ESE DISASTER MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT

JAGRAN LAKECITY BUSINESS SCHOOL

(BACHELORS BUSSINESS ADMINISTRATION)

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 17/12/2021

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

CHIRAG AGRAWAL Mr. Sandeep Surange
ROLL NO: 2019BBA032
STUDENT ID: JLU04348
COURSE/SEC. - BBA VB
Q1.
ANSWER 1. The world has witnessed a tenfold increase in the number of natural disasters
since the 1960s. As global temperatures have risen in recent decades, there has been a
significant uptick in the number of disasters related to weather and water extremes. In the 50
years between 1970 and 2019, there were more than 11,000 such disasters, according to a
new atlas from the WMO that charts the scale of these events. Over two million people died
as a result of these hazards, with economic losses amounting to $3.64 trillion. The report is
the most comprehensive review of mortality and economic losses from weather, water and
climate extremes to date. It assesses the entire 50-year period as well as by individual decade.
From 1970 to 2019, weather, climate and water hazards accounted for 50% of all disasters,
45% of all reported deaths and 74% of all reported economic losses.

Of the top 10 disasters, the hazards that led to the largest human losses during the period have
been droughts (650 000 deaths), storms (577 232 deaths), floods (58 700 deaths) and extreme
temperature (55 736 deaths). Deaths decreased almost threefold from 1970 to 2019. Death
tolls fell from over 50 000 deaths in the 1970s to less than 20 000 in the 2010s. The 1970s
and 1980s reported an average of 170 related deaths per day. In the 1990s, that average fell
by one third to 90 related deaths per day, then continued to fall in the 2010s to 40 related
deaths per day. With regard to economic losses, the top 10 events include storms (US$ 521
billion) and floods (US$ 115 billion).
According to peer-reviewed studies in the annual supplement to the Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, over the period 2015 to 2017, 62 of the 77 events reported show a
significant human influence. Three of the costliest 10 disasters occurred in 2017: Hurricanes
Harvey (US$ 96.9 billion), Maria (US$ 69.4 billion) and Irma (US$ 58.2 billion).  These
three hurricanes alone accounted for 35% of the total economic losses of the top 10 disasters
around the world from 1970 to 2019.
Here is a analysis of disaster occurred in recent years among various countries:
 ASIA: In Asia, 3 454 disasters were recorded from 1970–2019, with 975 622 lives
lost and US$ 1.2 trillion in reported economic damages. Asia accounts for nearly one
third (31%) of weather-, climate- and water-related disasters reported globally,
accounting for nearly half of deaths (47%) and one third (31%) of associated
economic losses. Most of these disasters were associated with floods (45%) and
storms (36%). Storms had the highest impacts on life, causing 72% of the lives lost,
while floods led to the greatest economic losses (57%). The top 10 recorded disasters
in Asia account for 70% (680 837 deaths) of the total lives lost and 22% (US$ 266.62
billion) of economic losses for the region.

 AFRICA: In Africa from 1970 to 2019, 1 695 recorded disasters caused the loss of
economic damages 731 747 lives and US$ 38.5 billion. Africa accounts for 15% of
weather-, climate- and water-related disasters, 35% of associated deaths and 1% of
economic losses reported globally. Although disasters associated with floods were the
most prevalent (60%), droughts led to the highest number of deaths, accounting for
95% of all lives lost in the region.
  SOUTH AMERICA: The top 10 recorded disasters in the region accounted for 60%
of total lives lost (34 854) and 38% of economic losses (US$ 39.2 billion). Flood
represent 90% of events in the top 10 list of disasters by death toll and 41% of the top
ten list by economic losses. Overall, floods have led to the greatest number of
disasters (59%), the greatest loss of life (77%) and the highest economic loss (58%)
for the region over the 50-year period.

 NORTH AMERICA: n North America, Central America and the Caribbean, 1 977
recorded disasters, 74 839 deaths and economic losses of US$ 1.7 trillion. The region
accounted for 18% of weather-, climate- and water-related disasters, 4% of associated
deaths and 45% of associated economic losses worldwide over the past 50 years.

 EUROPE: In Europe, 1 672 recorded disasters cumulated 159 438 deaths and US$
476.5 billion in economic damages from 1970–2019. Although floods (38%) and
storms (32%) were the most prevalent cause in the recorded disasters, extreme
temperatures accounted for the highest number of deaths (93%), with 148 109 lives
lost over the 50 years.

