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-
going slab in a subduction zone. There are intraslab seismicity in that zone.
- Deep intraslab events differ in source mechanisms from shallow earthquakes.
- Depth distributions trace Wadati-Benioff zones of subducting slabs with geometry
comparable to accepted models.
- Intermediate-Deep events have lower seismic risk.

Lecture 4. (Halle Putera, Earthquake Science Center, USGS)

In the fourth session, Ms. Halle Putera give us explanation about topic Tectonic of
Eastern Indonesia. There are some important points that she note, including :
- Indonesia have one of the most complex tectonics plate in the world, especially in the
eastern part of Indonesia.
- The important of learning about tectonics because of tectonics in the basics discipline
in the subject of geology and also geoscience.
- Banda Arc is formed from the result of trench molding to Australian continental
margin.
- Halmahera Arc is formed from death of the Molucca Sea Plate due to collision and
the migrating Philippine Sea Plate.
- New Guinea/Sorong Fault System is formed from boundary between Australian plate
and the Molucca Sea Plate/Philipine Sea Plate.
- Sulawesi is amalgamation of fragments transported along faults due to the movement
of the aforementioned plates.

Lecture 5. (Jessica Reid, Earthquake Science Center, USGS)

In the last session, Ms. Jessica give us explanation about topic Major Tsunami in
Indonesia. There are some important points that she note, including :
- In this session focused on explain about 5 Major Tsunami in Indonesia, Flores 1992,
Java 1994, Java 2006, Mentawai 2010 and Anak Krakatau 2018.
- Flores Tsunami 1992 was triggered by landslide. Tsunami triggered by landslide
typicaly make a high run up in the focused area near the landslide.
- After the tsunami in Nicaragua and Flores on 1992, IOC, UNESCO, and ITST make
a Standardized Post-Tsunamies Observation which recorded important information
about Run Up Observation, Damage Level Assesment, Inundation Estimation, the
data of causalities and the damage caused by tsunami, timing estimation, and any
other clues from the tsunami event.
- The Lesson Post-Tsunami Survey from 1994 Java Tsunami shows that Building
Material and Style give a big contribution to damage when the earthquake and
tsunami happen, beside that, the concetration of building location which is near the
beach also give contribution to the damage and causalities. And the last, surprisingly
the vegetation such as coral and palm tree can reduce the damage of tsunami by
protect building in behind.
- Java Tsunami 2006 caused by slow megathrust slip in south of Java. Minimum
ground shaking make a little warning to inhabitant cause many victims in this
tsunami case.
- Mentawai Tsunami 2010, shows that the islands like Mentawai can protect the
coastline in Sumatera from the impact of tsunami. Tsunami in Mentawai is one of the
- Anak Krakatau Tsunami 2018 is the tsunami caused by volcanic activity. From
Satelite data we know that the flank collapse in the Anak Krakatau is the main cause
from this tsunami.