Q2.
ANSWER 2.
IMPACT OF HEAVY RAINFALL
During 1980–2017, more than 5,200 flash flood events were recorded worldwide, with more
than 220,000 fatalities and global economic losses of $1,000 billion (Munich Re 2018). Asia
accounted for 45% of these events, 74% of total fatalities, and 57% of overall losses. India
experienced 278 floods during 1980–2017 that affected more than 750 million people and
caused about $58.7 billion in losses (EM-DAT 2018). Precipitation events in India are
generally characterized as extreme when rainfall exceeds 150 millimeters (mm) per day and
flooding affects a large area (Goswami et al. 2006; Rajeevan, Bhate, and Jaswal 2008). The
scale of the impacts of such events on human and ecological systems depends on changes in
climate, vulnerability, and exposure (IPCC 2012). Extreme rainfall and resultant floods cause
extensive damage to infrastructure and affect millions of people through loss of life, health
impacts, damage to property, and socioeconomic disruption. More significant than the loss of
life and damage to property is the sense of insecurity and fear in the minds of people living in
the floodplains. The after-effects of flood, such as  the suffering of survivors, spread of
disease, non-availability of essential commodities and medicines and loss of dwellings, make
floods the most feared of the natural disasters faced by humankind.
DATA ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL IN 2019 (MUMBAI)

Drought has direct and negative impacts agricultural production. Severe droughts in
rainfed areas have reduced agricultural production by 20 to 40 per cent. It is no wonder
then that farmers in rainfed areas are abandoning farming as a livelihood
source (see ‘Farmers have decreased, farm labourers have increased’ ). States like
Rajasthan, which are mainly rainfed agricultural areas, have witnessed a dramatic shift
from farm to non-farm employment. Studies of India’s drought management approaches
over the last several decades reveal that the country largely depended on crisis
management approaches. However, based on the experience of tackling the 1966 drought-
induced food crisis, serious efforts were made to replace ad hoc crisis management with
an anticipatory drought management approach. May 20, 2009: The report, one of the first
of its kind in South Asia, finds that climate change will have a serious impact on India
where about 1/3 of the land is already drought or flood prone. Looking at two drought
prone regions in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, and one flood prone region in Orissa,
the report finds that climate change can have the following serious impacts:
 In Andhra Pradesh, dryland farmers may see their incomes plunge by 20%.
 In Maharashtra, sugarcane yields may fall dramatically by 25-30%.
 In Orissa, flooding will rise dramatically leading to a drop in rice yields by as
much as 12% in some districts.

Other climate hotspots in India – such as the fragile Himalayas, the biodiverse Western
Ghats, the vast coastal areas, and the prolific agricultural lands of the Gangetic plains will
need to be looked at in subsequent studies.
India has experienced widespread drought every year since 2015, Mishra said, with the
exception of 2017. As the El Nino--the unusual warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that
makes Indian summers monsoon showers (March-May) this year have also been deficient.
India has received 36% less rainfall than the long-term average between March 1 and March
28, 2019, as per IMD data. The southern peninsular region recorded the lowest, a deficit
greater than 60%.
Given below is a data analysis of Gujrat drought in 2019:

As a disaster manager following analysis and measure should be undertaken:

 Monitoring and early warning (by early detection of the disaster).
 Studying the vulnerability and impact of the drought/flood.
 Data analysis of the drought and informing the country’s population by media.
 Migrating the people living in drought prone area to a well settle area where they can
continue their livelihood.
 Working with all the drought/flood/disaster managing communities for effective
management.

Q3.
ANSWER 3. Climate change and global warming is an outcome of damage to the
environment due to human activities. In last three decades have been the warmest since
scientists started keeping records in 1850, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) has found. Releasing the fifth assessment report of its working group that deals with
the physical science of climate change, the IPCC said global warming is unequivocal,
definitely due to human activities and will raise the earth’s average temperature by more than
1.5C even if the activities that cause it are drastically reduced. The warming is caused by the
emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), mainly carbon dioxide. In the last 15 years, the
warming has not been as high as predicted, which led to questions about climate science.
Thomas Stocker, co-chair of IPCC’s Working Group I – the group that deals with the
physical science – said this was because the oceans, especially their deep layers, had
absorbed much of the extra heat, as much as 93%, according to some estimates.
The main driver of climate change is the greenhouse effect. Some gases in the Earth's
atmosphere act a bit like the glass in a greenhouse, trapping the sun's heat and stopping it
from leaking back into space and causing global warming. Many of these greenhouse gases
occur naturally, but human activity is increasing the concentrations of some of them in the
atmosphere, in particular:

 carbon dioxide (CO2)

 methane
 nitrous oxide
 fluorinated gases
 Chlorofloro carbon (CFC)

CO2 produced by human activities is the largest contributor to global warming. By 2020, its
concentration in the atmosphere had risen to 48% above its pre-industrial level (before 1750).

Humans are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth's temperature by burning fossil
fuels, cutting down forests and farming livestock. Burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon
dioxide and nitrous oxide. Cutting down forests (deforestation). Trees help to regulate the
climate by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. When they are cut down, that beneficial
effect is lost and the carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere, adding to the
greenhouse effect. Increasing livestock farming. Cows and sheep produce large amounts of
methane when they digest their food. Fertilisers containing nitrogen produce nitrous oxide
emissions. Fluorinated gases are emitted from equipment and products that use these gases.
Such emissions have a very strong warming effect, up to 23 000 times greater than CO2.

At present, humans are putting an estimated 9.5 billion metric tons of carbon into the
atmosphere each year by burning fossil fuels, and another 1.5 billion through deforestation
and other land cover changes. Of this human-produced carbon, forests and other vegetation
absorb around 3.2 billion metric tons per year, while the ocean absorbs about 2.5 billion
metric tons per year. A net 5 billion metric tons of human-produced carbon remain in the
atmosphere each year, raising the global average carbon dioxide concentrations by about 2.3
parts per million per year. Since 1750, humans have increased the abundance of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere by nearly 50 percent.

Following are the ways to reduce impact on climate change:

 Choosing a utility company that generates at least half its power from wind or solar
and has been certified by Green-e Energy, an organization that vets renewable energy
options. If that isn’t possible for you, take a look at your electric bill; many utilities
now list other ways to support renewable sources on their monthly statements and
websites.
 Buying energy efficient machine which will consume less electricity and release less
greenhouse gases.
 Saving water reduces carbon pollution, too. That's because it takes a lot of energy to
pump, heat, and treat your water. So take shorter showers, turn off the tap while
brushing your teeth, and switch to WaterSense-labeled fixtures and appliances. The
EPA estimates that if just one out of every 100 American homes were retrofitted with
 water-efficient fixtures, about 100 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year would
be saved.
 Gas-smart cars, such as hybrids and fully electric vehicles, save fuel and money. And
once all cars and light trucks meet 2025’s clean car standards, which means averaging
54.5 miles per gallon, they’ll be a mainstay. For good reason: Relative to a national
fleet of vehicles that averaged only 28.3 miles per gallon in 2011, Americans will
spend $80 billion less at the pump each year and cut their automotive emissions by
half. Before you buy a new set of wheels, compare fuel-economy performance.

Q4.

ANSWER 4. HAZARD RISK MAP OF INDIA

5 major disasters are as follow:

1. EARTHQUAKE: An earthquake happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip
past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The
location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called
the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called
the epicenter. Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller
earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows.
Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake
happens. The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always
have aftershocks that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in
the same place as the mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock,
aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock.
Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they
make is called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the
ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to
shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging weight does not.
Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The
difference in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless
part is what is recorded.
Ground shaking is the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It is a result of the passage
of seismic waves through the ground, and ranges from quite gentle in small
earthquakes to incredibly violent in large earthquakes. Ground rupture is another
important effect of earthquakes which occurs when the earthquake movement along a
fault actually breaks the Earth's surface.
Following are the measures against earthquake:

 Seek shelter under stable tables or under door frames.

 If outside, stay away from buildings, bridges and electricity pylons and move
to open areas.
 Avoid areas at risk from secondary processes, such as landslides, rockfall and
soil liquefaction.
 After an earthquake, check gas, water and electricity pipes and lines for
damage.
 Listen to the radio and follow the instructions issued by the authorities.
 Earthquake-proof planning and design of buildings 
 The microzoning of the local geological substratum provides indicators of
areas in which tremors will have a particularly strong or attenuated effect. 
 

2. FLOOD: A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.[1] In
the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.
Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern
in agriculture, civil engineering and public health. Human changes to the
environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding, for example land
use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands, changes in waterway
course or flood controls such as with levees, and larger environmental issues such
as climate change and sea level rise. In particular climate change's increased
 rainfall and extreme weather events increases the severity of other causes for
flooding, resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk.

The primary effects of flooding include loss of life and damage to buildings and other
structures, including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals. Economic
hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages
leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding. The impact on
those affected may cause psychological damage to those affected, in particular where
deaths, serious injuries and loss of property occur.

Floods (in particular more frequent or smaller floods) can also bring many benefits,
such as recharging ground water, making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in
some soils. Flood waters provide much needed water resources in arid and semi-
arid regions where precipitation can be very unevenly distributed throughout the year
and kills pests in the farming land. Freshwater floods particularly play an important
role in maintaining ecosystems in river corridors and are a key factor in maintaining
floodplain biodiversity.[27] Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes and rivers, which can
lead to increased biomass and improved fisheries for a few years.

In many countries around the world, waterways prone to floods are often carefully
managed. Defenses such as detention basins, levees,[34] bunds, reservoirs,
and weirs are used to prevent waterways from overflowing their banks. When these
defenses fail, emergency measures such as sandbags or portable inflatable tubes are
often used to try to stem flooding. Coastal flooding has been addressed in portions of
Europe and the Americas with coastal defenses, such as sea walls, beach nourishment,
and barrier islands. Flood risk management (FRM) aims to reduce the human and
socio-economic losses caused by flooding and is part of the larger field of risk
management. Flood risk management analyzes the relationships between physical
systems and socio-economic environments through flood risk assessment and tries to
create understanding and action about the risks posed by flooding. The relationships
cover a wide range of topics, from drivers and natural processes, to models and socio-
economic consequences.

3. DROUGHT: Drought is a prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle that can
occur anywhere in the. world. It is a slow-onset disaster characterized by the lack of
precipitation, resulting in a water. shortage. Drought can have a serious impact on
health, agriculture, economies, energy and the. Droughts are caused by low
precipitation over an extended period of time. Atmospheric conditions such as climate
change, ocean temperatures, changes in the jet stream, and changes in the local
landscape are all factors that contribute to drought.
Within the tropics, distinct, wet and dry seasons emerge due to the movement of
the Intertropical Convergence Zone or Monsoon trough. The dry season greatly
increases drought occurrence, and is characterized by its low humidity, with watering
holes and rivers drying up. Because of the lack of these watering holes, many grazing
animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of water in search of more fertile lands.
Examples of such animals are zebras, elephants, and wildebeest. Because of the lack
of water in the plants, bushfires are common. Since water vapor becomes more
energetic with increasing temperature, more water vapor is required to increase
relative humidity values to 100% at higher temperatures (or to get the temperature to
 fall to the dew point). Periods of warmth quicken the pace of fruit and vegetable
production, increase evaporation and transpiration from plants, and worsen drought
conditions.

4. LANDSLIDES: Landslides are caused by disturbances in the natural stability of a

slope. They can accompany heavy rains or follow droughts, earthquakes, or volcanic
eruptions. Mudslides develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground and
results in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth, and debris. Mudslides usually start on
steep slopes and can be activated by natural disasters. Areas where wildfires or human
modification of the land have destroyed vegetation on slopes are particularly
vulnerable to landslides during and after heavy rains. n the United States, landslides
and debris flows result in 25 to 50 deaths each year.

In a landslide, masses of rock, earth or debris move down a slope. Debris and mud
flows are rivers of rock, earth and other debris saturated with water. They develop
during intense rainfall, runoff, or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into a flowing
river of mud or “slurry.” They can flow rapidly, striking with little or no warning at
avalanche speeds (faster than a person can run). They also can travel many miles from
their source, growing in size as they pick up trees, boulders, cars and other materials.
Debris flows don’t always stay in stream channels and they can flow sideways as well
as downhill. When a wildfire burns a slope, it increases the chance of debris flows for
several years. Although some landslides require lengthy rain and saturated slopes, a
debris flow can start on a dry slope after only a few minutes of intense rain. “Intense”
rain means a burst of rain at a fast rate, about half an inch in an hour. With debris
flows, the rate matters more than total rainfall.

The health hazards associated with landslides and mudflows include:

 Rapidly moving water and debris that can lead to trauma;

 Broken electrical, water, gas, and sewage lines that can result in injury or illness; and
 Disrupted roadways and railways that can endanger motorists and disrupt transport
and access to health care.

5. TSUNAMI: A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the

displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below
water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Tsunami are waves caused
by sudden movement of the ocean surface due to earthquakes, landslides on the sea
floor, land slumping into the ocean, large volcanic eruptions or meteorite impact in
the ocean. Large tsunamis may continue for days in some locations, reaching their
peak often a couple of hours after arrival and gradually tapering off after that. The
time between tsunami crests (the tsunami's period) ranges from approximately five
minutes to two hours. Dangerous tsunami currents can last for days.

The hazards presented by tsunamis have brought many countries in the Pacific

basin to establish tsunami warning systems. A warning may begin with an alert by a
 geological society that an earthquake large enough to disturb the ocean’s surface (for
instance, magnitude 7.0 or higher) has occurred. Meteorological agencies may then
report unusual changes in sea level, and then the warning centre may combine this
information with data on the depth and features of the ocean floor in order to estimate
the path, magnitude, and arrival time of the tsunami. Depending on the distance from
the seismic disturbance, government authorities may have several hours’ notice to
order the evacuation of coastal areas. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, located
near Honolulu, Hawaii, was established in 1949, three years after a tsunami generated
by a submarine earthquake near the Aleutian Islands struck the island of Hawaii
around Hilo, killing more than 170 people. Tsunami waves are not limited
to Earth’s surface. An analysis of the Martian surface conducted in 2016, which
examined the desert planet’s northern plains by using photographs and thermal
imagery, revealed evidence of two separate tsunami events that occurred long ago.
These events are thought to have been caused by comet or asteroid impacts.

Q5.
ANSWER 5. Earthquakes, tsunamis and floods are more fatal compared to other
disaster. Following data shows the vigorous impact of the above mention data:

 IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKE:
 2015: The devastating Gorkha Earthquake measuring to 7.8 ml having the epicenter
occurred near Barpak village of Gorkha district which is 181 km northwest of
Kathmandu on 25 April 2015. It was the worst quake to hit the country after the 1934
mega earthquake (8.3 ml). On 12 May 2015, a 6.8 ml strong aftershock caused further
damage and sufferings. These earthquakes took the lives of 8970 people where 198
people are missing, and 22,303 people were seriously injured. The earthquakes
destroyed 604,930 houses completely and 288,856 houses were partially damaged. It
is estimated that the total value of the damages caused by the earthquakes is NPR 706
billion or equivalent to US$ 7 billion. Around 800,000 people displaced by the
earthquake in Nepal were struggled to survive in a context of persistent, a severe lack
of safe and adequate housing.

 2016: The 2016 Imphal earthquake struck northeast India in the state of Manipur on

January 4 with a moment magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII
(Very strong). Its epicentre was located in the Tamenglong district; about 30 km west
of Imphal. At least eleven people were killed, 200 others were injured and numerous
buildings were damaged. The quake was also strongly felt in Bangladesh. It was also
extensively felt in eastern and north-eastern India. The earthquake, which hit at
4:35 a.m. on 4 January local time (23:05 UTC, 3 January), was centered in an isolated
area. Imphal has a population of more than 250,000. It was one of the most damaging
earthquakes in Manipur since 1880 and 1939.

 2017, 2018 & 2019 : On September 28, 2018, a large earthquake of moment
magnitude (Mw) 7.5 struck Sulawesi Island, Indonesia (United States Geological
Survey [USGS], 2018). The earthquake occurred along the Palu-Koro Fault, which is
known to be active and is influenced by the complex tectonic interaction of major
subducting plates. As of February 2019, the numbers of deaths/missing and injured
 exceeded 4,340 and 4,438, respectively. The number of buildings damaged is greater
than 68,451, and the total economic loss of the event was estimated at 1.1 billion U.S.
dollars (BNPB, 2019).

 2020: In 2020 no major earthquakes were experienced.

 IMPACT OF TSUNAMI:
 2015- 2016: On 17 October 2015, a massive landslide and tsunami occurred at
the head of Taan Fiord, an arm of Icy Bay within Wrangell-St. Elias National
Park & Preserve in Alaska sent 180 million tons of rock into Taan Fiord,
Alaska. he resulting tsunami reached elevations as high as 193 m, one of the
highest tsunami runups ever documented worldwide. Precursory deformation
began decades before failure, and the event left a distinct sedimentary record,
showing that geologic evidence can help understand past occurrences of
similar events, and might provide forewarning.

 2017-2018: More than 400 people are reported dead after a tsunami struck
western Java and southern Sumatra islands during the evening of Dec. 22,
2018. Indonesia’s geological and weather service says the tsunami was likely
caused by undersea landslides in the Sunda Strait following an eruption by the
Anak Krakatoa volcano. A magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck Indonesia’s
Central Sulawesi province on Sept. 28, 2018, triggering a tsunami and
landslides that caused widespread destruction and loss of life. More than 2,000
people are known to have died and 4,400 are seriously injured, according to
the Indonesia disaster management agency. About 1.5 million people in
Central Sulawesi are likely affected. With about 68,000 houses damaged or
destroyed, hundreds of thousands of people are still displaced.

 2019-2020: On 30 October 2020, a strong normal-faulting earthquake struck

Samos Island in Greece and İzmir Province in Turkey, both in the eastern
Aegean Sea. The earthquake generated a tsunami that hit the coasts of Samos
Island, Greece and İzmir, Turkey. he survey teams measured runup and
tsunami heights, flow depths, and inundation distances at more than 120 points
at eight different localities. The largest tsunami runup among the surveyed
locations was measured as 3.8 m in Akarca at a distance of 91 m from the
shoreline. The maximum tsunami height of 2.3 m.

 IMPACT OF FLOOD:
 2015-2016: The flooding in winter 2015/2016 was one of the most
extraordinary hydrological episodes witnessed in the UK in recent decades.
The focus of the flooding from Storm Desmond was in Cumbria, with
Cumbria Police declaring a major incident on 5th December in response to the
widespread flooding of properties and infrastructure. Carlisle was among the
worst affected, with approximately 3500 properties flooded. Further east, the
Tyne burst its banks in several locations in Northumberland, people were
evacuated from their homes and strong winds left thousands of properties
 without power. Storm Desmond also caused impacts in Scotland: 1000 people
were evacuated in Hawick as the Teviot flooded, and a major emergency was
declared in Dumfries and Galloway as the Nith flooded properties. The worst
of the flooding on Boxing Day was particularly focused in river basins
draining the Pennines. As a result, major flooding affected large urban areas,
including Manchester and Leeds, properties were also flooded in Ribchester
and Whalley, including 2000 in Calderdale. Elsewhere in the region, 627
properties flooded in York.

 2017-2018: On 16 August 2018, severe floods affected the south

Indian state Kerala, due to unusually high rainfall during the monsoon season.
It was the worst flood in Kerala in nearly a century. Over 483 people died, and
15 are missing. About a million people were evacuated, mainly
from Chengannur, Pandanad, Edanad, Aranmula, Kozhencherry, Ayiroor, Ran
ni, Pandalam, Kuttanad, Malappuram, Aluva, Chalakudy, Thrissur, Thiruvalla, 
Eraviperoor, Vallamkulam, North Paravur, Chellanam, Vypin
Island and Palakkad.

 2019-2020: Since early June 2020, heavy rains caused by the regional rainy
season led to floods severely affecting large areas of southern China including
the Yangtze basin and its tributaries. Rains and floods extended
to central and eastern China during July. According to the Ministry of
Emergency Management, by the end of June flooding had displaced 744,000
people across 26 provinces with 81 people missing or dead. As of 13 August,
the floods have affected 63.46 million people and caused a direct economic
loss of 178.96 billion CNY, which are 12.7% and 15.5% higher than the 2015-
2019 average, respectively. 219 people were found dead or are missing, and
54,000 houses collapsed, which is 54.8% and 65.3% lower than the 2015-2019
average, respectively. The Ministry of Water Resources said that a total of 443
rivers nationwide have been flooded, with 33 of them swelling to the highest
levels ever recorded. According to statistics from the National Cultural
Heritage Administration (NCHA), 76 key national cultural relics and 187
provincial cultural heritage sites have suffered damage of varying degrees.